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In Israel, the 1982 Lebanon War is known exclusively as the First Lebanon War.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material indicates that while the conflict is known as the 1982 Lebanon War or the Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon internationally, in Israel it is referred to as the First Lebanon War.
The Israeli operation in the 1982 Lebanon War officially concluded on June 5, 1985.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states the Israeli operation officially ended on September 29, 1982, although most Israeli forces were not withdrawn until June 5, 1985.
The Lebanese National Resistance Front was a primary belligerent allied with Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Lebanese National Resistance Front was allied with the PLO and Syria, opposing Israel. Israel's allies included the Lebanese Forces and the South Lebanon Army.
Hafez al-Assad was a key commander for the PLO during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hafez al-Assad was a key leader for Syria, an ally of the PLO, but not a commander for the PLO itself. Yasser Arafat and Saad Sayel were the key PLO commanders.
The Amal Movement consistently fought alongside the PLO throughout the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Amal Movement initially fought against the PLO, and while some members later fought against Israel, others remained neutral. Their alignment was not consistent.
Which of the following is an alternative name for the conflict that began on June 6, 1982?
Answer: The Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon
Explanation: The source identifies the '1982 Lebanon War' as the primary name, with the 'Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon' as a common alternative.
When did most Israeli forces withdraw from Lebanon following the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: June 5, 1985
Explanation: While the initial operation ended in 1982, the source specifies that most Israeli forces completed their withdrawal by June 5, 1985.
Which group was a primary belligerent allied with Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: South Lebanon Army
Explanation: The source lists the South Lebanon Army as a primary belligerent allied with Israel, alongside the Lebanese Forces.
Who among the following was a key commander for Israel and its allies, killed in action during the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: Yekutiel Adam
Explanation: The source lists Yekutiel Adam as a key Israeli commander who was killed in action during the war.
Which individual was a key commander for Syria during the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: Mustafa Tlass
Explanation: Mustafa Tlass is listed as a key commander for Syria, serving under President Hafez al-Assad.
Which of the following non-PLO Palestinian groups joined forces with the mainstream PLO during the conflict?
Answer: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Explanation: The source lists several non-PLO Palestinian groups from the Rejectionist Front, including the PFLP, that joined forces with the mainstream PLO.
At the start of the 1982 Lebanon War, Israel deployed approximately 78,000 troops.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Israel's forces at the beginning of the war comprised approximately 78,000 troops.
Syria's military strength at the beginning of the 1982 Lebanon War included 450 aircraft.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to the provided data, Syria's military forces at the start of the war included 450 aircraft.
Israel reported losing 12 aircraft and 2 helicopters from 1982 to 1985.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that from 1982 to 1985, Israel lost 1 aircraft and 2 helicopters, not 12 aircraft.
Syria lost between 82 and 86 aircraft during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: True
Explanation: The provided casualty and loss data for Syria indicates that between 82 and 86 aircraft were lost during the conflict.
The majority of the 19,085 total casualties reported by Lebanese authorities for the 1982 Lebanon War were civilians.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lebanese authorities reported that combatants accounted for 57% of the dead, while civilians accounted for 43%, meaning the majority were combatants.
The Israeli Air Force sustained significant losses in aerial combat against Syrian forces during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Israeli Air Force demonstrated significant dominance, shooting down 82-86 Syrian aircraft in aerial combat without sustaining any losses of its own.
The Israeli Merkava tank proved definitively superior to Syrian T-72 tanks, with no losses from T-72 fire, according to all defense analysts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The performance of the Merkava versus the T-72 is disputed. While Israelis claimed superiority, defense analysts and Syrians claimed the T-72 was highly effective and suffered no losses.
Israeli forces during the 1982 invasion were deployed in three divisions and two reinforced brigade-size units.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Israeli forces were deployed in five divisions and two reinforced brigade-size units.
The Syrian 1st Armoured Division was primarily deployed in the Bekaa Valley during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the largest concentration of Syrian forces, including the 1st Armoured Division, was in the Bekaa Valley.
Before the 1982 invasion, the PLO had approximately 6,000 full-time military personnel deployed in southern Lebanon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that of the PLO's 15,000 full-time personnel, about 6,000 were deployed in southern Lebanon.
What was the approximate number of tanks Israel had at the beginning of the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: 800
Explanation: The data on military strength indicates Israel possessed 800 tanks at the start of the war.
How many SAM missile batteries did Syria possess at the beginning of the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: 125
Explanation: The source specifies that Syria's military strength included 125 Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) batteries.
How many Israeli soldiers were reported missing during the 1982 Lebanon War (1982-1985)?
Answer: 4
Explanation: The casualty data for Israel from 1982 to 1985 reports that 4 soldiers were missing.
Approximately how many PLO fighters were captured during the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: 6,000
Explanation: The source indicates that approximately 6,000 PLO fighters were captured during the conflict.
Excluding the Sabra and Shatila massacre, what percentage of the dead reported by Lebanese authorities were combatants?
Answer: 57%
Explanation: According to figures from Lebanese authorities (excluding the Sabra and Shatila massacre), combatants accounted for 57% of the dead.
How many Syrian aircraft did the Israeli Air Force shoot down in aerial combat during the 1982 Lebanon War without sustaining any losses of its own?
Answer: Between 82 and 86
Explanation: The Israeli Air Force achieved a decisive victory in aerial combat, shooting down between 82 and 86 Syrian aircraft without losing any of its own.
What was the general consensus among defense analysts regarding the performance of the Israeli Merkava tank against Syrian T-72 tanks in 1982?
Answer: Israelis claimed Merkava superiority, while defense analysts and Syrians claimed T-72 effectiveness and no losses.
Explanation: The performance of the tanks was disputed; Israelis claimed Merkava superiority, while defense analysts and Syrians asserted the effectiveness of the T-72.
How many divisions were Israeli forces deployed in during the 1982 invasion?
Answer: Five
Explanation: The source states that the Israeli invasion force was deployed in five divisions and two reinforced brigade-size units.
Which Syrian military unit was primarily concentrated in the Bekaa Valley in June 1982?
Answer: The 1st Armoured Division
Explanation: The Syrian 1st Armoured Division, with around 400 tanks, was the largest concentration of Syrian forces and was deployed in the Bekaa Valley.
Before the 1982 invasion, what was the approximate number of full-time PLO military personnel?
Answer: 15,000
Explanation: The source indicates the PLO had approximately 15,000 full-time military personnel before the invasion.
The attempted assassination of Shlomo Argov by the Abu Nidal Organization was the immediate trigger for the 1982 Lebanon War.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies the attempted assassination of Israeli ambassador Shlomo Argov on June 3, 1982, as the immediate trigger for the war.
One of Israel's publicly stated objectives for 'Operation Peace for Galilee' was to install a pro-Israel Maronite Christian government in Lebanon.
Answer: True
Explanation: While the primary stated objective was pushing the PLO back 40km, the source confirms that broader objectives included installing a pro-Israel Maronite Christian government.
By 1969, the Palestinian population in Lebanon had grown to 375,000 due to natural growth and immigration.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that by 1969, the Palestinian population in Lebanon was 235,000. It grew to 375,000 by the eve of the 1982 invasion.
The PLO's objective in 1977 was to establish a single democratic state across all of historical Palestine.
Answer: False
Explanation: By 1977, the PLO's objective had evolved to establishing a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip alongside Israel. The goal of a single democratic state across all of historical Palestine was from 1968.
The 'Black September' conflict in Jordan led to a significant influx of Palestinians into Lebanon, contributing to the PLO's 'state-within-a-state' in Southern Lebanon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the 1970 'Black September' conflict in Jordan resulted in a large influx of Palestinians into Lebanon, which contributed to the PLO establishing a 'state-within-a-state'.
UNIFIL's mandate, established in 1978, included assisting the Lebanese government in re-establishing its authority in Southern Lebanon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mandate for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), established by UN Security Council Resolution 425, explicitly included assisting the Lebanese government in restoring its authority.
Israel's main partner among Lebanese Christian militias before the 1982 invasion was the Maronite Phalange party.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Israel's main partner among the Christian militias became the Maronite Phalange party, led by Bashir Gemayel.
The 1981 ceasefire brokered by Philip Habib was a written agreement directly negotiated between Israel and the PLO.
Answer: False
Explanation: The ceasefire was an oral agreement reached through shuttle diplomacy, as Israel and the PLO refused direct negotiations.
Israel's interpretation of the 1981 ceasefire was that it was geographically limited to the Lebanese border.
Answer: False
Explanation: Israel's interpretation was that the ceasefire was not geographically limited and applied to any act of Palestinian violence globally. The PLO and American negotiators viewed it as primarily covering attacks from Lebanon.
The 'Big Pines' military plan was initially approved by the Israeli cabinet on December 20, 1981.
Answer: False
Explanation: When the 'Big Pines' plan was presented to the Israeli cabinet on December 20, 1981, it was rejected by most ministers.
Who was Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom whose attempted assassination triggered the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: Shlomo Argov
Explanation: The source identifies the attempted assassination of Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the UK, as the immediate trigger for the war.
What was Israel's publicly stated objective for 'Operation Peace for Galilee' regarding PLO forces?
Answer: To push PLO forces back 40 kilometers (25 miles) from the Israeli border.
Explanation: Israel's publicly stated objective for 'Operation Peace for Galilee' was to create a 40-kilometer buffer zone by pushing PLO forces away from the border.
What was the Palestinian population in Lebanon on the eve of the 1982 invasion?
Answer: 375,000
Explanation: The source states that on the eve of the 1982 invasion, the Palestinian population in Lebanon was 375,000.
By what year had the PLO's objective evolved to establishing a Palestinian state specifically in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, existing alongside Israel?
Answer: 1977
Explanation: The source notes that by 1977, the PLO's objective had evolved to establishing a state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, alongside Israel.
The 'Black September' conflict in Jordan primarily contributed to what in Lebanon?
Answer: A significant influx of Palestinians and the creation of a PLO 'state-within-a-state'.
Explanation: The 'Black September' conflict in Jordan led to a large influx of Palestinians into Lebanon, which was a key factor in the PLO creating a 'state-within-a-state' there.
When was the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) established?
Answer: March 19, 1978
Explanation: The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was established on March 19, 1978, following UN Security Council Resolution 425.
Which Lebanese Christian militia became Israel's main partner before the 1982 invasion?
Answer: Maronite Phalange party
Explanation: The source identifies the Maronite Phalange party, led by Bashir Gemayel, as Israel's main partner among the Lebanese Christian militias.
The 1981 ceasefire between Israel and the PLO was brokered by which US official?
Answer: Philip Habib
Explanation: The 1981 ceasefire was an oral agreement brokered through the shuttle diplomacy of United States Undersecretary of State Philip Habib.
How did the PLO and American negotiators primarily understand the 1981 ceasefire?
Answer: As primarily covering terror attacks stemming from Lebanon.
Explanation: The source indicates that the PLO and American negotiators understood the ceasefire to primarily apply to attacks originating from Lebanon, in contrast to Israel's broader interpretation.
What was the initial cabinet response to the 'Big Pines' military plan when presented on December 20, 1981?
Answer: It was rejected by most ministers.
Explanation: When the 'Big Pines' military plan was first presented to the Israeli cabinet, it was rejected by most ministers.
During 'Operation Peace for Galilee', Israeli forces conducted an amphibious landing north of Sidon to cut off PLO retreat.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that on June 6, 1982, Israeli forces conducted an amphibious landing north of Sidon to cut off the PLO's line of retreat.
The Israeli advance along the coastal road towards Beirut was swift and unhindered.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states the Israeli advance along the coastal road became bogged down due to narrow roads, traffic jams, and ambushes by PLO fighters.
Israeli forces captured Palestinian refugee camps near Sidon by first blaring warnings via loudspeakers, followed by bombardment and infantry assault.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source describes the Israeli method for capturing the camps as a sequence of loudspeaker warnings, intense bombardment, and finally an infantry assault.
'Operation Mole Cricket 19' was an Israeli ground operation to destroy Syrian tank formations.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Operation Mole Cricket 19' was a major Israeli Air Force operation aimed at establishing air superiority by destroying Syrian anti-aircraft missile batteries.
During the Battle of Sultan Yacoub, Israeli forces suffered no tank losses.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Israeli forces lost 10 tanks during the Battle of Sultan Yacoub.
The Beirut-Damascus highway was strategically important as Syria's primary supply line and the only major escape route for forces trapped in Beirut.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms the critical importance of the Beirut-Damascus highway as Syria's main supply line and the only escape route for PLO and Syrian forces in Beirut.
The Siege of Beirut concluded with a direct Israeli assault on the city, resulting in heavy casualties.
Answer: False
Explanation: The siege concluded with a negotiated agreement that led to the evacuation of PLO combatants, avoiding a direct and costly assault on the city.
What was the primary method used by Israeli forces to cut off PLO retreat during the initial phase of 'Operation Peace for Galilee'?
Answer: An amphibious landing north of Sidon.
Explanation: The source states that Israeli forces conducted an amphibious landing north of Sidon to cut off the PLO's line of retreat.
What was a significant challenge faced by Israeli forces advancing along the coastal road towards Beirut?
Answer: Becoming bogged down and falling behind schedule due to narrow roads and traffic jams.
Explanation: The Israeli advance along the coastal road was challenged by narrow roads and traffic jams, causing them to fall behind schedule.
Which of the following was NOT part of the Israeli method for capturing Palestinian refugee camps near Sidon?
Answer: Direct negotiation with PLO defenders for surrender.
Explanation: The Israeli method for capturing the camps involved warnings, bombardment, and infantry assault, but not direct negotiation with defenders for surrender.
What was the primary objective of 'Operation Mole Cricket 19'?
Answer: To establish air superiority.
Explanation: 'Operation Mole Cricket 19' was an Israeli Air Force operation designed to destroy Syrian anti-aircraft missile batteries and establish air superiority.
How many tanks did Israeli forces lose during the Battle of Sultan Yacoub?
Answer: 10
Explanation: During the Battle of Sultan Yacoub, Israeli forces lost 10 tanks while fighting to extricate themselves from a Syrian ambush.
Why was the Beirut-Damascus highway of critical strategic importance during the war?
Answer: It was Syria's primary supply line and the only major escape route for PLO and Syrian forces.
Explanation: The Beirut-Damascus highway was strategically critical as it was Syria's main supply line and the only escape route for PLO and Syrian forces in Beirut.
How did the 'Siege of Beirut' conclude in August 1982?
Answer: With an agreement leading to the evacuation of PLO combatants.
Explanation: The Siege of Beirut concluded not with a direct assault, but with a negotiated agreement that led to the evacuation of PLO combatants.
A strategic success for Israel in the 1982 Lebanon War was the complete cessation of the Southern Lebanon conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies the beginning of the Southern Lebanon conflict as a strategic failure for Israel, not a success.
The April 1983 United States Embassy bombing in Beirut led to the withdrawal of international peacekeeping forces from Lebanon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that increased hostilities against the US, including the embassy bombing, resulted in the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping forces.
In February 1985, Israel transferred control of Sidon to the South Lebanon Army.
Answer: False
Explanation: In February 1985, Israel withdrew from Sidon and transferred control of the city to the Lebanese Army, not the South Lebanon Army.
The 1982 Lebanon War is considered a major catalyst for the creation and rise of Hezbollah.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly states that the war is widely considered a major catalyst for the creation of Hezbollah, which emerged to fill the vacuum left by the PLO.
The assassination of Bachir Gemayel in September 1982 made the prospect of a peace treaty with a pro-Israel Christian government less likely.
Answer: True
Explanation: The assassination of Bachir Gemayel, an Israeli ally and newly elected president, made Israel's position in Beirut untenable and diminished the likelihood of a peace treaty.
The Israeli Kahan Commission of Inquiry found Ariel Sharon directly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kahan Commission found that direct responsibility lay with the Phalangist militiamen. It found Ariel Sharon bore 'personal responsibility' for failing to prevent the massacre, which is a finding of indirect responsibility.
A long-term consequence of the 1982 Lebanon War was the de facto Syrian occupation of Lebanon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies the eventual de facto Syrian occupation of Lebanon, where Syria gained more power than before 1982, as a significant long-term consequence.
The 1982 Lebanon War had no significant psychological impact beyond the immediate region.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source notes a significant psychological impact, citing Osama bin Laden's claim that the destruction in Beirut inspired the September 11 attacks.
The United Nations General Assembly unanimously declared the Sabra and Shatila massacre an act of genocide.
Answer: False
Explanation: The UN General Assembly passed the resolution with 123 votes in favor and 22 abstentions, meaning it was not unanimous. Additionally, some delegates disputed the 'genocide' classification.
What was a key strategic failure for Israel in the 1982 Lebanon War?
Answer: The beginning of the Southern Lebanon conflict.
Explanation: The source states that while Israel achieved tactical victories, a key strategic failure was the beginning of the Southern Lebanon conflict.
What was a direct consequence of the April 1983 United States Embassy bombing in Beirut?
Answer: The withdrawal of international peacekeeping forces from Lebanon.
Explanation: The source states that increased hostilities against the US, including the embassy bombing, led to the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping forces from Lebanon.
When did Israel withdraw its forces from Sidon and transfer control to the Lebanese Army?
Answer: February 1985
Explanation: The source specifies that in February 1985, Israel withdrew its forces from Sidon and transferred control to the Lebanese Army.
What role did the 1982 Lebanon War play in the emergence of Hezbollah?
Answer: It was a major catalyst for Hezbollah's creation and rise.
Explanation: The 1982 war is considered a major catalyst for the creation and rise of Hezbollah, which filled the power vacuum left by the PLO in Southern Lebanon.
Who was assassinated on September 14, 1982, significantly impacting the war's political landscape?
Answer: Bachir Gemayel
Explanation: Bachir Gemayel, the newly elected President of Lebanon and an Israeli ally, was assassinated on September 14, 1982, which destabilized Israel's political objectives.
According to the Israeli Kahan Commission of Inquiry, who bore 'personal responsibility' for failing to prevent the Sabra and Shatila massacre?
Answer: Ariel Sharon
Explanation: The Kahan Commission found that Ariel Sharon, then Defense Minister, bore 'personal responsibility' for failing to prevent the massacre, a finding of indirect responsibility.
What was a significant long-term political consequence of the 1982 Lebanon War for Syria?
Answer: Syria gained more power than before 1982, leading to a de facto occupation.
Explanation: A long-term consequence was that Syria gained more power in Lebanon than it had before 1982, leading to a de facto occupation.
What was the estimated damage cost of the 1982 Lebanon War, according to the Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction?
Answer: US$2 billion
Explanation: The Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction estimated the cost of damage from the war at US$2 billion.
How did the United Nations General Assembly respond to the Sabra and Shatila massacre on December 16, 1982?
Answer: It condemned the massacre and declared it an act of genocide.
Explanation: On December 16, 1982, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution that condemned the massacre and declared it an act of genocide.