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The name 'Xinhai Revolution' is derived from a specific military campaign that occurred in 1911.
Answer: False
Explanation: The name 'Xinhai Revolution' originates from the traditional Chinese calendar's designation for the year 1911, not a specific military campaign.
The Qing dynasty's defeats in the Opium Wars and the First Sino-Japanese War underscored the necessity for both technological and institutional reforms.
Answer: True
Explanation: The defeats in the Opium Wars highlighted technological weaknesses, while the First Sino-Japanese War demonstrated the critical need for deeper institutional changes beyond mere technological adoption.
The 'Hundred Days' Reform was successfully implemented and significantly modernized China's education and military systems.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Hundred Days' Reform was abruptly canceled by a conservative coup led by Empress Dowager Cixi, preventing its successful implementation.
The Boxer Rebellion fostered increased trust and support for the Qing court among political activists due to subsequent reforms.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite subsequent reforms, the Boxer Rebellion and its punitive settlement failed to gain widespread trust or support for the Qing court among political activists.
Sun Yat-sen's 1904 objective included establishing a republic and advocating for the equal distribution of land among the populace.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sun Yat-sen's 1904 goal explicitly stated 'establish a republic, and distribute land equally among the people,' alongside expelling 'Tatar barbarians' and reviving 'Zhonghua.'
The Tongmenghui was established in Hong Kong in 1890 by Yeung Ku-wan.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Tongmenghui was established by Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo in 1905. Yeung Ku-wan founded the Furen Literary Society in Hong Kong in 1890.
Qiu Jin was a male revolutionary who championed workers' rights and was executed in 1907.
Answer: False
Explanation: Qiu Jin was a notable female revolutionary who fought for women's rights and was executed in 1907, not a male revolutionary fighting for workers' rights.
The emerging intellectual class, many of whom pursued studies abroad, significantly contributed to the revolutionary movement through the authorship of influential anti-Manchu literature.
Answer: True
Explanation: Young intellectuals, particularly those educated abroad, played a crucial role by writing and disseminating anti-Manchu literature that fueled revolutionary sentiment.
Overseas Chinese primarily provided military training and weaponry to the 1911 Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: Overseas Chinese primarily contributed crucial financial support for revolutionary activities, rather than military training or weaponry.
The gentry and businessmen became disenchanted with the Qing government after it formed a cabinet dominated by Han Chinese officials in 1911.
Answer: False
Explanation: The gentry and businessmen became disenchanted because the Qing government formed a cabinet dominated by Manchu imperial family members, not Han Chinese officials.
The New Army, established in 1901, became a significant force for revolutionaries due to successful infiltration by revolutionary members.
Answer: True
Explanation: Revolutionaries successfully infiltrated the well-trained and equipped New Army units from 1908 onwards, turning them into a crucial source of manpower for uprisings.
The Chinese famine of 1906-1907 contributed to the revolutionary sentiment against the Qing dynasty.
Answer: True
Explanation: The widespread suffering caused by the 1906-1907 famine exacerbated existing anti-Qing sentiments and fueled support for revolutionary movements.
Lu Haodong, the designer of the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag, was executed after the First Guangzhou Uprising.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lu Haodong was indeed arrested and executed after the plans for the First Guangzhou Uprising were leaked to the Qing government.
The Independence Army Uprising in 1900 aimed to restore the Qing dynasty under Empress Dowager Cixi.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Independence Army Uprising aimed to overthrow Empress Dowager Cixi and establish a constitutional monarchy under the Guangxu Emperor, not restore the Qing under Cixi.
From what does the name 'Xinhai Revolution' originate?
Answer: The traditional Chinese calendar's label for the year 1911.
Explanation: The term 'Xinhai' refers to the specific year 1911 in the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle, marking the revolution's commencement.
Which event convinced many that institutional change, beyond just technological adoption, was essential for China's survival?
Answer: The First Sino-Japanese War.
Explanation: The humiliating defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1895) demonstrated that technological adoption alone was insufficient, necessitating deeper institutional reforms.
What was the fate of the 'Hundred Days' Reform' proposed in 1898?
Answer: It was abruptly canceled by a conservative coup led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
Explanation: Empress Dowager Cixi's conservative coup swiftly terminated the 'Hundred Days' Reform, preventing its implementation.
What was Sun Yat-sen's stated goal for his organization in 1904?
Answer: To expel the Tatar barbarians, revive Zhonghua, establish a republic, and distribute land equally.
Explanation: Sun Yat-sen's 1904 goal clearly outlined a republican vision with anti-Manchu and egalitarian land distribution principles.
Which revolutionary organization was established by Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo in August 1905 to unify various anti-Qing efforts?
Answer: The Tongmenghui (United League).
Explanation: The Tongmenghui was founded by Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo to consolidate the fragmented anti-Qing revolutionary groups.
Who was Qiu Jin?
Answer: A notable female revolutionary who fought for women's rights and was executed in 1907.
Explanation: Qiu Jin was a prominent female revolutionary and martyr, known for her advocacy of women's rights and her execution in 1907.
How did Overseas Chinese primarily contribute to the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: By offering crucial financial support for revolutionary activities.
Explanation: Overseas Chinese communities were a vital source of funding, providing essential financial backing for the revolutionary movement.
Why did the gentry and businessmen become disenchanted with the Qing government in early 1911?
Answer: The Qing government formed a cabinet dominated by Manchu imperial family members.
Explanation: The formation of a cabinet heavily dominated by Manchu imperial family members in 1911 alienated the gentry and businessmen who sought genuine political participation.
What was the motto of the Huaxinghui (China Revival Society)?
Answer: Take one province by force, and inspire the other provinces to rise.
Explanation: The Huaxinghui's motto reflected its strategy of initiating regional uprisings to ignite a broader national revolution.
What was the primary purpose of Sun Yat-sen's Revive China Society when it was established in Honolulu in 1894?
Answer: To raise funds for revolutions.
Explanation: The Revive China Society was primarily founded to secure financial resources essential for revolutionary activities.
What was the objective of the Independence Army Uprising planned by Tang Caichang and Tan Sitong in 1900?
Answer: To overthrow Empress Dowager Cixi and establish a constitutional monarchy under the Guangxu Emperor.
Explanation: The Independence Army Uprising aimed to remove Empress Dowager Cixi from power and install a constitutional monarchy under the Guangxu Emperor.
What was a significant challenge faced by the Qing dynasty that contributed to revolutionary sentiment?
Answer: A struggle to reform the government and resist foreign aggression.
Explanation: The Qing dynasty's inability to effectively reform and resist foreign encroachment was a primary driver of widespread revolutionary sentiment.
Who designed the revolutionaries' Blue Sky with a White Sun flag and was executed after the First Guangzhou Uprising?
Answer: Lu Haodong
Explanation: Lu Haodong, the designer of the iconic Blue Sky with a White Sun flag, became an early martyr of the revolution after his execution.
The 1911 Revolution commenced on October 10, 1911, and concluded with the abdication of the Qing emperor on February 12, 1912.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution, officially spanned from October 10, 1911, to February 12, 1912, culminating in the Qing emperor's abdication.
The primary belligerents in the 1911 Revolution were the Imperial Armed Forces and the Tongmenghui.
Answer: True
Explanation: The main belligerents included the Imperial Armed Forces on the Monarchist side and the Tongmenghui on the Revolutionary side, alongside other provincial governments and the Beiyang Army.
Sun Yat-sen served as a key commander on the Monarchist side during the 1911 Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sun Yat-sen was a prominent leader on the Revolutionary side, not the Monarchist side, and was elected as the first provisional president of the Republic of China.
The Wuchang Uprising was directly precipitated by a planned, coordinated attack on Qing authorities on October 10, 1911.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Wuchang Uprising was directly precipitated by an accidental bomb explosion and subsequent arrests, which forced revolutionaries to launch the revolt prematurely.
After the Wuchang Uprising, Li Yuanhong was selected as the governor of the newly established 'Military Government of Hubei of Republic of China.'
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the capture of Wuchang, Li Yuanhong was indeed chosen to lead the provisional military government in Hubei.
The Hui Muslim community in Gansu, led by General Ma Anliang, immediately joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries against the Qing imperials.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hui Muslims of Gansu, led by General Ma Anliang, initially defended the Qing imperials and attacked Shaanxi, only later agreeing to join the Republic.
The Qing naval fleet's defection during the Jiujiang Uprising solidified the victory of the Wuchang Uprising and Jiangxi's declaration of independence.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mutiny of the Qing naval fleet at Jiujiang was a critical event that strengthened the revolutionary cause and led to Jiangxi's successful declaration of independence.
During the Shanxi uprising in Taiyuan, rebels spared the Manchu population but executed the Qing Governor.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the Shanxi uprising, rebels in Taiyuan killed all Manchus in the city, in addition to executing the Qing Governor, Lu Zhongqi.
Chen Qimei became the military governor of Shanghai after the successful armed rebellion in November 1911.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the successful armed rebellion in Shanghai, Chen Qimei was indeed elected as the military governor of the newly established Shanghai Military Government.
The Yili Uprising in Xinjiang failed, leading to the continued rule of Qing governor Yuan Dahua.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Yili Uprising succeeded, resulting in Qing governor Yuan Dahua fleeing and resigning, and the establishment of a new Yili government.
The 13th Dalai Lama declared Tibet's independence in January 1913, asserting it had never been subordinate to China.
Answer: True
Explanation: In January 1913, the 13th Dalai Lama formally declared Tibet's independence, explicitly stating that Tibet had never been subordinate to China.
Outer Mongolia's independence was recognized by the Republic of China in 1919.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Outer Mongolia declared independence in 1911 and was supported by Russia, the Republic of China only officially recognized its independence in 1949.
When did the 1911 Revolution officially conclude?
Answer: February 12, 1912
Explanation: The revolution officially concluded on February 12, 1912, with the abdication of the Qing emperor.
Which of the following groups were considered main belligerents on the Monarchist side during the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: The Imperial Armed Forces and the Beiyang Army.
Explanation: The Monarchist side was primarily composed of the Imperial Armed Forces and the Beiyang Army, defending the Qing imperial order.
Who among the following was a prominent leader on the Revolutionary side during the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: Sun Yat-sen
Explanation: Sun Yat-sen was a pivotal figure and leader of the Revolutionary side, ultimately becoming the first provisional president.
What was the approximate number of casualties suffered by the Monarchist forces during the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: 170,000
Explanation: The Monarchist forces sustained approximately 170,000 casualties during the conflict, reflecting the intensity of the fighting.
What event directly precipitated the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911?
Answer: An accidental bomb explosion that led to arrests of revolutionaries.
Explanation: An accidental bomb explosion on October 9, 1911, and subsequent arrests, forced the revolutionaries to launch the Wuchang Uprising prematurely.
Who was chosen as the first governor of the temporary government established after the Wuchang Uprising?
Answer: Li Yuanhong
Explanation: Li Yuanhong was selected to lead the 'Military Government of Hubei of Republic of China' following the capture of Wuchang.
What was the significance of the Qing naval fleet's defection during the Jiujiang Uprising?
Answer: It solidified the victory of the Wuchang Uprising and Jiangxi's declaration of independence.
Explanation: The Qing naval fleet's revolt at Jiujiang was a critical turning point, reinforcing the Wuchang victory and enabling Jiangxi's independence.
Who became the military governor of Shanghai after the successful armed rebellion in November 1911?
Answer: Chen Qimei
Explanation: Chen Qimei was elected military governor of the Shanghai Military Government following the successful rebellion in November 1911.
How did the 13th Dalai Lama respond to the new Chinese government's offer to restore him in January 1913?
Answer: He declared Tibet an independent country, asserting it had never been subordinate to China.
Explanation: The 13th Dalai Lama rejected the Chinese offer, formally declaring Tibet's independence and historical autonomy.
When did China officially recognize Outer Mongolia's independence?
Answer: 1949
Explanation: Despite declaring independence in 1911, Outer Mongolia's independence was only officially recognized by China in 1949.
Which of the following was NOT a key commander or leader on the Monarchist side?
Answer: Chiang Kai-shek
Explanation: Chiang Kai-shek was a prominent leader on the Revolutionary side, not the Monarchist side.
The 1911 Revolution successfully ended the Ming dynasty and established the Republic of China.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1911 Revolution ended the Qing dynasty, China's last imperial dynasty, not the Ming dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China.
The Qing government's Nineteen Articles, passed in November 1911, successfully transformed the Qing into a constitutional monarchy and prevented the emperor's abdication.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Nineteen Articles were introduced too late and ultimately failed to prevent the emperor's abdication, indicating their ineffectiveness in transforming the Qing into a constitutional monarchy.
The revolutionaries decided to establish the new provisional government in Hankou after capturing it.
Answer: False
Explanation: After Wuchang and Hanyang fell, revolutionaries convened in Hankou, but ultimately decided to make Nanjing the site of the new provisional government after its capture.
The North-South Conference in Shanghai aimed to negotiate a peaceful settlement between the Qing government and the revolutionaries, partly due to foreign financiers' reluctance to support either side.
Answer: True
Explanation: The conference was indeed convened to find a peaceful resolution, with foreign financiers' neutrality playing a role in pushing both parties towards negotiation.
Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first provisional president of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sun Yat-sen was elected provisional president on December 29, 1911, and the Republic of China was declared on January 1, 1912.
The 'Five Races Under One Union' flag utilized red to symbolize the Han nationality and yellow for the Manchus.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Five Races Under One Union' flag indeed used red for Han and yellow for Manchus, among other colors representing different ethnic groups.
Yuan Shikai secured the Xuantong Emperor's abdication by promising the imperial family continued political power in the new republic.
Answer: False
Explanation: Yuan Shikai secured abdication by threatening the imperial family's safety and promising financial provisions and a ceremonial role, not continued political power.
The capture of Nanjing in December 1911 was significant because it became the designated site of the new provisional government.
Answer: True
Explanation: After its capture, Nanjing was chosen by the revolutionaries to host the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, making its capture strategically vital.
What was the primary outcome of the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: The establishment of the Republic of China.
Explanation: The 1911 Revolution's most significant outcome was the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the founding of the Republic of China.
What was the purpose of the North-South Conference held in Shanghai in December 1911?
Answer: To negotiate a settlement between the Qing government and the revolutionaries.
Explanation: The conference aimed to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict between the Qing and revolutionary forces, influenced by foreign reluctance to fund either side.
When was the Republic of China declared?
Answer: January 1, 1912
Explanation: The Republic of China was formally declared on January 1, 1912, marking a new era for China.
What did the yellow stripe on the 'Five Races Under One Union' flag represent?
Answer: Manchus
Explanation: The yellow stripe on the 'Five Races Under One Union' flag specifically symbolized the Manchu nationality.
Yuan Shikai was severely injured in a bomb attack organized by the Tongmenghui in Donghuamen, Beijing, in January 1912.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Yuan Shikai was ambushed in a bomb attack, he was not seriously injured, though about ten guards died.
Beijing became the capital of the Republic of China after Yuan Shikai exploited riots in the city as a pretext to remain in the north.
Answer: True
Explanation: Yuan Shikai indeed used the pretext of riots in Beijing to justify remaining in the north, leading to Beijing becoming the capital instead of Nanjing.
Song Jiaoren, the premier elected after the first National Assembly election, was assassinated under Yuan Shikai's secret directive.
Answer: True
Explanation: Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913, an act widely attributed to Yuan Shikai's secret order, highlighting the political machinations of the time.
Yuan Shikai's attempt to restore the monarchy in December 1915 was widely supported and led to a stable new imperial era.
Answer: False
Explanation: Yuan Shikai's attempt to restore the monarchy was met with strong opposition, leading to his abdication and the reinstatement of the Republic, not a stable imperial era.
The 1911 Revolution permanently abolished the Chinese monarchy, despite later attempts at restoration.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1911 Revolution definitively ended over two millennia of imperial rule, and subsequent attempts to restore the monarchy ultimately failed.
Where was Yuan Shikai inaugurated as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China?
Answer: Beijing
Explanation: Yuan Shikai's inauguration took place in Beijing, signifying the shift of the provisional government's power center to the north.
What was the fate of Song Jiaoren, the premier elected after the first National Assembly election?
Answer: He was assassinated in Shanghai under a secret order by Yuan Shikai.
Explanation: Song Jiaoren's assassination in 1913, widely attributed to Yuan Shikai, was a major political scandal in the early republic.
What was Yuan Shikai's significant political action in December 1915?
Answer: He restored the monarchy and proclaimed himself the Hongxian Emperor.
Explanation: In a controversial move, Yuan Shikai attempted to re-establish imperial rule by proclaiming himself emperor in December 1915.
What was the ultimate fate of the Chinese monarchy after the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: It was permanently abolished, despite later attempts at restoration.
Explanation: The 1911 Revolution brought a definitive end to the Chinese monarchy, with subsequent restoration attempts proving unsuccessful.
The 'New Culture Movement' emerged after the 1911 Revolution, advocating for a return to traditional Confucian values.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'New Culture Movement' questioned traditional values and sought a new national identity, rather than advocating for a return to Confucianism.
Manchu culture and language experienced a resurgence after the 1911 Revolution due to new government protections.
Answer: False
Explanation: The revolution led to a significant decline in Manchu culture and language, which became virtually extinct by 2007 due to anti-Manchu sentiment and assimilation.
Writer Lu Xun suggested that the 1911 Revolution brought significant improvements in the standard of living for common people.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lu Xun's 'The True Story of Ah Q' suggested that for common people, 'basically nothing had changed' after the revolution, implying no significant improvements in living standards.
Both Taiwan and Mainland China acknowledge Sun Yat-sen as the 'Father of the Nation.'
Answer: True
Explanation: Despite differing interpretations of his legacy, both Taiwan and Mainland China officially recognize Sun Yat-sen as the 'Father of the Nation.'
Liu Shaoqi stated that the 1911 Revolution ended 4,000 years of monarchy and liberated the minds of people.
Answer: False
Explanation: Zhou Enlai, not Liu Shaoqi, made the statement that the 1911 Revolution 'ended 4,000 years of monarchy, and liberated the mind of people.' Liu Shaoqi stated it 'inserted the concept of a republic into common people.'
Democracy activist Qin Yongmin lauded the 1911 Revolution for establishing true democracy in China.
Answer: False
Explanation: Qin Yongmin criticized the 1911 Revolution, arguing it merely replaced one dictator with another and did not establish true democracy.
What was a key characteristic of the 'New Culture Movement' that emerged after the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: A new search for national identity and questioning of traditional values.
Explanation: The 'New Culture Movement' was defined by its critical examination of traditional Chinese values and a quest for a modern national identity.
According to writer Lu Xun in 'The True Story of Ah Q' (1921), what was the immediate social impact of the 1911 Revolution?
Answer: Basically nothing had changed except 'the Manchus have left the kitchen.'
Explanation: Lu Xun's satirical observation highlighted the limited immediate social impact of the revolution on the lives of ordinary Chinese citizens.
How does Mainland China view Sun Yat-sen's legacy compared to Mao Zedong's?
Answer: Sun's work is viewed as a crucial first step towards the 'real revolution' of 1949, with Mao as the father of Communist China.
Explanation: Mainland China acknowledges Sun Yat-sen's foundational role but positions his revolution as a precursor to the 1949 Communist revolution led by Mao Zedong.
What did Liu Shaoqi say about the significance of the 1911 Revolution in 1954?
Answer: It inserted the concept of a republic into common people.
Explanation: Liu Shaoqi specifically noted that the 1911 Revolution introduced the concept of a republic to the general populace.