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Agroforestry systems are only beneficial in tropical climates and have no application in temperate zones.
Answer: False
Explanation: While prevalent in the tropics, agroforestry systems offer benefits and have been successfully applied in temperate zones as well, with various recognized applications.
Agroforestry practices are considered an application of agroecology because they mimic natural vegetation development.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry is viewed as an application of agroecology because its systems, by integrating trees with crops or pasture, initiate a succession process that closely resembles natural vegetation development.
Agroforestry systems are only beneficial in tropical climates and have no application in temperate zones.
Answer: False
Explanation: While prevalent in the tropics, agroforestry systems offer benefits and have been successfully applied in temperate zones as well, with various recognized applications.
Agroforestry practices are considered an application of agroecology because they mimic natural vegetation development.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry is viewed as an application of agroecology because its systems, by integrating trees with crops or pasture, initiate a succession process that closely resembles natural vegetation development.
What is the fundamental definition of an agroforestry system?
Answer: Any of various polyculture systems that intentionally integrate trees with crops or pasture on the same land.
Explanation: At its most basic, agroforestry is defined as any of various polyculture systems that intentionally integrate trees with crops or pasture on the same land, managed to optimize helpful interactions.
How does agroforestry relate to the concept of agroecology?
Answer: Agroforestry is an application of agroecology because it mimics natural vegetation development.
Explanation: Agroforestry is considered an application of agroecology because its integrated systems, which incorporate trees, initiate a succession process that closely resembles natural vegetation development.
The term "agroforestry" was coined in the 20th century by J. Russel Smith in his book "Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture."
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'agroforestry' was officially coined in 1973 by John Bene, not J. Russel Smith, although Smith's 1929 book "Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture" was influential in advocating for tree-based agriculture.
Modern scientific agroforestry has no connection to traditional indigenous practices.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modern scientific agroforestry is deeply rooted in and derived from traditional indigenous and local practices developed over generations through close interaction with ecosystems.
Robert Hart adapted forest gardening principles from tropical areas to temperate climates in the United Kingdom.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 1980s, Robert Hart was instrumental in adapting forest gardening principles, originally from tropical regions, for temperate climates, particularly in the United Kingdom.
Native Hawaiians practiced agroforestry, notably using breadfruit and coconut.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that Native Hawaiians utilized agroforestry practices, with breadfruit and coconut being notable components of their land management systems.
Ken Fern contributed to temperate forest gardening by compiling a plant database and using the term "woodland gardening."
Answer: True
Explanation: Ken Fern made significant contributions to temperate forest gardening by compiling a comprehensive plant database suitable for such systems and popularizing the term 'woodland gardening'.
William Cronon argued that indigenous North Americans used controlled burning to create habitats for wild game.
Answer: True
Explanation: William Cronon, in his work, posited that indigenous North Americans employed controlled burning techniques to shape environments, thereby fostering habitats conducive to wild game populations.
Native Hawaiians practiced agroforestry, notably using breadfruit and coconut.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that Native Hawaiians utilized agroforestry practices, with breadfruit and coconut being notable components of their land management systems.
Ken Fern contributed to temperate forest gardening by compiling a plant database and using the term "woodland gardening."
Answer: True
Explanation: Ken Fern made significant contributions to temperate forest gardening by compiling a comprehensive plant database suitable for such systems and popularizing the term 'woodland gardening'.
The Amazon rainforest shows no evidence of being shaped by ancient human practices like forest gardening.
Answer: False
Explanation: Evidence suggests the Amazon rainforest has been shaped by human practices, including forest gardening and the creation of 'terra preta,' for thousands of years.
William Cronon argued that indigenous North Americans used controlled burning to create habitats for wild game.
Answer: True
Explanation: William Cronon, in his work, posited that indigenous North Americans employed controlled burning techniques to shape environments, thereby fostering habitats conducive to wild game populations.
Who is credited with coining the term "agroforestry" in 1973?
Answer: John Bene
Explanation: The term 'agroforestry' was officially coined in 1973 by Canadian forester John Bene.
What was a significant argument made by J. Russel Smith in his 1929 book "Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture"?
Answer: That non-arable land should be used for tree agriculture and livestock diets should incorporate tree-produced crops.
Explanation: J. Russel Smith's influential 1929 book argued for utilizing non-arable land for tree agriculture and integrating tree-produced crops into livestock diets.
What historical agroforestry practices were utilized by Native Hawaiians?
Answer: Practices involving breadfruit and coconut.
Explanation: Native Hawaiians historically employed agroforestry practices, notably incorporating breadfruit and coconut into their land management systems.
Tropical home gardens are a recent innovation in agroforestry, developed through formal research in the late 20th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: Tropical home gardens are an ancient and widespread form of agroforestry, often cultivated continuously for centuries by growers without formal research, characterized by high complexity and diversity.
Alley cropping involves planting crops in strips alternating with wide, productive rows of trees or shrubs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alley cropping involves planting crops in alternating strips with rows of closely spaced trees or hedges, rather than necessarily wide or exclusively productive rows of trees.
Silvopasture systems provide shade for animals, which can reduce heat stress and improve weight gain in hot climates.
Answer: True
Explanation: In silvopasture systems, the shade provided by trees is a significant benefit for livestock in hot climates, helping to reduce heat stress and improve their overall health and productivity.
Windbreaks are rows of trees planted to increase wind velocity over crops.
Answer: False
Explanation: Windbreaks are rows of trees or hedges planted specifically to reduce wind velocity over crops, thereby minimizing drying, preventing lodging, and reducing erosion.
The "shamba" system is an agroforestry practice found in South America.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "shamba" system, a Swahili term for plantation, is an agroforestry practice primarily found in East Africa, particularly Kenya.
The primary goal of riparian forest buffers is to increase timber production along watercourses.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary purpose of riparian forest buffers is to protect water quality by trapping nutrients and sediment from agricultural runoff, not to maximize timber production.
The *dehesa* or *montado* system is a silvopasture practice found in Spain and Portugal.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *dehesa* or *montado* system is a well-known example of silvopasture practiced in Spain and Portugal, integrating livestock grazing with managed woodland ecosystems.
The Inga tree is promoted for alley cropping because it fixes nitrogen and smothers weeds with its dense canopy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Inga tree is favored for alley cropping due to its nitrogen-fixing capabilities, its ability to suppress weeds through dense canopy cover, and its compatibility with crop cultivation when pruned.
Forest gardening is a low-maintenance system that mimics woodland ecosystems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest gardening is designed as a low-maintenance, sustainable food production system that closely mimics the structure and function of natural woodland ecosystems.
Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest farming is defined by its management approach, which is characterized by being intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive.
The *pet kot* system used by the Maya civilization involved growing crops in monoculture fields.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Maya *pet kot* system, traditional orchard gardens, were characterized by polyculture, not monoculture fields.
Ginseng and Black Cohosh are examples of nuts cultivated in forest farming systems.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ginseng and Black Cohosh are medicinal herbs commonly cultivated in forest farming systems, not nuts.
Syntropic farming systems are known for decreasing soil water penetration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Syntropic farming systems are noted for increasing soil water penetration, among other benefits like enhanced productivity and moderated soil temperature.
The "taungya" system involves growing seasonal crops between newly planted trees in plantations.
Answer: True
Explanation: The taungya system, originating from Burma (Myanmar), is an agroforestry practice where seasonal crops are cultivated in the spaces between newly planted trees during the initial stages of plantation development.
Itteri agroforestry systems in Tamil Nadu, India, focus on managing single tree species in isolation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Itteri agroforestry systems in Tamil Nadu involve the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs grown in close association with herbaceous species, not in isolation.
The primary goal of forest gardening is to create a low-maintenance food production system that mimics woodland ecosystems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest gardening aims to establish a sustainable food production system that requires minimal maintenance by replicating the structure and ecological processes of woodland ecosystems.
The "four I's" characterizing forest farming are isolation, irrigation, integration, and innovation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management, not isolation, irrigation, integration, and innovation.
The primary objective of forest gardening is to maximize the use of herbicides for weed control.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary objective of forest gardening is to create a low-maintenance, sustainable food production system that mimics woodland ecosystems, typically avoiding or minimizing the use of herbicides.
The practice of 'forest farming' involves the intentional cultivation and management of high-value crops under a forest canopy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest farming is characterized by the intentional cultivation and management of specific high-value crops grown beneath the canopy of established trees.
The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) evolved from traditional slash-and-burn practices.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) represents an evolution from traditional slash-and-burn agricultural methods, incorporating sustainable practices.
The primary goal of riparian forest buffers is to enhance wildlife corridors for large mammals.
Answer: False
Explanation: While riparian forest buffers can support wildlife, their primary goal is to protect water quality by filtering pollutants and sediment from runoff, not specifically to enhance corridors for large mammals.
The *pet kot* system is named after the characteristic low stone walls that typically surround these Maya orchard gardens.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Maya *pet kot* system is named for the distinctive low stone walls, known as 'pet' (circular) and 'kot' (wall of loose stones), that typically enclose these orchard gardens.
Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest farming is defined by its management approach, which is characterized by being intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive.
The "seven-layer system" in forest gardening refers to the use of seven different types of soil amendments.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "seven-layer system" in forest gardening refers to the vertical structure of the garden, encompassing canopy, shrub, herbaceous, ground cover, root, vine, and underground layers, not soil amendments.
Forest farming involves growing high-value crops under a managed tree canopy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest farming is defined by the intentional cultivation and management of high-value crops beneath a managed tree canopy.
The "shamba" system is an agroforestry practice found in South America.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "shamba" system, a Swahili term for plantation, is an agroforestry practice primarily found in East Africa, particularly Kenya.
The primary goal of riparian forest buffers is to increase timber production along watercourses.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary purpose of riparian forest buffers is to protect water quality by trapping nutrients and sediment from agricultural runoff, not to maximize timber production.
The *dehesa* or *montado* system is a silvopasture practice found in Spain and Portugal.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *dehesa* or *montado* system is a well-known example of silvopasture practiced in Spain and Portugal, integrating livestock grazing with managed woodland ecosystems.
The Inga tree is promoted for alley cropping because it fixes nitrogen and smothers weeds with its dense canopy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Inga tree is favored for alley cropping due to its nitrogen-fixing capabilities, its ability to suppress weeds through dense canopy cover, and its compatibility with crop cultivation when pruned.
Forest gardening is a low-maintenance system that mimics woodland ecosystems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest gardening is designed as a low-maintenance, sustainable food production system that closely mimics the structure and function of natural woodland ecosystems.
The *pet kot* system used by the Maya civilization involved growing crops in monoculture fields.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Maya *pet kot* system, traditional orchard gardens, were characterized by polyculture, not monoculture fields.
Ginseng and Black Cohosh are examples of nuts cultivated in forest farming systems.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ginseng and Black Cohosh are medicinal herbs commonly cultivated in forest farming systems, not nuts.
Syntropic farming systems are known for decreasing soil water penetration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Syntropic farming systems are noted for increasing soil water penetration, among other benefits like enhanced productivity and moderated soil temperature.
The "taungya" system involves growing seasonal crops between newly planted trees in plantations.
Answer: True
Explanation: The taungya system, originating from Burma (Myanmar), is an agroforestry practice where seasonal crops are cultivated in the spaces between newly planted trees during the initial stages of plantation development.
Itteri agroforestry systems in Tamil Nadu, India, focus on managing single tree species in isolation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Itteri agroforestry systems in Tamil Nadu involve the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs grown in close association with herbaceous species, not in isolation.
The primary goal of forest gardening is to create a low-maintenance food production system that mimics woodland ecosystems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest gardening aims to establish a sustainable food production system that requires minimal maintenance by replicating the structure and ecological processes of woodland ecosystems.
The "four I's" characterizing forest farming are isolation, irrigation, integration, and innovation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management, not isolation, irrigation, integration, and innovation.
The primary objective of forest gardening is to maximize the use of herbicides for weed control.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary objective of forest gardening is to create a low-maintenance, sustainable food production system that mimics woodland ecosystems, typically avoiding or minimizing the use of herbicides.
The practice of 'forest farming' involves the intentional cultivation and management of high-value crops under a forest canopy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest farming is defined by the intentional cultivation and management of specific high-value crops grown beneath the canopy of established trees.
The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) evolved from traditional slash-and-burn practices.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) represents an evolution from traditional slash-and-burn agricultural methods, incorporating sustainable practices.
The primary goal of riparian forest buffers is to enhance wildlife corridors for large mammals.
Answer: False
Explanation: While riparian forest buffers can support wildlife, their primary goal is to protect water quality by filtering pollutants and sediment from runoff, not specifically to enhance corridors for large mammals.
The *pet kot* system is named after the characteristic low stone walls that typically surround these Maya orchard gardens.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Maya *pet kot* system is named for the distinctive low stone walls, known as 'pet' (circular) and 'kot' (wall of loose stones), that typically enclose these orchard gardens.
Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management.
Answer: True
Explanation: Forest farming is defined by its management approach, which is characterized by being intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive.
What are the "four I's" that characterize forest farming?
Answer: Intentional, Integrated, Intensive, Interactive
Explanation: Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management practices.
What are some examples of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) cultivated in forest farming?
Answer: Ginseng, shiitake mushrooms, and decorative ferns
Explanation: Forest farming systems cultivate various non-timber forest products, including medicinal herbs like ginseng, edible fungi such as shiitake mushrooms, and decorative plants like ferns.
What is the primary objective of forest gardening?
Answer: To create a low-maintenance, sustainable food production system that mimics woodland ecosystems.
Explanation: The primary objective of forest gardening is to establish a sustainable food production system that requires minimal maintenance by replicating the structure and ecological processes of woodland ecosystems.
Which of the following is a characteristic of "tropical home gardens"?
Answer: They are characterized by high complexity and diversity of useful plants.
Explanation: Tropical home gardens are ancient agroforestry systems known for their high complexity and diversity, integrating a wide array of useful plants under a tree canopy.
In temperate climates, what agroforestry application involves planting crops in alternating strips with rows of closely spaced trees or hedges?
Answer: Alley cropping
Explanation: Alley cropping is an agroforestry application common in temperate climates, characterized by planting crops in alternating strips with rows of closely spaced trees or hedges.
What is the primary purpose of riparian forest buffers in agroforestry?
Answer: To prevent nutrients and soil from contaminating water sources.
Explanation: The primary purpose of riparian forest buffers is to protect water quality by trapping nutrients and sediment from agricultural runoff before they enter watercourses.
How can silvopasture systems benefit animals in hot climates?
Answer: By providing a shaded environment that reduces heat stress.
Explanation: In silvopasture systems, the shade provided by trees is a significant benefit for livestock in hot climates, helping to reduce heat stress and improve their overall health and productivity.
What is the "taungya" system, and where did it originate?
Answer: A system originating from Burma (Myanmar), where seasonal crops are grown between newly planted trees.
Explanation: The taungya system, originating from Burma (Myanmar), is an agroforestry practice where seasonal crops are cultivated in the spaces between newly planted trees during the initial stages of plantation development.
What is the "seven-layer system" in forest gardening?
Answer: The vertical structure of a forest garden, including canopy, shrub, herbaceous, ground cover, root, vine, and underground layers.
Explanation: The 'seven-layer system' describes the vertical structure of a forest garden, encompassing canopy, shrub, herbaceous, ground cover, root, vine, and underground layers to maximize productivity and biodiversity.
What is an example of a medicinal herb commonly found in forest farming systems?
Answer: Ginseng
Explanation: Ginseng is a medicinal herb commonly cultivated in forest farming systems, valued for its therapeutic properties.
The "shamba" system, practiced in East Africa, combines which elements?
Answer: Various crops, beekeeping, medicinal herbs, forest fruits, and fodder for livestock.
Explanation: The 'shamba' system, practiced in East Africa, integrates diverse elements including various crops, beekeeping, medicinal herbs, forest fruits, and fodder for livestock.
How does the Inga tree benefit alley cropping systems?
Answer: It fixes nitrogen, smothers weeds with mulch, and reduces root competition when pruned.
Explanation: The Inga tree is beneficial for alley cropping as it fixes nitrogen, suppresses weeds with its mulch, and reduces root competition with crops when pruned.
What are the "four I's" that characterize forest farming?
Answer: Intentional, Integrated, Intensive, Interactive
Explanation: Forest farming is characterized by the "four I's": intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive management practices.
What are some examples of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) cultivated in forest farming?
Answer: Ginseng, shiitake mushrooms, and decorative ferns
Explanation: Forest farming systems cultivate various non-timber forest products, including medicinal herbs like ginseng, edible fungi such as shiitake mushrooms, and decorative plants like ferns.
What is the primary objective of forest gardening?
Answer: To create a low-maintenance, sustainable food production system that mimics woodland ecosystems.
Explanation: The primary objective of forest gardening is to establish a sustainable food production system that requires minimal maintenance by replicating the structure and ecological processes of woodland ecosystems.
Agroforestry systems can contribute to sustainable agriculture by improving farm productivity and reducing soil erosion.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry systems enhance sustainable agriculture through multiple benefits, including improved farm productivity, reduced soil erosion, and better environmental conditions.
Agroforestry systems can contribute to sustainable agriculture by improving farm productivity and reducing soil erosion.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry systems enhance sustainable agriculture through multiple benefits, including improved farm productivity, reduced soil erosion, and better environmental conditions.
Agroforestry contributes to biodiversity by creating more complex habitats that support a wider variety of fauna.
Answer: True
Explanation: By integrating trees with crops or pasture, agroforestry systems create more complex habitats, fostering greater biodiversity and supporting a wider range of fauna compared to conventional agricultural systems.
Trees in agroforestry systems can help stabilize soil and increase water infiltration, leading to cleaner water.
Answer: True
Explanation: The presence of trees in agroforestry systems aids in soil stabilization, enhances water infiltration, and helps prevent nutrient and sediment runoff into water sources, thereby contributing to cleaner water.
Agroforestry practices are not considered beneficial for climate change mitigation or adaptation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Agroforestry practices are recognized for their significant contributions to both climate change mitigation, through carbon sequestration, and adaptation, by diversifying crops and enhancing resilience.
Agroforestry systems can increase crop yields and stability by improving soil structure and water availability.
Answer: True
Explanation: By enhancing soil structure, improving water retention, and facilitating nutrient cycling, agroforestry systems can lead to increased crop yields and greater agricultural stability.
Agroforestry enhances carbon sequestration by increasing carbon stocks in soil and woody biomass.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry practices contribute to carbon sequestration by increasing the amount of carbon stored in both the soil and the woody components of the trees within the system.
Agroforestry practices are generally detrimental to soil health and water retention.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to being detrimental, agroforestry practices generally improve soil health and water retention through mechanisms like increased organic matter and reduced erosion.
Agroforestry systems can increase crop yields and stability by improving soil structure and water availability.
Answer: True
Explanation: By enhancing soil structure, improving water retention, and facilitating nutrient cycling, agroforestry systems can lead to increased crop yields and greater agricultural stability.
Agroforestry enhances carbon sequestration by increasing carbon stocks in soil and woody biomass.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry practices contribute to carbon sequestration by increasing the amount of carbon stored in both the soil and the woody components of the trees within the system.
Agroforestry practices are generally detrimental to soil health and water retention.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to being detrimental, agroforestry practices generally improve soil health and water retention through mechanisms like increased organic matter and reduced erosion.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a benefit of agroforestry practices?
Answer: Increased pollution
Explanation: Agroforestry practices are associated with numerous benefits such as reduced soil erosion, enhanced farm profits, and increased biodiversity, but not increased pollution.
What is a key environmental benefit of integrating trees in agroforestry systems regarding soil?
Answer: Trees stabilize soil and increase water infiltration.
Explanation: Trees in agroforestry systems play a crucial role in stabilizing soil, preventing erosion, and enhancing water infiltration, which improves soil health and water availability.
Agroforestry practices are primarily prevalent in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa.
Answer: True
Explanation: Agroforestry practices are indeed especially prevalent in tropical regions, including subsistence smallholdings and sub-Saharan Africa, although they have also been adopted in temperate zones.
The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) is practiced in Mexico.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) is primarily practiced in Honduras, not Mexico.
Kuojtakiloyan is an agroforestry system practiced in the Sierra Norte of Puebla, Mexico.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kuojtakiloyan, a Masehual term for a jungle-like polyculture system, is indeed practiced by indigenous peoples in the Sierra Norte of Puebla, Mexico.
The Swiss agroforestry experiments involved testing walnut and cherry trees at densities of 100-150 trees per hectare.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Swiss agroforestry experiments tested walnut and cherry trees at densities of 40-70 trees per hectare, not 100-150 trees per hectare.
FMNR adoption in Niger was significantly driven by farmers' ownership of the trees they protect.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key factor contributing to the widespread adoption of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) in Niger was the assurance of farmers' ownership over the trees they nurtured, providing direct benefits for their labor.
Faidherbia albida is known as the 'fertiliser tree' in the Sahel region for its nitrogen-fixing capabilities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Faidherbia albida is indeed recognized as the 'fertiliser tree' in the Sahel region due to its valuable nitrogen-fixing properties, which enrich the soil.
The "Beating Famine" conference led to the establishment of a global FMNR network.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "Beating Famine" conference was pivotal in establishing a global network dedicated to promoting and scaling up Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR).
The primary benefits of FMNR for communities include enhanced food security and reduced need for migration.
Answer: True
Explanation: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) significantly contributes to community well-being by improving food security through increased crop yields and by reducing the necessity for migration by enhancing local livelihoods.
The Swiss agroforestry experiments showed that increasing tree density led to significantly higher total yields per area compared to monocultural systems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Experiments in Switzerland involving agroforestry with walnut and cherry trees demonstrated that higher tree densities resulted in total yields per area that were up to 30 percent greater than those achieved in monocultural systems.
Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) was developed in the early 2000s.
Answer: False
Explanation: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) was developed by Tony Rinaudo in the 1980s, not the early 2000s.
FMNR primarily focuses on clearing existing vegetation to establish new tree plantations.
Answer: False
Explanation: FMNR's core principle is regenerating trees from existing stumps, roots, and seeds, rather than clearing vegetation for new plantations.
FMNR has been recognized by global development agencies for its effectiveness in land restoration.
Answer: True
Explanation: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) has received significant recognition from global development agencies for its effectiveness in land restoration and combating desertification.
The Swiss agroforestry experiments involved testing walnut and cherry trees at densities of 100-150 trees per hectare.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Swiss agroforestry experiments tested walnut and cherry trees at densities of 40-70 trees per hectare, not 100-150 trees per hectare.
The primary environmental benefit of FMNR is the reduction of woody vegetation cover.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary environmental benefit of FMNR is the increase, not reduction, of woody vegetation cover, which aids in land restoration and combating desertification.
FMNR adoption in Niger was significantly driven by farmers' ownership of the trees they protect.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key factor contributing to the widespread adoption of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) in Niger was the assurance of farmers' ownership over the trees they nurtured, providing direct benefits for their labor.
Faidherbia albida is known as the 'fertiliser tree' in the Sahel region for its nitrogen-fixing capabilities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Faidherbia albida is indeed recognized as the 'fertiliser tree' in the Sahel region due to its valuable nitrogen-fixing properties, which enrich the soil.
The "Beating Famine" conference led to the establishment of a global FMNR network.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "Beating Famine" conference was pivotal in establishing a global network dedicated to promoting and scaling up Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR).
The primary benefits of FMNR for communities include enhanced food security and reduced need for migration.
Answer: True
Explanation: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) significantly contributes to community well-being by improving food security through increased crop yields and by reducing the necessity for migration by enhancing local livelihoods.
The Swiss agroforestry experiments showed that increasing tree density led to significantly higher total yields per area compared to monocultural systems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Experiments in Switzerland involving agroforestry with walnut and cherry trees demonstrated that higher tree densities resulted in total yields per area that were up to 30 percent greater than those achieved in monocultural systems.
How does FMNR contribute to reversing desertification?
Answer: By increasing tree cover, improving soil structure, and creating windbreaks.
Explanation: FMNR combats desertification by increasing tree cover, which improves soil structure, fertility, and creates windbreaks that reduce soil moisture evaporation, thereby restoring degraded lands.
What recognition has Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) received from global development agencies?
Answer: It has won awards from organizations like Interaction and World Vision International.
Explanation: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) has garnered significant recognition from global development agencies, including awards from Interaction and World Vision International, acknowledging its effectiveness.
Where are agroforestry practices most commonly found to be prevalent?
Answer: Especially in the tropics, particularly in subsistence smallholdings and sub-Saharan Africa.
Explanation: Agroforestry practices are most commonly prevalent in tropical regions, especially within subsistence smallholdings and sub-Saharan Africa, due to their suitability for diverse ecological and socio-economic conditions.
The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) is a hillside system primarily practiced in which country?
Answer: Honduras
Explanation: The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) is a hillside system primarily practiced in Honduras.
What does the Masehual term "Kuojtakiloyan" refer to in the context of agroforestry?
Answer: A jungle-like polyculture agroforestry system meaning "useful forest" or "forest that produces."
Explanation: Kuojtakiloyan is a Masehual term signifying a 'useful forest' or 'forest that produces,' describing a jungle-like polyculture agroforestry system.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)?
Answer: It focuses on regenerating trees from existing stumps, roots, and seeds.
Explanation: A key characteristic of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is its focus on regenerating trees from existing stumps, roots, and seeds, rather than clearing land for new plantations.
What is the primary goal of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)?
Answer: To increase food and timber production and enhance resilience to climate extremes.
Explanation: The primary goal of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is to increase food and timber production while simultaneously enhancing resilience to climate extremes on degraded lands.
What was the outcome of testing agroforestry with walnut and cherry trees in Switzerland regarding total yield?
Answer: Total yield per area was up to 30 percent higher than in monocultural systems.
Explanation: Experiments in Switzerland involving agroforestry with walnut and cherry trees demonstrated that higher tree densities resulted in total yields per area that were up to 30 percent greater than those achieved in monocultural systems.
How does FMNR contribute to reversing desertification?
Answer: By increasing tree cover, improving soil structure, and creating windbreaks.
Explanation: FMNR combats desertification by increasing tree cover, which improves soil structure, fertility, and creates windbreaks that reduce soil moisture evaporation, thereby restoring degraded lands.
What recognition has Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) received from global development agencies?
Answer: It has won awards from organizations like Interaction and World Vision International.
Explanation: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) has garnered significant recognition from global development agencies, including awards from Interaction and World Vision International, acknowledging its effectiveness.