Explanation: The term *tenryō* specifically refers to lands directly administered by the Tokugawa shogunate prior to the Meiji Restoration. These lands were among those confiscated and reorganized following the shogunate's overthrow.

Explanation: This statement accurately describes the *han* system, which constituted Japan's feudal structure prior to the Meiji Restoration, comprising semi-autonomous domains (*han*) governed by hereditary feudal lords (*daimyos*).

Explanation: In the context of the Meiji Restoration, *tenryō* refers to lands that were directly administered by the Tokugawa shogunate prior to its fall. These lands were among those confiscated and subsequently reorganized into prefectures.

Explanation: Prior to the Meiji Restoration, the *han* system constituted Japan's feudal structure, characterized by numerous semi-autonomous domains (*han*) ruled by hereditary feudal lords known as *daimyos*.

Explanation: *Daimyos* were the powerful feudal lords who ruled over their respective domains (*han*) in Japan during the feudal era, holding significant administrative and military authority within their territories.

Explanation: The abolition of the *han* system, known as *haihan-chiken*, occurred in 1871, which falls within the Meiji period (1868-1912), not the preceding Tokugawa period (1603-1868).

Explanation: The *Hanseki hōkan* in 1869 was characterized by the *voluntary* return of domains by the *daimyos* to Emperor Meiji. Compulsory seizure occurred later or through different mechanisms, but *Hanseki hōkan* specifically denotes the voluntary aspect.

Explanation: Kido Takayoshi, a prominent statesman from the Chōshū domain, was indeed a key advocate for the voluntary return of domains (*han*) to Emperor Meiji, playing a significant role in initiating this process.

Explanation: The lords of the Satsuma and Chōshū domains were among the *first* to voluntarily return their territories in 1869, setting a precedent for other domains, not the last.

Explanation: Not all domains complied voluntarily in 1869; while many did, some initially resisted and were later compelled to return their territories, indicating that universal voluntary compliance was not achieved at the outset.

Explanation: The *haihan-chiken* reform was enacted in 1871, placing it firmly within the Meiji period (1868-1912), an era characterized by rapid modernization and institutional change in Japan.

Explanation: The process known as *Hanseki hōkan*, which occurred in 1869, specifically refers to the voluntary return of domains (*han*) by the *daimyos* to Emperor Meiji, marking a crucial step in the centralization of power.

Explanation: Kido Takayoshi, a leading statesman from the influential Chōshū Domain, was a principal architect of the movement advocating for the voluntary return of domains to Emperor Meiji, a critical step preceding the full implementation of *haihan-chiken*.

Explanation: The domains of Chōshū and Satsuma were the first to voluntarily return their territories to Emperor Meiji in 1869, initiating the process of *Hanseki hōkan*.

Explanation: The *Meiji Restoration* was a political event that restored direct imperial rule under Emperor Meiji, ending the Tokugawa shogunate and initiating a period of profound modernization and centralization in Japan.

Explanation: The *Meiji period* (1868-1912) was characterized by profound political, social, and economic transformations, including rapid industrialization, modernization of institutions, and the establishment of a centralized nation-state.

Explanation: The *haihan-chiken* reform, implemented in 1871, was a pivotal measure that formally abolished the feudal *han* system, replacing it with a centralized structure of prefectures governed by nationally appointed officials. This reform was a critical component of Japan's modernization following the Meiji Restoration.

Explanation: The *haihan-chiken* reform replaced the feudal *han* system not with domains ruled by hereditary *daimyos*, but with a centralized system of prefectures administered by officials appointed by the national government, thereby dismantling the traditional feudal power structures.

Explanation: The Boshin War (1868-1869) resulted in the confiscation of lands from *daimyos* who had supported the defeated Tokugawa shogunate, not from those who supported the new Meiji government.

Explanation: Following the Boshin War, confiscated territories were not returned to their former *daimyos*. Instead, these lands, along with others, were reorganized into prefectures administered by centrally appointed governors.

Explanation: Ōkubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori were instrumental proponents of the consolidation of prefectures, not opponents. They were key figures in the Meiji oligarchy driving these centralizing reforms.

Explanation: In August 1871, an Imperial Edict was indeed issued, mandating the reorganization of the existing domains into 305 prefectures, comprising three urban prefectures (*fu*) and 302 other prefectures (*ken*).

Explanation: The number of prefectures initially established in 1871 (305) was subsequently reduced through consolidation. By 1888, the structure had been streamlined to 47 prefectures (three urban and 44 others), not increased to 305.

Explanation: The literal translation of *haihan-chiken* is 'abolition of the *han* (domains) and establishment of prefectures.' It does not involve the abolition of the Emperor.

Explanation: The terms *fu* and *ken* were indeed used to designate administrative divisions following the *haihan-chiken* reform, with *fu* referring to urban prefectures and *ken* denoting the other prefectures.

Explanation: The primary objective of the *haihan-chiken* reform, implemented in 1871, was to dismantle the decentralized feudal *han* system and establish a unified, centralized administrative structure composed of prefectures governed by centrally appointed officials.

Explanation: The Boshin War (1868-1869) was pivotal as it led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, enabling the Meiji government to confiscate former shogunate lands and those of opposing *daimyos*. These confiscated territories formed the initial prefectures, directly administered by the central government, thus paving the way for the *haihan-chiken* reform.

Explanation: Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate and predates the Meiji Restoration. Key figures who drove the consolidation of prefectures included Ōkubo Toshimichi, Yamagata Aritomo, Kido Takayoshi, and Saigō Takamori.

Explanation: Following the Imperial Edict in August 1871, the domains were reorganized into 305 prefectures, consisting of three urban prefectures (*fu*) and 302 other prefectures (*ken*).

Explanation: The literal translation of *haihan-chiken* is 'abolition of the *han* (domains), establishment of prefectures,' accurately describing the core action of the reform.

Explanation: Following *Hanseki hōkan*, former *daimyos* were re-appointed not as hereditary rulers, but as non-hereditary governors of their former territories, which were now designated as prefectures under central government control.

Explanation: The title of *daimyo* was officially abolished in July 1869, coinciding with the establishment of the *kazoku* peerage system, not in 1871 when the *haihan-chiken* reform was fully implemented.

Explanation: The *kazoku* system, established in 1869, created a new hierarchy of nobility that incorporated former *daimyos* and court nobles, integrating them into the modern state structure under the ultimate authority of the Emperor.

Explanation: The Meiji oligarchy, particularly figures like Ōkubo Toshimichi, continued to view former *daimyos* with suspicion even after their appointment as governors, due to their residual influence and potential for challenging central authority.

Explanation: Following the return of their domains, former *daimyos* were appointed as non-hereditary governors of their former territories, which were then reorganized into prefectures under the direct administration of the central government.

Explanation: The title of *daimyo* was officially abolished in July 1869, concurrent with the establishment of the *kazoku* peerage system, marking a significant break from the feudal past.

Explanation: The *kazoku* system, established in 1869, was a new Japanese peerage system designed to integrate former elites, including *daimyos* and court nobles, into a hierarchical structure under the Emperor, replacing the old feudal distinctions.

Explanation: The purpose of appointing governors directly by the central government was to ensure loyalty and direct administrative control over the newly established prefectures, thereby consolidating national authority and dismantling regional power bases.

Explanation: Upon their appointment as governors of the new prefectures, former *daimyos* were permitted to retain ten percent of the tax revenues collected from their former domains, providing them with a continued, albeit reduced, financial interest.

Explanation: The central government assumed direct responsibility for disbursing samurai stipends. This measure was strategically implemented to weaken the traditional feudal ties between *daimyos* and their samurai retainers, shifting samurai loyalty towards the central authority.

Explanation: In 1874, the generous stipends for ex-*daimyos* were converted not into land grants, but into government bonds, reflecting a shift in financial policy due to fiscal pressures.

Explanation: Samurai retainers who lost their traditional stipends were compensated with tradable government bonds, which represented the value of their former salaries and were subject to reimbursement over time.

Explanation: *Hansatsu* were currencies issued by individual feudal domains (*han*) during the pre-Meiji era. They were not national currencies issued by the central government, and their status changed with the establishment of a unified monetary system.

Explanation: As governors of the newly established prefectures, former *daimyos* were permitted to retain ten percent of the tax revenues collected from their former domains, calculated based on actual rice production.

Explanation: The central government aimed to weaken these ties by assuming direct responsibility for paying samurai stipends, thereby shifting samurai loyalty away from their former *daimyo* lords and towards the national administration.

Explanation: The central government offered the incentive of converting domain-specific currencies (*hansatsu*) into the new national currency at their face value, facilitating economic integration and cooperation with the reform.

Explanation: In 1874, the financial arrangements for former *daimyos* changed significantly when their stipends were converted into government bonds, reflecting the central government's fiscal constraints and a move towards a more standardized compensation system.

Explanation: Samurai retainers were compensated for the loss of their traditional stipends through tradable government bonds, which represented the value of their former salaries and were subject to reimbursement over time, often through a lottery system.

Explanation: The *haihan-chiken* reform significantly impacted the samurai class by altering their traditional relationship with *daimyos*, shifting stipend responsibilities to the central government, and providing compensation through government bonds, thus integrating them into the new national system.

Explanation: A primary outcome of the *haihan-chiken* reform was the establishment of a *centralized* government structure. By replacing the semi-autonomous domains (*han*) with prefectures directly controlled by the national government, it consolidated administrative power.

Explanation: Makino Nobuaki regarded the abolition of the *han* system as one of the two most pivotal events, alongside the Iwakura Mission, in establishing the foundation of the modern Japanese state.

Explanation: The Iwakura Mission (1871-1873) was a crucial diplomatic endeavor focused on observing Western systems and renegotiating unequal treaties, thereby supporting Japan's modernization objectives.

Explanation: A key objective of the *haihan-chiken* reform was indeed the elimination of regional power bases inherent in the *han* system, thereby consolidating national resources and authority under the central government.

Explanation: Makino Nobuaki regarded the abolition of the *han* system as one of the two most pivotal events, alongside the Iwakura Mission, in establishing the foundation of the modern Japanese state.

Explanation: The *haihan-chiken* reform contributed to centralization by dismantling the decentralized feudal *han* system, eliminating regional power bases, and consolidating administrative, fiscal, and military control under the national government in Tokyo.

Explanation: The *Iwakura Mission* was a significant diplomatic and study delegation undertaken by Meiji Japan (1871-1873) to observe Western institutions, renegotiate unequal treaties, and gather knowledge essential for Japan's modernization.

Explanation: The ultimate goal of the *haihan-chiken* reform was to forge a unified, modern nation-state under strong central control by abolishing the decentralized feudal system and establishing a foundation for rapid national development.