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Alexander Prokhorov's parents were political exiles who fled Russia to Australia to escape the Tsarist regime.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Alexander Prokhorov's parents were Russian revolutionaries who emigrated to Australia to escape repression by the Tsarist regime.
Prokhorov's family returned to Russia in 1934, influenced by the onset of World War II.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prokhorov's family returned to Russia in 1923, after the culmination of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, not in 1934 due to World War II.
Alexander Prokhorov's initial research at the Lebedev Physical Institute focused on the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon joining the Lebedev Physical Institute in 1939, Prokhorov's initial research was indeed dedicated to the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere.
During World War II, Alexander Prokhorov served in the Red Army's artillery division and was awarded the Medal For Courage in 1941.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov served in the infantry during World War II, not the artillery division, and was awarded the Medal For Courage in 1946, not 1941.
Prokhorov's Ph.D. thesis, defended in 1946, was titled 'Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prokhorov's Ph.D. thesis, defended in 1946, was titled 'Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter'. 'Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator' was his habilitation.
Alexander Prokhorov was born in Moscow, Russia, in 1916.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov was born in Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia, in 1916, not Moscow, Russia.
Where was Alexander Michael Prochoroff born?
Answer: Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia
Explanation: Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916, at Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia.
What historical events influenced Prokhorov's family's decision to return to Russia in 1923?
Answer: The culmination of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War
Explanation: Prokhorov's family returned to Russia in 1923 after the culmination of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War.
Where did Alexander Prokhorov pursue his higher education in physics starting in 1934?
Answer: Saint Petersburg State University
Explanation: In 1934, Alexander Prokhorov entered Saint Petersburg State University to study physics.
What was the title of Alexander Prokhorov's Ph.D. thesis, defended in 1946?
Answer: Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov's Ph.D. thesis, defended in 1946, was titled 'Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter'.
In what year was Alexander Prokhorov demobilized from the Red Army during World War II?
Answer: 1944
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov was demobilized from the Red Army in 1944, a year before the end of World War II.
In 1947, Prokhorov demonstrated that coherent radiation emitted by electrons in a synchrotron was primarily concentrated in the infrared spectral range.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1947, Prokhorov demonstrated that coherent radiation emitted by electrons in a synchrotron was primarily concentrated in the microwave spectral range, not the infrared.
Prokhorov and Nikolay Basov proposed a method for population inversion using homogeneous electric and magnetic fields.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prokhorov and Basov proposed a method for population inversion using *inhomogeneous* electric and magnetic fields, not homogeneous fields.
The results of Prokhorov and Basov's work on molecular oscillators were first published in 1952.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the results of Prokhorov and Basov's work on molecular oscillators were first presented at a conference in 1952, they were not formally published until 1954–1955.
Alexander Prokhorov initiated his research in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in 1955.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly states that Alexander Prokhorov initiated his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in 1955.
In his EPR research, Prokhorov investigated the relaxation times of ions from the noble gas group elements.
Answer: False
Explanation: In his EPR research, Prokhorov focused on the relaxation times of ions belonging to the iron group elements, not noble gas group elements.
Prokhorov conceived the idea of using sapphire as an active medium for a laser in 1957.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1957, Alexander Prokhorov conceived the idea of utilizing *ruby* as an active medium for a laser, not sapphire. Ruby is a variation of aluminium oxide doped with chromium.
In 1958, Alexander Prokhorov proposed a 'closed type' cavity design for lasers.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1958, Alexander Prokhorov proposed an 'open type' cavity design for lasers, not a 'closed type'.
What was Alexander Prokhorov's primary field of research, for which he made significant contributions?
Answer: Quantum electronics, optics, and electromagnetic research
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov's primary field of work focused on quantum electronics, with significant contributions to optics and electromagnetic research.
What method did Prokhorov and Nikolay Basov propose for producing population inversion in their molecular oscillator work?
Answer: Utilizing inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields
Explanation: Prokhorov and Basov proposed a method for producing population inversion by using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields.
When were the results of Prokhorov and Basov's work on molecular oscillators formally published?
Answer: 1954–1955
Explanation: The results of Prokhorov and Basov's work on molecular oscillators were formally published in 1954–1955.
What material did Alexander Prokhorov identify in 1957 as a potential active medium for a laser?
Answer: Ruby
Explanation: In 1957, Alexander Prokhorov identified ruby as a potential active medium for a laser.
What innovative laser design did Prokhorov propose in 1958?
Answer: An 'open type' cavity design
Explanation: In 1958, Alexander Prokhorov proposed an 'open type' cavity design for lasers.
What was the subject of Alexander Prokhorov's habilitation, defended in 1951?
Answer: Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov's habilitation, defended in 1951, was titled 'Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator'.
Alexander Prokhorov became the head of the oscillation laboratory at the Lebedev Institute in 1954, after serving as assistant chief.
Answer: True
Explanation: Prokhorov became assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory by 1950 and was appointed head of the laboratory in 1954.
Alexander Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University in 1959, the same year he received the Lenin Prize.
Answer: True
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University and was awarded the Lenin Prize, both in 1959.
Prokhorov was elected an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1960.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1960, but he was elected as an Academician in 1966.
What was Alexander Prokhorov's role at the Lebedev Institute by 1954?
Answer: Head of the oscillation laboratory
Explanation: By 1954, Alexander Prokhorov became the head of the oscillation laboratory at the Lebedev Institute.
In what year did Alexander Prokhorov become a professor at Moscow State University?
Answer: 1959
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University in 1959.
What was Alexander Prokhorov's role at the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences between 1982 and 1998?
Answer: Acting Director
Explanation: Between 1982 and 1998, Alexander Prokhorov served as the acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Alexander Prokhorov received a total of three Orders of Lenin during his lifetime.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov received a total of five Orders of Lenin during his lifetime.
In 1971, Alexander Prokhorov was elected a member of the British Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1971, Alexander Prokhorov was elected a member of the *American* Academy of Arts and Sciences, not the British Academy.
Alexander Prokhorov was posthumously awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 2003 for his work on laser applications in medical diagnostics.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov was posthumously awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 2003 for his work on the development of metrological support for length measurements in microwave and nanometer ranges, not for laser applications in medical diagnostics.
Alexander Prokhorov received the Frederic Ives Medal in 2001, the highest distinction from the Optical Society of America.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov received the Frederic Ives Medal in 2000, not 2001. He became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001.
Prokhorov was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st class, in 1996.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prokhorov was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class, in 1996, not 1st class.
In what year was Alexander Prokhorov jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics?
Answer: 1964
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964.
How many Orders of Lenin did Alexander Prokhorov receive throughout his lifetime?
Answer: Five
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov received five Orders of Lenin during his lifetime.
What international academic recognition did Prokhorov receive in 1971?
Answer: Elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Explanation: In 1971, Alexander Prokhorov was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
What was the highest degree of distinction Alexander Prokhorov received in the Soviet Union for his achievements, awarded twice?
Answer: Hero of Socialist Labour
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov was recognized as a Hero of Socialist Labour twice, which was the highest degree of distinction awarded in the Soviet Union for outstanding achievements.
What major award did Alexander Prokhorov receive in 2000?
Answer: Frederic Ives Medal
Explanation: In 2000, Alexander Prokhorov was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal, the highest distinction presented by the Optical Society of America.
What was the specific achievement for which Prokhorov posthumously received the State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology in 2003?
Answer: Development of metrological support for length measurements in microwave and nanometer ranges.
Explanation: In 2003, Alexander Prokhorov was posthumously awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology for his work on the development of scientific and technological foundations for metrological support of length measurements in the microwave and nanometer ranges.
Which of the following awards did Alexander Prokhorov receive in 1948?
Answer: Mandelstam Prize
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov received the Mandelstam Prize in 1948.
Alexander Prokhorov served as the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia starting in 1969.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Alexander Prokhorov served as the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia starting in 1969.
Alexander Prokhorov signed an open letter in 1983 denouncing an article by Andrey Sakharov.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1983, Alexander Prokhorov, along with three other academicians, signed an open letter titled 'When they lose honor and conscience', which denounced an article by Andrey Sakharov.
Alexander Prokhorov's son, Kiril, followed in his father's footsteps and became a geographer.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov's son, Kiril, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist specializing in optics, not a geographer.
The A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute was renamed in his honor after his death in 2002.
Answer: True
Explanation: The General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences was renamed the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute after his death in 2002.
What significant editorial role did Prokhorov undertake starting in 1969?
Answer: Chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Explanation: Starting in 1969, Alexander Prokhorov served as the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
What notable political action did Alexander Prokhorov take in 1983 concerning Andrey Sakharov?
Answer: He signed an open letter denouncing an article by Sakharov.
Explanation: In 1983, Alexander Prokhorov signed an open letter titled 'When they lose honor and conscience', which denounced an article by Andrey Sakharov.
What was the profession of Alexander Prokhorov's wife, Galina Shelepina?
Answer: Geographer
Explanation: Alexander Prokhorov married Galina Shelepina, who was a geographer, in 1941.
What was the title of the book edited by A. M. Prokhorov and others in 1992, as part of the *Research Trends in Physics* series?
Answer: *Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration*
Explanation: In 1992, A. M. Prokhorov, along with J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, and K. Wille, edited the book titled *Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration*.