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Dr. John Dauglish's primary innovation was a method of bread making that utilized a unique strain of fast-acting yeast.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dr. John Dauglish's innovation involved producing carbonic acid gas in bread without yeast, by dissolving carbon dioxide into water, thereby eliminating the need for traditional fermentation.
Dr. Dauglish's method of bread making involved introducing carbon dioxide dissolved in water to produce carbonic acid gas without yeast.
Answer: True
Explanation: Dr. Dauglish's method precisely involved dissolving carbon dioxide into water to produce carbonic acid gas, thereby eliminating the need for yeast and traditional fermentation.
A key advantage of Dauglish's aerated bread method was its reliance on extensive manual kneading to ensure dough consistency.
Answer: False
Explanation: A key advantage of Dauglish's method was precisely the dramatic reduction in the need for physical contact with the dough, eliminating manual kneading and enhancing cleanliness.
The Dauglish method was praised for improving cleanliness by eliminating manual kneading, which was considered unhealthy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Dauglish method was indeed lauded for improving cleanliness by eliminating manual kneading, a practice that was considered unsanitary and unhealthy at the time.
The patent for Dr. Dauglish's bread-making method was granted in 1862, the same year the Aerated Bread Company was founded.
Answer: False
Explanation: The patent for Dr. Dauglish's method was granted in 1856, six years before the Aerated Bread Company was founded in 1862.
Dr. Dauglish's method received a gold medal from the Royal Society of Arts in 1859 for his paper on the innovation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dr. Dauglish received a silver medal from the Royal Society of Arts in 1859 for his paper on the method, not a gold medal.
Benjamin Ward Richardson, a director of A.B.C., criticized the Dauglish method for its high labor requirements.
Answer: False
Explanation: Benjamin Ward Richardson praised the Dauglish method, specifically noting its reduction of drudgery and objectionable labor for workers, not high labor requirements.
The aeration method provided production economies by reducing dough preparation time from several hours to approximately half an hour.
Answer: True
Explanation: The aeration method significantly reduced dough preparation time from eight to ten hours to approximately half an hour, contributing to substantial production economies.
Dr. John Dauglish died in London shortly after the company's founding.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dr. John Dauglish died in early 1866 in Malvern, Worcestershire, not London, and four years after introducing his system, not shortly after the company's founding.
The Dauglish method was eventually superseded by mechanical, high-speed dough processes like the Chorleywood Bread Process.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Dauglish method was indeed superseded by mechanical, high-speed dough processes, such as the Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP).
Who was the founder of the Aerated Bread Company and the innovator of its unique bread-making method?
Answer: Dr. John Dauglish
Explanation: Dr. John Dauglish founded the Aerated Bread Company and developed its innovative bread-making method.
What was Dr. Dauglish's primary innovation in bread making?
Answer: A process that produced carbonic acid gas without yeast by dissolving carbon dioxide into water.
Explanation: Dr. Dauglish's primary innovation was a method that produced carbonic acid gas in bread without yeast by dissolving carbon dioxide into the water used in the dough.
Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Dr. Dauglish's aerated bread method over traditional fermentation?
Answer: Requiring less automation in the baking process.
Explanation: A key advantage of Dr. Dauglish's method was that it lent itself to a high degree of automation, not less automation.
When was the patent for Dr. Dauglish's new bread-making method granted?
Answer: 1856
Explanation: The patent for Dr. Dauglish's bread-making method was granted in 1856.
How was Dr. Dauglish's method recognized by the Royal Society of Arts in 1859?
Answer: He received a silver medal.
Explanation: In 1859, Dr. Dauglish received a silver medal from the Royal Society of Arts for his paper on his bread-making method.
According to Benjamin Ward Richardson, what was a key benefit of the Dauglish method for workers?
Answer: It reduced drudgery and objectionable labor.
Explanation: Benjamin Ward Richardson praised the Dauglish method for reducing drudgery and objectionable labor for workers.
What was one of the main production economies provided by the aeration method for bakeries?
Answer: Reduction of dough preparation time to approximately half an hour.
Explanation: The aeration method significantly reduced dough preparation time from eight to ten hours to approximately half an hour, a major production economy.
What modern bread-making process eventually superseded the Dauglish method?
Answer: The Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP)
Explanation: The Dauglish method was eventually superseded by mechanical, high-speed dough processes, such as the Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP).
The Aerated Bread Company (A.B.C.) was founded in Manchester, England, in 1862.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Aerated Bread Company (A.B.C.) was founded in London, England, in 1862, not Manchester. Its first bakery was in Islington, London.
The initial public offering of the Aerated Bread Company on the London Stock Exchange was met with strong investor confidence and was oversubscribed.
Answer: False
Explanation: The initial public offering of the Aerated Bread Company was poorly supported, and its failure was predicted by some at the time.
By 1899, the Aerated Bread Company's £1 shares had increased to £14 per share, indicating substantial market success.
Answer: True
Explanation: By 1899, the company's £1 shares had indeed risen to £14 per share, demonstrating significant market success after initial predictions of failure.
In 1898, A.B.C. declared a dividend of 12.5 percent to its shareholders.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1898, the Aerated Bread Company declared a dividend of 37.5 percent to its shareholders, not 12.5 percent.
A.B.C.'s lower production costs allowed it to sell products at higher prices than traditional bakers, increasing profit margins.
Answer: False
Explanation: A.B.C.'s lower production costs enabled it to sell products for less than traditional bakers, forcing competitors to reduce their prices.
Traditional bakers countered A.B.C.'s success by emphasizing the natural fermentation process in their advertising.
Answer: False
Explanation: Traditional bakers used unusual advertising, urging people to 'buy the bread with the gin in it,' referencing the alcohol produced during fermentation, rather than simply emphasizing the natural process.
A.B.C.'s first bakery was located in Westminster, London.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Aerated Bread Company's first bakery was located in Islington, London.
In what year was the Aerated Bread Company Ltd (A.B.C.) founded?
Answer: 1862
Explanation: The Aerated Bread Company Ltd (A.B.C.) was founded in 1862.
What was the initial market reception to the Aerated Bread Company's public offering on the London Stock Exchange?
Answer: It was poorly supported, and its failure was predicted.
Explanation: The initial public offering of the Aerated Bread Company was poorly supported, with contemporary predictions of its failure.
What dividend did the Aerated Bread Company declare to its shareholders in 1898?
Answer: 37.5 percent
Explanation: In 1898, the Aerated Bread Company declared a dividend of 37.5 percent to its shareholders.
How did A.B.C.'s pricing strategy impact traditional bakers in places like Australia in 1866?
Answer: It forced them to reduce their prices by 8 to 17 percent.
Explanation: A.B.C.'s lower production costs forced traditional bakers in Australia in 1866 to reduce their prices by 8 to 17 percent.
What unusual advertising tactic did traditional bakers use to counter aerated bread's success?
Answer: They urged people to 'buy the bread with the gin in it.'
Explanation: Traditional bakers used the slogan 'buy the bread with the gin in it' to counter A.B.C.'s success, referencing the alcohol produced during fermentation.
Where was the Aerated Bread Company's first bakery located?
Answer: Islington
Explanation: The Aerated Bread Company's first bakery was located in Islington, London.
The Aerated Bread Company ceased to be an independent entity in 1982.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Aerated Bread Company ceased to be an independent entity in 1955 when its British operations were acquired by Allied Bakeries. The A.B.C. name disappeared in 1982.
Allied Bakeries, led by W. Garfield Weston, acquired the Aerated Bread Company in 1955.
Answer: True
Explanation: Allied Bakeries, under the leadership of W. Garfield Weston, acquired the Aerated Bread Company in 1955.
In 1955, Allied Bakeries held a 25% market share of UK bread production prior to acquiring A.B.C.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1955, prior to acquiring A.B.C., Allied Bakeries held a 10% market share of UK bread production.
The acquisition of A.B.C. by Allied Bakeries tripled Allied's share of the UK's bread market.
Answer: False
Explanation: The acquisition of A.B.C. by Allied Bakeries almost doubled Allied's share of the UK's bread market, not tripled it.
The A.B.C. name disappeared in 1982, and its Camden Town bakery was replaced by a Sainsbury's supermarket.
Answer: True
Explanation: The A.B.C. name disappeared in 1982, and its major bakery in Camden Town was indeed demolished and replaced by a Sainsbury's supermarket and housing.
Today, numerous A.B.C. tea shops continue to operate under a different brand name.
Answer: False
Explanation: Today, the only remaining physical traces of the Aerated Bread Company are faded signs above some stores, indicating that the tea shops do not continue to operate under different brand names.
When did the British operations of the Aerated Bread Company cease to be an independent entity?
Answer: 1955
Explanation: The British operations of the Aerated Bread Company ceased to be an independent entity in 1955 when they were purchased by Allied Bakeries.
Who acquired the Aerated Bread Company's British operations in 1955?
Answer: Allied Bakeries
Explanation: Allied Bakeries acquired the Aerated Bread Company's British operations in 1955.
What was the impact of the A.B.C. acquisition on Allied Bakeries' market share?
Answer: It almost doubled Allied's share of the UK's bread market.
Explanation: The acquisition of A.B.C. by Allied Bakeries almost doubled Allied's share of the UK's bread market by the end of the decade.
In T. S. Eliot's poem 'A Cooking Egg,' the line about 'weeping, weeping multitudes' in A.B.C.'s refers to the company's widespread presence in London.
Answer: True
Explanation: T. S. Eliot himself noted that the line refers to the ubiquitous presence of A.B.C. tea shops throughout London.
In which novel does Tommy Beresford seek sustenance at an A.B.C. shop after escaping captivity?
Answer: *The Secret Adversary* by Agatha Christie
Explanation: In Agatha Christie's *The Secret Adversary*, Tommy Beresford seeks sustenance at an A.B.C. shop after escaping captivity.
What does the line 'Weeping, weeping multitudes Droop in a hundred A.B.C.'s' signify in T. S. Eliot's poem 'A Cooking Egg'?
Answer: The widespread and ubiquitous presence of A.B.C. tea shops in London.
Explanation: T. S. Eliot's line 'Weeping, weeping multitudes Droop in a hundred A.B.C.'s' signifies the widespread and ubiquitous presence of A.B.C. tea shops in London.
In Graham Greene's *The End of the Affair*, why does Maurice Bendrix visit an A.B.C. shop to meet Mr. Parkis?
Answer: Mr. Parkis suggested it because he had his son with him and couldn't go to a bar.
Explanation: In Graham Greene's *The End of the Affair*, Maurice Bendrix visits an A.B.C. shop to meet Mr. Parkis because Mr. Parkis suggested it, as he had his son with him and could not go to a bar.
In Baroness Orczy's *The Old Man in the Corner*, what role does an A.B.C. teashop play?
Answer: It is where the 'teahouse detective' regularly meets a journalist to discuss criminal cases.
Explanation: In Baroness Orczy's *The Old Man in the Corner*, an A.B.C. teashop serves as the regular meeting place for the 'teahouse detective' and a journalist to discuss criminal cases.
What does Jonathan Harker recall doing at an Aerated Bread Company in Bram Stoker's *Dracula*?
Answer: Stopping for a cup of tea after searching for Dracula's lair.
Explanation: In Bram Stoker's *Dracula*, Jonathan Harker recalls stopping at an Aerated Bread Company for a cup of tea after searching for Count Dracula's lair.
In Virginia Woolf's *Night and Day*, what does Katherine Hilbery do at an A.B.C. shop?
Answer: She orders coffee to secure a table and writes a letter.
Explanation: In Virginia Woolf's *Night and Day*, Katherine Hilbery orders coffee at an A.B.C. shop to secure a table and then writes a letter.