Explanation: The by-election was necessitated by Winston Churchill's appointment as President of the Board of Trade, which required him to seek re-election under the provisions of the Ministers of the Crown Act, not due to resignation.

Explanation: A by-election is a special election held to fill a parliamentary seat that has become vacant between general elections, not a regular general election.

Explanation: The Ministers of the Crown Act requires MPs appointed to certain high offices to seek re-election from their constituents, not to resign permanently.

Explanation: The by-election was necessitated by Winston Churchill's appointment as President of the Board of Trade, which required him to seek re-election under the provisions of the Ministers of the Crown Act.

Explanation: The Ministers of the Crown Act mandates that individuals appointed to certain high-ranking government positions must seek re-election from their constituents.

Explanation: Winston Churchill, representing the Liberal Party, held the seat of Manchester North West prior to the 1908 by-election, having won it in the 1906 general election.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks was the candidate for the Conservative Party in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election.

Explanation: Dan Irving was the candidate for the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election, not the Conservative Party.

Explanation: The Social Democratic Federation (SDF) was considered a 'New' party in this electoral context, as indicated by the flashcard stating they did not contest the seat in the previous election.

Explanation: Winston Churchill was 34 years old during the 1908 Manchester North West by-election. He was born in 1874.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks was the main Conservative opponent of Winston Churchill in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election.

Explanation: Dan Irving was the candidate for the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election.

Explanation: The candidates contesting the 1908 Manchester North West by-election were William Joynson-Hicks (Conservative), Winston Churchill (Liberal), and Dan Irving (Social Democratic Federation).

Explanation: Manchester generally favored Free Trade and opposed the protectionist economic policies advocated by figures like Joseph Chamberlain. This stance had contributed to Conservative defeats in the 1906 general election, although local Conservatives like Joynson-Hicks also held reservations about Tariff Reform.

Explanation: While Tariff Reform was a divisive issue nationally, William Joynson-Hicks's opposition to it helped to neutralize the issue locally and foster Conservative unity in Manchester for this specific by-election. However, the issue itself was not inherently unifying for the party in the constituency.

Explanation: Suffragettes, particularly those associated with the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), actively campaigned *against* Winston Churchill due to his perceived insufficient support for women's suffrage.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks's support for the Aliens Act 1905 generated opposition from some segments of the Jewish community.

Explanation: The Lancashire and Cheshire Women's Suffrage Society expressed strong disapproval of the WSPU's disruptive tactics during the by-election, viewing them as counterproductive to the suffrage cause.

Explanation: Tariff Reform, a protectionist policy, had previously harmed Conservative electoral prospects in Manchester. However, William Joynson-Hicks's opposition to it helped neutralize this issue during the 1908 by-election campaign.

Explanation: Suffragettes, particularly those associated with the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), actively campaigned against Winston Churchill due to his stance on women's suffrage.

Explanation: The Lancashire and Cheshire Women's Suffrage Society stated that the WSPU's actions were perceived as aiding anti-suffrage politicians, thus hindering the broader suffrage movement.

Explanation: Manchester was noted for its preference for Free Trade policies and its opposition to protectionism, as advocated by figures like Joseph Chamberlain.

Explanation: Polling day for the 1908 Manchester North West by-election was April 24, 1908.

Explanation: Winston Churchill lost the 1908 Manchester North West by-election to William Joynson-Hicks.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks won the by-election with a majority of 429 votes, which was not over 1,000.

Explanation: The voter turnout for the 1908 Manchester North West by-election was significantly higher, recorded at 89.7%.

Explanation: The 1908 by-election resulted in a Conservative gain, with William Joynson-Hicks taking the seat from the incumbent Liberal, Winston Churchill.

Explanation: The 'first past the post' electoral system does not guarantee proportional representation; it awards victory to the candidate with the most votes, which can lead to disproportionate outcomes.

Explanation: The electoral swing from the 1906 General Election to the 1908 by-election was calculated as +8.2% for the Conservatives, resulting in a Conservative gain from the Liberal Party.

Explanation: The 1908 by-election saw a Conservative gain, with William Joynson-Hicks defeating Winston Churchill, thereby reversing the outcome of the 1906 general election where Churchill had won the seat for the Liberals.

Explanation: The 1908 Manchester North West by-election utilized the 'first past the post' electoral system.

Explanation: Polling day for the 1908 Manchester North West by-election was April 24, 1908.

Explanation: The final outcome of the 1908 Manchester North West by-election was a victory for the Conservative candidate, William Joynson-Hicks.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks won the by-election with a majority of 429 votes over his closest rival, Winston Churchill.

Explanation: The voter turnout for the 1908 Manchester North West by-election was 89.7%.

Explanation: The Conservative Party achieved a gain in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election, taking the seat from the Liberal Party.

Explanation: The electoral swing from the 1906 General Election to the 1908 by-election was calculated as +8.2% for the Conservatives, indicating a significant shift in voter preference towards the Conservative Party.

Explanation: Dan Irving, representing the Social Democratic Federation, received 276 votes, which constituted 2.6% of the total vote in the 1908 by-election.

Explanation: Dan Irving, the Social Democratic Federation candidate, received the fewest votes in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election with 276 votes.

Explanation: The 1908 Manchester North West by-election utilized the 'first past the post' electoral system.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks achieved a majority of 4.0% of the vote in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election (50.7% vs 46.7%).

Explanation: George Kemp did not become the MP immediately after the 1908 by-election. William Joynson-Hicks won the seat for the Conservatives in that contest. George Kemp later became the MP following the January 1910 general election.

Explanation: This statement is false. Winston Churchill successfully contested the 1908 Dundee by-election shortly after losing his Manchester North West seat.

Explanation: In the January 1906 General Election, Winston Churchill, standing as a Liberal, won the Manchester North West seat from the Conservative candidate, William Joynson-Hicks, marking a Liberal gain.

Explanation: William Joynson-Hicks contested the Manchester North West seat in the 1906 General Election but did not hold it prior to winning it in the 1908 by-election.

Explanation: Dan Irving contested the 1910 general election for the Social Democratic Federation in the Rochdale constituency, not Manchester North West.

Explanation: Prior to Winston Churchill's victory in the 1906 General Election, the Manchester North West constituency had been consistently held by the Conservative Party since its establishment in 1885.

Explanation: Shortly after losing his seat in the 1908 Manchester North West by-election, Winston Churchill successfully contested the 1908 Dundee by-election on May 9, 1908.

Explanation: In the 1906 General Election, Winston Churchill won the Manchester North West seat for the Liberals. The 1908 by-election saw this outcome reversed, with the Conservatives gaining the seat.

Explanation: Winston Churchill was affiliated with the Liberal Party when he first won the Manchester North West seat in the 1906 General Election.

Explanation: In the 1906 General Election, Winston Churchill defeated William Joynson-Hicks, the Conservative candidate, to win the Manchester North West seat.

Explanation: Before Winston Churchill won the Manchester North West seat in the 1906 General Election, it was held by a Conservative MP.