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The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état is widely recognized by the designation 'Raid on the Sublime Porte'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état is indeed commonly referred to as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, known in Turkish as Bâb-ı Âli Baskını.
The coup d'état transpired on January 23, 1914.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historical records indicate that the coup transpired on January 23, 1913, not 1914.
The coup's primary targets were the Imperial Treasury and military barracks.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principal targets of the coup were not the Imperial Treasury or military barracks, but rather the Sublime Porte, the central administrative complex of the Ottoman government.
The coup commenced in the late morning on January 23, 1913.
Answer: False
Explanation: The coup began in the afternoon, specifically around 2:30 PM (14:30) on January 23, 1913, not in the late morning.
The French periodical *Le Petit Journal* published an illustration depicting the assassination of Nazım Pasha.
Answer: True
Explanation: The French magazine *Le Petit Journal* did indeed publish an illustration of Nazım Pasha's assassination on its front page in February 1913.
On which date did the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, occur?
Answer: January 23, 1913
Explanation: The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, commonly referred to as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, transpired on January 23, 1913.
Which government building constituted the primary target of the 1913 coup?
Answer: The Sublime Porte (central administrative complex)
Explanation: The primary target of the 1913 coup was the Sublime Porte, the central administrative complex of the Ottoman government.
The coup leaders, including Enver Bey and Talaat Bey, entered which building to seize control?
Answer: The Sublime Porte
Explanation: The coup leaders, notably Enver Bey and Talaat Bey, entered the Sublime Porte, the central administrative complex, to effect the seizure of governmental control.
Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey are identified as the principal architects behind the 1913 coup d'état.
Answer: True
Explanation: Primary sources and historical analysis confirm that Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, prominent members of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), were the principal architects of the coup.
A primary objective of the coup was the establishment of a constitutional monarchy wherein the Sultan would retain substantial executive authority.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principal objective of the coup was not to establish a constitutional monarchy but rather to seize governmental control and consolidate power within the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) by overthrowing the incumbent cabinet.
Kamil Pasha was a proponent of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and actively sought to enhance its influence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kamil Pasha was a staunch opponent of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and aimed to dismantle the party during his tenure as Grand Vizier.
Talaat Bey was among the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members who physically entered the government buildings during the coup.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts confirm that Talaat Bey was part of the group, alongside Enver Bey and others, that physically entered the government buildings to execute the coup.
Omer Naci and Omer Seyfettin incited the crowd by delivering speeches in support of Kamil Pasha's government.
Answer: False
Explanation: Omer Naci and Omer Seyfettin incited the crowd not in support of Kamil Pasha's government, but rather by accusing it of planning to surrender Adrianople to the Bulgarians.
Nazım Pasha, serving as the Minister of War, was killed during the raid.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nazım Pasha, who held the portfolio of Minister of War, was indeed killed during the raid, not the Minister of Justice.
Mustafa Necip was fatally wounded by an aide-de-camp to the Grand Vizier during the coup.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mustafa Necip was killed during an exchange of gunfire with Ohrili Nafiz Bey, an aide-de-camp to the Grand Vizier, who also sustained fatal wounds in the encounter.
Kibrisli Tevfik Bey, identified as an opponent of the coup, successfully repelled the attackers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kibrisli Tevfik Bey, an opponent of the coup, engaged the attackers but was killed in the ensuing confrontation, thus failing to repel them.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) officially asserted that Nazım Pasha's death constituted a planned assassination.
Answer: False
Explanation: The CUP's official narrative characterized Nazım Pasha's death as an 'unavoidable accident,' rather than a planned assassination.
Kamil Pasha willingly relinquished his position as Grand Vizier subsequent to being confronted by the coup leaders.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kamil Pasha did not willingly resign; he was coerced into submitting his resignation at gunpoint by Enver Bey and Talaat Bey.
Reporter Georges Rémond observed widespread public enthusiasm for the coup.
Answer: False
Explanation: Georges Rémond's observations indicated a lack of widespread public enthusiasm, noting only a small gathering and general indifference, suggesting the coup was primarily an elite-driven event.
Sultan Mehmed V actively led the coup against his own government.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sultan Mehmed V was the reigning monarch during the coup, but he did not actively lead it; the coup was orchestrated by CUP leaders against the existing government.
Enver Bey justified the coup by asserting its necessity to prevent the nation from capitulating to 'monstrous demands.'
Answer: True
Explanation: Enver Bey's justification for the coup explicitly cited the need to avert national capitulation to 'monstrous demands' from external adversaries.
What was the primary objective of the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état?
Answer: To consolidate power within the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) by overthrowing the existing cabinet.
Explanation: The principal objective was the seizure of governmental control and the consolidation of power within the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) through the overthrow of the incumbent cabinet.
Who was the Grand Vizier overthrown during the 1913 coup?
Answer: Kamil Pasha
Explanation: Kamil Pasha was the Grand Vizier who was overthrown during the 1913 coup d'état.
Which minister was assassinated during the raid on the Sublime Porte?
Answer: Minister of War (Nazım Pasha)
Explanation: Nazım Pasha, who held the portfolio of Minister of War, was assassinated during the raid on the Sublime Porte.
According to reporter Georges Rémond, what was the general public sentiment regarding the coup?
Answer: Indifference and a small gathering.
Explanation: Reporter Georges Rémond observed that public sentiment towards the coup was characterized by indifference, with only a small gathering present, suggesting it was primarily an elite-driven event.
How did the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) characterize the death of Minister of War Nazım Pasha?
Answer: A tragic accident during the raid.
Explanation: The CUP characterized Nazım Pasha's death as an 'unavoidable accident,' suggesting it was not premeditated but a consequence of the raid's circumstances.
Which Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) member was instrumental in compelling Kamil Pasha to resign at gunpoint?
Answer: Enver Bey
Explanation: Enver Bey, alongside Talaat Bey, played a crucial role in forcing Kamil Pasha's resignation by confronting him at gunpoint and compelling him to submit a letter of resignation to the Sultan.
Who was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire during the 1913 coup?
Answer: Mehmed V
Explanation: Mehmed V reigned as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at the time of the 1913 coup d'état.
The Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) justification for Nazım Pasha's death during the coup posited that it was:
Answer: An unavoidable accident.
Explanation: The CUP justified Nazım Pasha's death by characterizing it as an 'unavoidable accident,' implying it was not premeditated but a consequence of the raid's circumstances.
What transpired concerning Kibrisli Tevfik Bey during the raid on the Sublime Porte?
Answer: He fired at the coup participants but was killed.
Explanation: During the raid, Kibrisli Tevfik Bey engaged the coup participants with gunfire but was fatally wounded in the subsequent return fire.
By whom was Mustafa Necip killed during the coup?
Answer: An aide-de-camp to the Grand Vizier
Explanation: Mustafa Necip was killed by Ohrili Nafiz Bey, an aide-de-camp to the Grand Vizier, during a violent exchange of gunfire.
What was the Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) ultimate aim in orchestrating the 1913 coup?
Answer: To regain political power and prevent territorial losses like Adrianople.
Explanation: The CUP's ultimate objective was to reclaim political authority, avert territorial concessions such as the potential loss of Adrianople, and redirect the empire from perceived national humiliation.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) orchestrated the coup due to concerns that Kamil Pasha's government intended to cede Adrianople to Bulgaria.
Answer: True
Explanation: A significant motivating factor for the CUP's coup was the apprehension that Kamil Pasha's administration would concede Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria during ongoing peace negotiations following the First Balkan War.
Following the 1908 elections, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) secured a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the assertion, the CUP did not hold a clear majority following the 1908 elections; they secured approximately 60 out of 288 seats, making them the largest party but not a majority holder.
The Freedom and Accord Party was established with the objective of supporting the Committee of Union and Progress.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Freedom and Accord Party was founded in November 1911 specifically as an opposition entity to the CUP, not to support it. It rapidly garnered significant political influence.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) dissolved the Chamber of Deputies in 1912 with the intention of allowing the Freedom and Accord Party additional time to consolidate its support.
Answer: False
Explanation: The CUP dissolved the Chamber of Deputies in 1912 not to aid the Freedom and Accord Party, but rather to preempt its consolidation of support by calling for early elections.
The April 1912 elections were colloquially termed the 'Election of Clubs' owing to pervasive incidents of violence and electoral fraud.
Answer: True
Explanation: The April 1912 elections earned the moniker 'Election of Clubs' (Sopalı Seçimler) due to the extensive electoral malfeasance and physical violence directed at opposition candidates.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) secured only 6 seats in the April 1912 elections, thereby relinquishing its political dominance.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement is incorrect; the CUP achieved a decisive victory in the April 1912 elections, securing 269 out of 275 seats, while the Freedom and Accord Party won only 6.
The 'Savior Officers' constituted a group that actively supported the Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) consolidation of power.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Savior Officers' were in opposition to the CUP; they were military officers who aligned with the Freedom and Accord Party and contributed to political unrest.
Mehmed Said Pasha resigned from his position as Grand Vizier in July 1912 as a consequence of pressure exerted by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
Answer: False
Explanation: Mehmed Said Pasha's resignation in July 1912 was precipitated by pressure from the 'Savior Officers,' not directly from the CUP, as they held him responsible for the political climate following the early elections.
The 'Great Cabinet,' under the leadership of Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, constituted a partisan government established by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Great Cabinet' led by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was characterized as a non-partisan administration, notably including former Grand Viziers, rather than a partisan government formed by the CUP.
The commencement of the First Balkan War resulted in the cancellation of new elections that had been planned by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's government.
Answer: True
Explanation: The outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912 necessitated the cancellation of the new elections that Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's government had scheduled.
Kamil Pasha resigned his position in October 1912 with the objective of enabling the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) to negotiate the peace treaty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kamil Pasha resigned in October 1912 not because he wished for the CUP to negotiate, but rather he was forced to resign at gunpoint by CUP leaders. Furthermore, he was an opponent of the CUP, not an advocate for their negotiation role.
During the peace negotiations, the Great Powers demanded that the Ottoman Empire cede Constantinople to Bulgaria.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Great Powers' demands during the peace negotiations focused on the cession of Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria and the transfer of Aegean islands, not Constantinople.
The leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) supported Kamil Pasha's government throughout the peace negotiations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The CUP leadership did not support Kamil Pasha's government during the peace negotiations; instead, they grew increasingly dissatisfied with his perceived concessions and planned the coup to regain control.
The Midye-Enez Line represented a proposed border that Kamil Pasha's government was prepared to accept during the peace negotiations.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Midye-Enez Line was indeed a proposed border that Kamil Pasha's government indicated willingness to accept, involving the administration of Edirne by an international commission.
What event served as the immediate pretext for the 1913 coup?
Answer: The CUP's fear that Kamil Pasha's government would cede Adrianople to Bulgaria.
Explanation: The immediate pretext for the coup was the Committee of Union and Progress's apprehension that Kamil Pasha's government would cede Adrianople to Bulgaria during peace negotiations.
What was the outcome of the April 1912 elections for the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)?
Answer: They secured a dominant victory, winning 269 out of 275 seats.
Explanation: The April 1912 elections resulted in a dominant victory for the CUP, which secured 269 out of 275 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
The Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) decision to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies in 1912 was primarily aimed at:
Answer: Preventing the Freedom and Accord Party from consolidating its support before elections.
Explanation: The dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies by the CUP in 1912 was strategically intended to prevent the Freedom and Accord Party from consolidating its political support prior to upcoming elections.
Which of the following territorial concessions was demanded by the Great Powers during the peace negotiations following the First Balkan War?
Answer: Transferring control of Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria.
Explanation: Among the territorial concessions demanded by the Great Powers was the cession of Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria, alongside the transfer of most Aegean islands.
What was the initial political impact of the Freedom and Accord Party upon its formation in November 1911?
Answer: It quickly attracted 70 Deputies and won a key by-election.
Explanation: Upon its formation in November 1911, the Freedom and Accord Party rapidly gained political traction, attracting 70 Deputies and securing a significant by-election victory.
Why did Ahmed Muhtar Pasha resign as Grand Vizier in October 1912?
Answer: To allow Kamil Pasha to negotiate peace due to his better relations with Britain.
Explanation: Ahmed Muhtar Pasha resigned in October 1912 to permit Kamil Pasha to assume the premiership, based on the expectation that Kamil Pasha's superior relations with the British would facilitate a more favorable peace treaty.
The Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) initial stance on the millet system, prior to the Balkan Wars, was generally:
Answer: Opposed to extending it.
Explanation: Prior to the Balkan Wars, the CUP's general stance was opposition to the extension of the millet system.
What event precipitated the cancellation of new elections planned by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's government?
Answer: The outbreak of the First Balkan War.
Explanation: The outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912 was the event that led to the cancellation of the new elections planned by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's administration.
Mahmud Şevket Pasha assumed the position of Grand Vizier following the coup.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the coup, Mahmud Şevket Pasha assumed the dual roles of Grand Vizier and Minister of War, leading the new government established by the CUP.
Who assumed the positions of both Grand Vizier and Minister of War following the 1913 coup?
Answer: Mahmud Şevket Pasha
Explanation: Mahmud Şevket Pasha assumed the dual responsibilities of Grand Vizier and Minister of War in the new government established by the Committee of Union and Progress.
The 'Great Cabinet,' formed subsequent to Mehmed Said Pasha's resignation, was notable for being:
Answer: A non-partisan government including former Grand Viziers.
Explanation: The 'Great Cabinet' was distinguished by its non-partisan composition, which included several former Grand Viziers, reflecting an attempt at broader political representation.
The 1913 coup resulted in the Ottoman Empire forging stronger alliances with France.
Answer: False
Explanation: The coup led to a strengthening of ties with the German Empire, not France, culminating in the German-Ottoman alliance of 1914.
The experience of the Balkan Wars rendered the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) more accommodating towards ethnic minorities, such as Armenians.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Balkan Wars experience did not foster accommodation; rather, it intensified nationalism within the CUP and led to increased suspicion towards groups like Armenians, contributing to policies that escalated towards genocide.
The 1913 coup precipitated the Ottoman Empire's strengthening of its diplomatic and military ties with France.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1913 coup is regarded as one of the earliest violent coups in modern Turkish history and is frequently cited by historians as setting a precedent for subsequent military interventions within the Turkish Republic, rather than leading to strengthened ties with France.
The Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) initial stance was opposed to the millet system; however, the Balkan Wars prompted a reconsideration of this position.
Answer: True
Explanation: The CUP's initial opposition to the millet system was indeed reconsidered following the intense ethnic conflicts and territorial losses experienced during the Balkan Wars, leading to a more pragmatic approach.
The Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) consolidation of control effectively established the rule of a triumvirate commonly referred to as the 'Three Pashas'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The coup indeed solidified the CUP's dominance, leading to the effective rule of a triumvirate known as the 'Three Pashas' (Enver, Talaat, and Cemal) who governed the Ottoman Empire.
The 1913 coup significantly influenced the Ottoman Empire's foreign policy by:
Answer: Strengthening ties with the German Empire.
Explanation: The coup accelerated the Ottoman Empire's alignment with the German Empire, culminating in a formal alliance and influencing its geopolitical trajectory.
How did the Balkan Wars influence the Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) subsequent stance on ethnic minorities, such as Armenians?
Answer: It led to increased nationalism and suspicion towards groups like Armenians.
Explanation: The Balkan Wars significantly heightened nationalism within the CUP and fostered increased suspicion towards ethnic minorities like Armenians, contributing to more repressive policies and the escalation towards the Armenian genocide.
The long-term legacy of the 1913 coup is frequently associated with the consolidation of power by which group?
Answer: The 'Three Pashas' (Enver, Talaat, Cemal).
Explanation: The long-term legacy of the 1913 coup is predominantly linked to the consolidation of power by the triumvirate known as the 'Three Pashas' (Enver, Talaat, and Cemal).