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Study Guide: Adyghe Xabze: Circassian Code of Conduct and Cultural Identity

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Adyghe Xabze: Circassian Code of Conduct and Cultural Identity Study Guide

Adyghe Xabze: Definition and Etymology

Adyghe Xabze is exclusively defined as a compendium of ancient pagan religious rituals practiced by the Circassian people.

Answer: False

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze encompasses a comprehensive worldview and ethical framework, extending beyond solely religious rituals to include social rules, norms, and moral principles guiding conduct across all life domains.

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The literal translation of the term "Khabze," derived from its Circassian word components, is "customs and traditions."

Answer: False

Explanation: The literal translation of "Khabze" from its Circassian components "khy" (vast/universe) and "bze" (language) is "language of the universe" or "word of the cosmos." While it encompasses customs and traditions, this is not its literal meaning.

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The term "Khabze" has evolved in the Circassian language to encompass "rule," "custom," and "tradition."

Answer: True

Explanation: While its literal meaning relates to the "language of the universe," the term "Khabze" has evolved to encompass broader concepts such as "rule," "custom," and "tradition" in the Circassian language.

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The term "Khabzeism" refers specifically to the pagan religious practices of ancient Circassians.

Answer: False

Explanation: While Khabzeism is associated with ancient paganism, the term itself refers to the broader worldview and moral code, which persists beyond the dominance of paganism.

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Within the Circassian language, the component "khy" signifies "language" or "word."

Answer: False

Explanation: Within the Circassian language, the component "khy" signifies "vast" or "universe," while "bze" signifies "language."

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Khabze is characterized as a static, immutable code of conduct, transmitted without alteration across millennia.

Answer: False

Explanation: Khabze is described as a dynamic and adaptive system, subject to reformation to fit the needs of the community, rather than being static and immutable.

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Within the Circassian lexicon, the term "bze" denotes "vast" or "universe."

Answer: False

Explanation: Within the Circassian lexicon, the term "bze" denotes "language," while "khy" denotes "vast" or "universe."

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What is the literal semantic interpretation of the Circassian compound term "Khabze"?

Answer: Language of the Universe

Explanation: The term "Khabze" is a Circassian compound construction, derived from "khy" (vast/universe) and "bze" (language), thus literally translating to "language of the universe" or "word of the cosmos."

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Which of the following is an alternative spelling for "Khabze" mentioned in the notes?

Answer: All of the above

Explanation: Alternative spellings for Khabze mentioned include Xabze, Khabza, and Habze, alongside the primary spelling.

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What designation is employed in Turkish for Adyghe Xabze?

Answer: Adige Habze

Explanation: In Turkish, Adyghe Xabze is referred to as "Adige Habze."

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In what manner is Khabze described concerning its adaptability?

Answer: It is reformed to fit the community's needs, guided by elders.

Explanation: Khabze is characterized as a dynamic and adaptive system, subject to reformation to align with the exigencies of the Circassian community, conventionally guided by elders.

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What is the semantic evolution of "Khabze" within the Circassian vernacular?

Answer: It has evolved to mean "rule," "custom," and "tradition."

Explanation: The term "Khabze" has undergone semantic evolution within the Circassian vernacular, acquiring connotations of "rule," "custom," and "tradition," reflecting its role as a guide for social conduct.

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Core Principles and Virtues of Khabze

Adyghe Xabze advocates for subservience to powerful individuals as a demonstration of respect.

Answer: False

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze actively discourages subservience and genuflection towards powerful individuals, emphasizing instead honor and self-respect.

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The ultimate objective for an adherent of Khabze is the accumulation of wealth and material possessions.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ultimate objective for an adherent of Khabze is to live as honorably as possible; the accumulation of wealth and possessions is discouraged and considered disgraceful.

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Adyghe Xabze dictates rules solely pertaining to traditional dress and household items.

Answer: False

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze influences a broad spectrum of life, including social conduct, ethics, hospitality, and personal values, not just material aspects like dress and utensils.

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Adyghe Xabze champions virtues including truthfulness, honor, and bravery.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze promotes values such as truthfulness, honor, and bravery as fundamental components of its ethical framework.

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Discouraging avarice and the excessive pursuit of possessions is a tenet of Adyghe Xabze.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze actively discourages greed, the excessive desire for possessions, wealth, and ostentation, deeming them disgraceful.

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Attaining respect within Circassian society is a key outcome for individuals who adhere to Khabze principles.

Answer: True

Explanation: Consistent adherence to Khabze principles garners respect within Circassian society, and may lead to the attainment of esteemed status.

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Reverence for elders and women is a fundamental value emphasized by Adyghe Xabze.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze emphasizes profound respect for elders and women as core values within its ethical framework.

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Adyghe Xabze discourages duplicity and intrusion into the affairs of others.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze expressly prohibits deception and interference in the personal affairs of others, promoting respect for individual autonomy.

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Khabze mandates that Circassians be taught reliability, generosity, and humility.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Adyghe Xabze code mandates the instruction of courage, reliability, and generosity. Humility is not explicitly mentioned as a mandated virtue in the provided text.

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The principal objective of Khabze is to achieve spiritual enlightenment comparable to Buddhist concepts.

Answer: False

Explanation: The primary goal of Khabze is to live as honorably as possible, not necessarily to achieve spiritual enlightenment in a manner analogous to Buddhist concepts.

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Adyghe Xabze actively discourages the assistance of the vulnerable and the protection of those who are marginalized.

Answer: False

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze encourages helping and protecting the weak, and standing up for those who are degraded or insulted.

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Adyghe Xabze promotes living by honest work and respecting others' opinions.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze advocates for conduct grounded in honest labor and the acknowledgment of others' viewpoints, promoting truthfulness and respect.

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Which of the enumerated values is expressly not discouraged by Adyghe Xabze?

Answer: Bravery

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze actively discourages deception, greed, and subservience. Bravery, conversely, is promoted as a core virtue.

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Within the framework of Adyghe Xabze, what is posited as the principal objective for an individual adhering to its tenets?

Answer: To live as honorably as possible

Explanation: The principal objective for an individual practicing Khabze is to conduct oneself with the utmost honor. The accumulation of wealth is discouraged.

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Which core virtues does Adyghe Xabze mandate for instruction among all Circassians?

Answer: Courage, reliability, and generosity

Explanation: The Adyghe Xabze doctrine prescribes that valor (courage), dependability (reliability), and magnanimity (generosity) be imparted to all Circassians.

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What is the perspective of Khabze concerning wealth and material possessions?

Answer: As secondary to honorable conduct; greed is disgraceful

Explanation: Within the Khabze code, avarice and the pursuit of wealth are deemed ignominious; honorable conduct is prioritized over material accumulation.

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What guidance does Adyghe Xabze provide concerning interference in the affairs of others?

Answer: It is forbidden, promoting respect for privacy.

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze expressly prohibits intervention in the personal affairs of others, upholding respect for individual autonomy and privacy.

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Social Conduct and Interpersonal Relations

Shunning represents the most severe and contemporary form of sanction for transgressions against Khabze principles.

Answer: False

Explanation: Shunning is described as the simplest and most traditional sanction for violating Khabze principles, not necessarily the most severe or exclusively contemporary.

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A "themade" is defined as a young warrior trained in the principles of Khabze.

Answer: False

Explanation: A "themade" (or "th'amaté") is a respected elder figure, often a man, who has attained status through consistent adherence to Khabze principles throughout life, not specifically a young warrior.

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Hospitality is regarded as a minor social custom within Adyghe Xabze, with little emphasis placed upon the treatment of guests.

Answer: False

Explanation: Hospitality is considered a highly pronounced virtue and a sacred obligation within Adyghe Xabze, demanding diligent attention to guests' needs.

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Under Khabze, a host is expected to permit guests to perform labor to alleviate the burden on the household.

Answer: False

Explanation: It is considered a disgrace for a host under Khabze if a guest is permitted to perform any form of labor; the host is expected to serve the guest diligently.

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Adyghe Xabze prohibits the cessation of disputes if women are present, to avoid disturbing them.

Answer: False

Explanation: Khabze mandates that disputes be stopped immediately if women are present to avoid disturbing them. Furthermore, a woman can demand reconciliation, which must be obeyed.

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A guest in a Circassian home under Khabze is expected to assist the host with household chores.

Answer: False

Explanation: Under Khabze, a host is expected to serve the guest diligently, and it is considered a disgrace if a guest is permitted to perform any labor.

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Endogamous marriage was traditionally encouraged within Adyghe Xabze to preserve Circassian culture.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze traditionally advocates for endogamous unions as a strategic imperative for the safeguarding and perpetuation of Circassian culture.

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Under the principles of Khabze, a woman possesses the authority to mandate reconciliation in disputes, and such a demand is binding.

Answer: True

Explanation: Khabze dictates that a woman has the authority to demand reconciliation between disputing parties, and her request must be obeyed.

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Khabze encourages individuals to stand when someone enters a room and offer them a seat.

Answer: True

Explanation: A tradition within Khabze requires individuals to stand when someone enters a room and offer them a seat, demonstrating respect for newcomers.

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Adyghe Xabze requires individuals to speak before offering a seat to newcomers.

Answer: False

Explanation: Khabze tradition dictates that individuals should stand when someone enters a room, offer them a seat, and allow the newcomer to speak first in a conversation.

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The status of "themade" is primarily achieved through demonstrating adherence to Khabze principles over a lifetime.

Answer: True

Explanation: Attaining the status of "themade" (or "th'amaté") is predicated upon reaching a requisite age and demonstrating unwavering adherence to Khabze regulations throughout one's life.

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What constitutes the traditional Circassian sanction for transgressing the principles of Khabze?

Answer: Shunning

Explanation: The simplest and most traditional sanction for violating Khabze principles is social ostracism, commonly known as shunning.

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What is the cultural significance of the term "th'amaté" (or "themade") within Circassian society?

Answer: A respected elder who embodies Khabze principles

Explanation: The "th'amaté" (or "themade") represents a pivotal elder figure entrusted with substantial responsibilities, signifying a position of considerable esteem within the collective due to adherence to Khabze.

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What is the perspective of Adyghe Xabze regarding the concept of hospitality?

Answer: As a highly pronounced virtue and sacred obligation

Explanation: Hospitality is regarded as a paramount virtue and a sacred obligation within Adyghe Xabze, demanding diligent attention to guests' needs.

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What specific behavior is deemed disgraceful for a host according to the Khabze code?

Answer: Allowing the guest to perform any form of labor

Explanation: It is considered a profound disgrace for a host under Khabze if a guest is permitted to undertake any form of manual labor; the host must serve the guest diligently.

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Within the context of disputes, what specific authority is vested in a woman by Khabze?

Answer: She can demand reconciliation, which must be obeyed.

Explanation: According to Khabze, a woman possesses the authority to demand reconciliation between disputing parties, and her demand is binding.

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Within the framework of Khabze, what role is ascribed to elders?

Answer: They are highly respected and often embody Khabze principles (e.g., "th'amaté").

Explanation: Elders command profound respect within the Adyghe Xabze structure, often embodying its principles and holding positions like "th'amaté."

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In what manner does Khabze foster interaction and mutual understanding among individuals?

Answer: By emphasizing respecting others' opinions and situations.

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze promotes the acknowledgment of others' perspectives and the comprehension of their circumstances, cultivating empathy and mutual respect.

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Historical Context and Cultural Resilience

The Circassian genocide had minimal impact on the continuity of Adyghe Xabze practices.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Circassian genocide severely impacted the cultural and social fabric, nearly causing the cessation of Adyghe Xabze practices and threatening their continuity.

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The revival of Khabze in the 1990s was primarily instigated by external religious organizations.

Answer: False

Explanation: The revival of Khabze in the 1990s was primarily supported by Circassian intellectuals as part of a resurgence of Circassian nationalism and cultural identity.

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The Soviet era led to the strengthening and widespread promotion of Khabze traditions.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Soviet era led to a significant weakening of traditional customs like Khabze, although this period inadvertently set the stage for its later revival.

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The rules and regulations of Adyghe Xabze were officially codified and disseminated within ancient Circassian texts.

Answer: False

Explanation: The source indicates that the rules and regulations of Khabze were not static and were not officially codified in the past.

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The traditions of Adyghe Xabze are traceable to at least 3000 BC, positioning it among the most ancient Circassian cultural artifacts.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze is considered one of the oldest Circassian cultural products, with traditions dating back to at least 3000 BC.

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Adyghe Xabze is a relatively recent concept that emerged subsequent to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Answer: False

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze traditions date back to at least 3000 BC, making it an ancient system, although its revival and promotion gained momentum after the Soviet era.

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The policies enacted during the Soviet era precipitated the decline of Khabze, thereby creating conditions conducive to its subsequent resurgence.

Answer: True

Explanation: Soviet policies led to the weakening of traditional customs like Khabze, but this period also inadvertently facilitated its later revival as a cultural identifier.

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Khabze principles are considered static and were officially codified centuries ago.

Answer: False

Explanation: Khabze is described as an evolving system, and its rules were not officially codified in the past.

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The Circassian genocide led to the complete eradication of Adyghe Xabze traditions.

Answer: False

Explanation: The genocide nearly caused the cessation of Adyghe Xabze, but it did not lead to its complete eradication; the traditions have persisted and seen revival.

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What was the impact of the 19th-century Circassian genocide upon Adyghe Xabze?

Answer: It nearly caused the cessation of Adyghe Xabze in Circassia.

Explanation: The Circassian genocide nearly caused the cessation of Adyghe Xabze in Circassia, severely disrupting the cultural and social fabric.

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The resurgence of Adyghe Xabze during the 1990s is demonstrably associated with which socio-political movement?

Answer: Circassian nationalism

Explanation: The revival of Adyghe Xabze in the 1990s was closely linked to Circassian nationalism, serving as a means to strengthen cultural identity and national consciousness.

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What was the impact of the Soviet era on the practice of Khabze?

Answer: It significantly weakened traditional customs like Khabze.

Explanation: Soviet policies led to a marked attenuation of religious observances and traditional customs, including Khabze, particularly within Circassian communities.

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What information does the source provide regarding the codification of Khabze rules?

Answer: They were never officially codified.

Explanation: The source indicates that the rules and regulations of Khabze were not static and were not officially codified in the past.

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Khabze and Circassian Identity

The conceptual framework of Khabze exhibits comparability with the concept of Dharma within Indian religious traditions.

Answer: True

Explanation: The meaning of Khabze is suggested to be comparable to Dharma, which refers to cosmic law, order, individual duty, and righteousness in Indian religions.

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To which fundamental aspect of Circassian identity is Adyghe Xabze profoundly interwoven?

Answer: Cultural identity and nationalism

Explanation: Adyghe Xabze is profoundly interwoven with Circassian identity, functioning as a foundational ethical code and worldview integral to cultural identity and nationalism.

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Associated Symbols and Structures

Khase councils are exclusively international bodies focused on global Circassian affairs.

Answer: False

Explanation: Khase councils are primarily local advisory bodies for cultural preservation within communities. While they coordinate internationally through the International Circassian Association, their primary function is local.

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The Nart saga bears no relation to the foundational development of the Adyghe Xabze system.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Nart saga significantly contributed to shaping Circassian values and served as foundational elements in the initial formation of the Adyghe Xabze system.

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The Adyghe "hammer cross" symbol is definitively established as a direct descendant of the Greek Tau cross.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Adyghe "hammer cross" symbol bears a resemblance to the Tau cross, but the direct connection and confirmation remain subjects of ongoing discussion and are not definitively established.

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Local Khase councils function as independent entities with no connection to international Circassian organizations.

Answer: False

Explanation: Local Khase councils coordinate their efforts and communicate internationally through the International Circassian Association.

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The International Circassian Association is based in Circassia and focuses solely on local cultural events.

Answer: False

Explanation: The International Circassian Association coordinates efforts and communicates internationally; it is a member of UNPO based in Belgium, not solely focused on local events in Circassia.

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The Kabarda horse is known as "Adygesh" in the Adyghe language, a detail influenced by Khabze.

Answer: True

Explanation: Khabze traditionally influences the selection of the Kabarda horse, referred to in Adyghe as "Adygesh," indicating the code's impact on practical aspects of life.

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The "Adygesh" is identified as a type of traditional Circassian weapon.

Answer: False

Explanation: The "Adygesh" is the Adyghe name for the Kabarda horse, an animal whose selection is traditionally influenced by Khabze.

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Which of the following facets of Circassian existence is traditionally shaped by Khabze?

Answer: Selection of the Kabarda horse (Adygesh)

Explanation: Khabze traditionally influences various aspects of Circassian life, including the selection of the esteemed Kabarda horse, known as "Adygesh" in Adyghe.

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What is the designated function of a local "Khase" council within Circassian communities?

Answer: To serve as a central point for cultural preservation and learning Khabze laws

Explanation: Local Khase councils function as a nexus for cultural preservation, providing a space for language practice, cultural activities, learning Khabze laws, and seeking traditional advice.

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In the development of which Circassian system did the Nart saga play a foundational role?

Answer: The Adyghe Xabze system

Explanation: The Nart saga, comprising epic narratives, served as foundational elements in the nascent establishment of the Adyghe Xabze system.

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To which other symbol is the Adyghe "hammer cross" symbol noted for its resemblance?

Answer: Tau cross

Explanation: The Adyghe "hammer cross" symbol exhibits a discernible resemblance to the Tau cross, structurally akin to the Greek letter 'Tau'.

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What is the symbolic significance of the "Khabze cross"?

Answer: It is a symbol associated with Khabze, resembling the Tau cross.

Explanation: The Khabze cross represents a symbol frequently linked to Adyghe Xabze, exhibiting a resemblance to the Tau cross.

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Contemporary Relevance and Challenges

Khabze is presented as a tool to promote Islamic extremism among Circassians.

Answer: False

Explanation: Khabze is presented as a counterforce against Wahhabism and Islamic extremism, with its traditional values seen as a bulwark against fundamentalist interpretations.

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Arsen Tsipinov was targeted and assassinated due to his promotion of radical Islamist ideologies.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arsen Tsipinov was assassinated by radical Islamist terrorists because they accused him of promoting pre-Islamic Circassian traditions, not for promoting radical Islamist ideologies.

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The International Circassian Cultural Academy (ICCA) published a volume on Adyghe Xabze in Jordan.

Answer: True

Explanation: A book titled 'Adyghe Xabze' focusing on the code of conduct, honor, and traditions was published in Jordan under the auspices of the International Circassian Cultural Academy (ICCA).

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Khabze is posited as a counterforce against which contemporary influence?

Answer: Wahhabism and Islamic extremism

Explanation: In contemporary periods, Khabze has functioned as a counteracting force against the influence of Wahhabism and analogous forms of Islamic extremism.

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For what reason was ethnographer Arsen Tsipinov assassinated in 2010?

Answer: He was targeted by radical Islamists for promoting pre-Islamic traditions.

Explanation: Arsen Tsipinov was assassinated by radical Islamist extremists who accused him of being a "mushrik" (idolater) for advocating pre-Islamic Circassian traditions.

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