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The primary purpose for the development of Americanist phonetic notation was the transcription of European languages.
Answer: False
Explanation: Americanist phonetic notation was primarily developed for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas, although it also found use for European languages.
John Wesley Powell was one of the earliest figures to use phonetic symbols in publications on American language families.
Answer: True
Explanation: John Wesley Powell utilized an early set of phonetic symbols in his 1880 publications concerning American language families, making him a pioneering figure in this field.
The vowel chart agreed upon by the American Anthropological Association in 1916 was based on the classification of H. Sweet.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1916 vowel chart adopted by the American Anthropological Association was indeed based on the classification system developed by H. Sweet.
The 1916 AAA consonant chart used the term 'surd' to refer to voiced sounds.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, 'surd' referred to voiceless sounds, while 'sonant' referred to voiced sounds.
The *Anthropos* (1907) alphabet, foundational to Sapir and Boas's system, presented transcriptions in bold font.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *Anthropos* (1907) alphabet presented transcriptions in italic font without any other delimiters, not in bold font.
Franz Boas used the exact same set of phonetic symbols as John Wesley Powell in his 1911 work.
Answer: False
Explanation: Franz Boas utilized a 'somewhat different set of symbols' in his 1911 work compared to John Wesley Powell's earlier publications, indicating an evolution in transcription practices.
The American Anthropological Society's 1916 publication significantly expanded Franz Boas's alphabet.
Answer: True
Explanation: The American Anthropological Society's 1916 publication indeed greatly expanded upon Franz Boas's alphabet, aiming to establish a more comprehensive system for linguistic transcription.
The 1916 AAA consonant chart defined 'Laryngeal' as sounds produced in the nasal cavity.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, 'Laryngeal' referred to pharyngeal or epiglottal sounds, not sounds produced in the nasal cavity.
Who primarily developed Americanist phonetic notation?
Answer: European and American anthropologists and language scientists
Explanation: Americanist phonetic notation was primarily developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists, many of whom were Neogrammarians.
Who was one of the earliest figures to use phonetic symbols in American language family publications, notably in Powell 1880?
Answer: John Wesley Powell
Explanation: John Wesley Powell is recognized as one of the earliest figures to employ phonetic symbols in publications concerning American language families, as evidenced in his 1880 work.
What was a notable characteristic of the vowel chart agreed upon by the American Anthropological Association in 1916?
Answer: High central vowels were differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left.
Explanation: A notable feature of the 1916 AAA vowel chart was its method of differentiating high central vowels by shifting the centralizing dot to the left, rather than employing a cross stroke.
What does 'sonant' refer to in the 1916 AAA consonant chart?
Answer: Voiced sounds
Explanation: In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, the term 'sonant' was used to refer to voiced sounds, characterized by vocal fold vibration.
How was a weakly glottalized stop represented in the 1916 AAA consonant chart?
Answer: By a consonant plus an overhead single quotation mark (e.g., <k̓>)
Explanation: The 1916 AAA consonant chart represented a weakly glottalized stop by adding an overhead single quotation mark to the consonant, as in <k̓>.
What does 'Laryngeal' refer to in the context of the 1916 AAA consonant chart?
Answer: Pharyngeal or epiglottal sounds
Explanation: In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, 'Laryngeal' was a classification referring to sounds produced in the pharynx or with the epiglottis.
Which journal published an alphabet in 1907 that formed the basic framework for Edward Sapir and Franz Boas's system?
Answer: *Anthropos*
Explanation: The journal *Anthropos* published an alphabet in 1907 that served as the foundational framework for the linguistic transcription system later adopted by Edward Sapir and Franz Boas.
How is transcription presented in the *Anthropos* (1907) alphabet?
Answer: In italic font without any other delimiters
Explanation: The *Anthropos* (1907) alphabet stipulated that transcriptions be presented in italic font, without the use of any additional delimiters.
Which influential anthropologist used a 'somewhat different set of symbols' in 1911, contributing to the evolving standards of phonetic transcription?
Answer: Franz Boas
Explanation: Franz Boas, an influential anthropologist, utilized a 'somewhat different set of symbols' in 1911, thereby contributing to the ongoing development of phonetic transcription standards.
In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, what does 'intermed.' refer to?
Answer: Partially voiced sounds
Explanation: In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, 'intermed.' was the term used to denote partially voiced sounds.
How was Franz Boas's alphabet expanded in 1916?
Answer: By a publication from the American Anthropological Society.
Explanation: Franz Boas's alphabet was significantly expanded in 1916 through a publication issued by the American Anthropological Society.
What was a notable characteristic of the 1916 AAA vowel chart regarding high central vowels?
Answer: They were differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left.
Explanation: A notable characteristic of the 1916 AAA vowel chart was its method of differentiating high central vowels by shifting the centralizing dot to the left.
In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, what term refers to voiceless sounds?
Answer: Surd
Explanation: In the 1916 AAA consonant chart, the term 'surd' was specifically used to refer to voiceless sounds.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) utilizes more diacritics than Americanist notation to achieve phonemic distinctions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Americanist notation employs diacritics more widely than the IPA, as the IPA aims to minimize diacritic use for phonemic distinctions, whereas Americanist notation relies on them more extensively.
Over time, Americanist phonetic notation has become less similar to the IPA, retaining many of its unique and obscure symbols.
Answer: False
Explanation: Americanist phonetic notation has, over time, grown increasingly similar to the IPA, abandoning many of its more obscure symbols in a trend towards standardization.
The Americanist tradition prioritized creating phonetic notation from new, unique character designs, similar to the IPA.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Americanist tradition, unlike the IPA, prioritized creating phonetic notation from characters easily derived from existing orthographies, such as Greek and East European typefaces, for practicality and cost-efficiency.
What is one of the alternative names for Americanist phonetic notation?
Answer: North American Phonetic Alphabet
Explanation: The North American Phonetic Alphabet (NAPA) is one of the recognized alternative names for Americanist phonetic notation.
How does the use of diacritics in Americanist notation generally compare to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?
Answer: Americanist notation uses more diacritics than IPA.
Explanation: Americanist notation generally employs diacritics more extensively than the IPA, which aims to minimize their use for phonemic distinctions.
What has been the general trend in the evolution of Americanist phonetic notation in relation to the IPA over time?
Answer: It has grown increasingly similar to the IPA.
Explanation: Over time, Americanist phonetic notation has evolved to become increasingly similar to the IPA, having abandoned many of its previously obscure symbols.
What was a key philosophical difference for the Americanist tradition regarding character design compared to the IPA?
Answer: Americanist tradition aimed for characters easily created from existing orthographies.
Explanation: A key philosophical difference was the Americanist tradition's emphasis on using characters easily derived from existing orthographies, such as Greek and East European typefaces, for practical and cost-efficient transcription.
Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for Americanist phonetic notation?
Answer: International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Explanation: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a distinct system of phonetic notation, not an alternative name for Americanist phonetic notation, which includes names like NAPA, Americanist Phonetic Alphabet, and APA.
In Americanist notation, a dot placed over a vowel indicates that the vowel sound is produced closer to the center of the mouth.
Answer: True
Explanation: A dot placed over a vowel in Americanist notation specifically indicates centering, signifying that the vowel sound is articulated closer to the central region of the oral cavity.
The ogonek diacritic in Americanist notation is used to indicate a retracted consonant.
Answer: False
Explanation: The ogonek diacritic in Americanist notation is used to indicate nasalization, particularly of vowels, not a retracted consonant.
Pike (1947) indicates nasalization of vowels exclusively with a superscript 'n'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pike (1947) indicates nasalization of vowels with either a dot below the vowel (Ṿ) or a superscript 'n' (Vⁿ), not exclusively with the latter.
Pike (1947) uses a raised dot (V·) to represent a half-long vowel.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pike (1947) indeed employs a raised dot (V·) as the convention for indicating a half-long vowel.
Bloch & Trager (1942) proposed a vowel schema that became widely adopted in American linguistics.
Answer: False
Explanation: The vowel schema proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942), which used a single dot for central vowels and a diaeresis to reverse backness, was never widely adopted in the linguistic community.
Which diacritic is used for nasalization in Americanist notation?
Answer: The ogonek diacritic
Explanation: The ogonek diacritic is the primary mark used for indicating nasalization in Americanist phonetic notation.
What does a dot placed over a vowel indicate in Americanist notation?
Answer: Centering
Explanation: In Americanist notation, a dot placed over a vowel specifically denotes centering, indicating that the vowel is articulated closer to the center of the mouth.
How does WIELD (2016) recommend representing nasal vowels?
Answer: With an ogonek
Explanation: WIELD (2016) recommends the use of an ogonek diacritic, such as <ą>, to represent nasal vowels.
What does Pike (1947) use to indicate a half-long vowel?
Answer: V·
Explanation: Pike (1947) employs a raised dot (V·) as the specific symbol for indicating a half-long vowel.
Which vowel schema proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942) was never widely adopted?
Answer: A system using a single dot for central vowels and a diaeresis to reverse backness.
Explanation: The vowel schema proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942), which featured a single dot for central vowels and a diaeresis for reversing backness, ultimately did not achieve widespread adoption.
How are two dots, or a diaeresis, used over a vowel in Americanist notation?
Answer: To change its fronting
Explanation: In Americanist notation, a diaeresis (two dots) placed over a vowel serves to modify its fronting, influencing whether the vowel is articulated towards the front or back of the mouth.
According to Pike (1947), how is nasalization of vowels indicated using a superscript?
Answer: Vⁿ
Explanation: Pike (1947) indicates nasalization of vowels using a superscript 'n' (Vⁿ) as one of the conventions.
What positional variant for vowels is marked with V̂ by Pike (1947)?
Answer: Fronted vowels
Explanation: Pike (1947) uses the diacritic V̂ to specifically mark fronted vowels, indicating a forward shift in their articulation.
WIELD's 2016 recommendations for NAPA consonants distinguish ejectives from other types of glottalization.
Answer: False
Explanation: WIELD's 2016 recommendations for glottalization, while providing symbols like <č̓> or <m̓>, do not differentiate ejectives from other forms of glottalization.
In Americanist notation, the dental fricatives <θ ð> are considered sulcalized, while <s̮ z̮> are slit fricatives.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Americanist notation, the dental fricatives <θ ð> are classified as slit fricatives, whereas <s̮ z̮> are considered sulcalized fricatives.
Pullum & Ladusaw (1996) state that in Americanist notation, the ejective apostrophe is placed below the base letter, unlike IPA.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pullum & Ladusaw (1996) note that in Americanist notation, the ejective apostrophe is placed *above* the base letter, consistent with IPA conventions for ejectives, but specifically above the letter.
Americanist notation typically uses digraphs for most coronal affricates, whereas the IPA generally uses single letters.
Answer: False
Explanation: Americanist notation typically uses single letters for most coronal affricates, while the IPA generally employs digraphs for these sounds.
In Americanist notation, an advancing diacritic (inverted breve) is used for retroflex and uvular sounds.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Americanist notation, an advancing diacritic (inverted breve) is used for dental and palatal distinctions, while a retracting diacritic (a dot) is used for retroflex and uvular sounds.
WIELD (2016) recommends representing geminate consonants only as <CC>.
Answer: False
Explanation: WIELD (2016) recommends representing geminate consonants as either <Cː> or <CC>, not exclusively as <CC>.
In Americanist notation, rhotic consonants are generally transcribed with the <r> character because most languages have multiple phonemic rhotic consonants.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rhotic consonants in Americanist notation are generally transcribed with the <r> character because approximately 90% of languages possess only one phonemic rhotic consonant, simplifying transcription.
What is a key difference in how Americanist notation and IPA represent most coronal affricates?
Answer: Americanist notation uses single letters, while IPA generally requires digraphs.
Explanation: A key distinction is that Americanist notation typically uses single letters for most coronal affricates, whereas the IPA generally employs digraphs for these sounds.
In Americanist notation, which symbol represents the IPA's [j] sound?
Answer: <y>
Explanation: In Americanist notation, the symbol <y> is used to represent the IPA's [j] sound.
Which organization provides recommendations for NAPA consonants specifically for Native American languages since 2016?
Answer: Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation (WIELD)
Explanation: The Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation (WIELD) has been responsible for providing specific recommendations for NAPA consonants for Native American languages since 2016.
How does WIELD's 2016 recommendation for glottalization differ regarding ejectives?
Answer: It does not distinguish ejectives from other types of glottalization.
Explanation: WIELD's 2016 recommendations for glottalization, while providing symbols for glottalized sounds, do not make a specific distinction between ejectives and other forms of glottalization.
In WIELD's 2016 recommendations, what does the diacritic <C̮> represent?
Answer: An advanced consonant
Explanation: In WIELD's 2016 recommendations, the diacritic <C̮> is specifically used to represent an advanced consonant, indicating a forward shift in its articulation.
What is the general practice for transcribing rhotic consonants in Americanist notation?
Answer: Generally transcribing them with the <r> character.
Explanation: The general practice in Americanist notation is to transcribe rhotic consonants using the <r> character, given that most languages typically feature only one phonemic rhotic.
In Americanist notation, what is the distinction between dental fricatives <θ ð> and <s̮ z̮>?
Answer: <θ ð> are slit fricatives, while <s̮ z̮> are sulcalized.
Explanation: In Americanist notation, <θ ð> are distinguished as slit fricatives, characterized by a narrow, non-sibilant opening, whereas <s̮ z̮> are sulcalized, indicating sibilant production with a grooved tongue.
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), how does Americanist notation typically represent the ejective apostrophe compared to the IPA?
Answer: It is placed above the base letter.
Explanation: Pullum & Ladusaw (1996) specify that in Americanist notation, the ejective apostrophe is conventionally placed above the base letter, aligning with IPA conventions but with this specific placement.
What type of diacritic does Americanist notation use for dental and palatal distinctions, excluding non-sibilant dental fricatives?
Answer: An advancing diacritic (inverted breve)
Explanation: Americanist notation employs an advancing diacritic, specifically an inverted breve, for dental and palatal distinctions, with the exception of non-sibilant dental fricatives.
In WIELD's 2016 recommendations, how are geminate consonants represented?
Answer: As either <Cː> or <CC>
Explanation: WIELD's 2016 recommendations permit the representation of geminate consonants using either a colon-like symbol (<Cː>) or by doubling the consonant letter (<CC>).
What symbols does Americanist notation use for a flap sound?
Answer: <r> or <ř>
Explanation: Americanist notation represents a flap sound using either the symbol <r> or <ř>.
What are the WIELD (2016) recommendations for a retracted consonant?
Answer: <C̣>
Explanation: WIELD's 2016 recommendations specify <C̣> as the diacritic for a retracted consonant, indicating a backward shift in articulation.
What does the general practice of transcribing rhotic consonants with <r> in Americanist notation imply?
Answer: That a careful reading of a language's phonological description is needed for precise phonetics.
Explanation: The practice of transcribing most rhotic consonants with <r> in Americanist notation necessitates a careful consultation of a language's specific phonological description to ascertain the precise phonetic realization of the rhotic sound.
In Pike (1947) notation, a single vertical bar <|> marks a long or final pause.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Pike (1947) notation, a single vertical bar <|> marks a short or intermediate pause, while a double vertical bar <||> indicates a long or final pause.
Acute and grave accents are placed over vowels in Americanist notation to indicate stress.
Answer: True
Explanation: Acute and grave accents are indeed used in Americanist notation, placed over vowels, to signify primary and secondary stress, respectively.
In Pike (1947) notation, primary stress is indicated by ˈCV or V́.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pike (1947) notation specifies that primary stress is indicated by either ˈCV or V́.
In Pike (1947) notation, how is a Low tone indicated?
Answer: V̀ or V⁴
Explanation: Pike (1947) notation specifies that a Low tone is indicated by either V̀ or V⁴.
How does Pike (1947) indicate secondary stress?
Answer: ˌCV or V̀
Explanation: Pike (1947) indicates secondary stress using the symbols ˌCV or V̀.
In Pike (1947) notation, what does a double vertical bar <||> signify?
Answer: A long or final pause
Explanation: In Pike (1947) notation, a double vertical bar <||> is used to signify a long or final pause in speech.
According to Pike (1947), what symbol is used for a Mid tone?
Answer: V̄ or V²
Explanation: Pike (1947) designates V̄ or V² as the symbols used to indicate a Mid tone.
In Pike (1947) notation, how are morpheme boundaries indicated?
Answer: With a hyphen (CV-CV)
Explanation: Pike (1947) notation uses a hyphen (CV-CV) to clearly delineate morpheme boundaries within a word.
What type of accent typically marks primary stress over vowels in Americanist notation?
Answer: Acute accent
Explanation: In Americanist notation, an acute accent is typically placed over vowels to indicate primary stress.
In Pike (1947) notation, how are short or intermediate pauses marked?
Answer: A single vertical bar <|>
Explanation: Pike (1947) notation employs a single vertical bar <|> to indicate short or intermediate pauses in speech.
Americanist phonetic notation is exclusively used for transcribing indigenous languages of the Americas.
Answer: False
Explanation: Americanist phonetic notation, while developed for indigenous languages of the Americas, is also commonly used by linguists working on Slavic, Uralic, Semitic, Caucasian, Indian, and African languages.
According to Carl Voegelin, Edward Sapir strongly preferred Americanist conventions over IPA symbols for transcribing American Indian languages.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carl Voegelin's anecdote illustrates Edward Sapir's strong preference for Americanist conventions, as Sapir insisted on the use of 's wedge' (š) over the IPA symbol for the 'sh' sound in American Indian language transcription.
The IETF language tag subtag fonnapa is used to identify text written in Americanist phonetic notation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IETF language tags officially register fonnapa as the subtag specifically for text encoded using Americanist phonetic notation.
Uralicists commonly use a specialized variant of Americanist phonetic notation known as the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
Answer: True
Explanation: Uralicists indeed utilize a specialized variant of Americanist phonetic notation, specifically termed the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, for their linguistic work.
The journals *American Anthropologist* and *Language* are known to feature Americanist notation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The journals *American Anthropologist*, *International Journal of American Linguistics*, and *Language* are recognized venues where Americanist notation is commonly featured in linguistic research.
Abercrombie suggested that hostility towards IPA notation in America was partly due to a desire by linguists to avoid association with prescriptive Speech Departments.
Answer: True
Explanation: Abercrombie posited that some American linguists harbored hostility towards IPA notation due to a desire to distance themselves from the perceived prescriptive nature of university Speech Departments.
Beyond the Americas, in which language family is Americanist phonetic notation still commonly used by linguists?
Answer: Uralic languages
Explanation: Americanist phonetic notation remains commonly used by linguists working on Uralic languages, among others, demonstrating its broader application beyond the Americas.
According to Abercrombie, what was a suggested reason for hostility towards IPA notation in America among some linguists?
Answer: Using IPA might lead a linguist to be mistaken for a member of a prescriptive Speech Department.
Explanation: Abercrombie suggested that hostility towards IPA notation in America stemmed from a concern among linguists that using IPA symbols might lead to an undesirable association with prescriptive Speech Departments in universities.
What is the IETF language tag subtag for text written in Americanist phonetic notation?
Answer: fonnapa
Explanation: The IETF language tag subtag fonnapa is the designated identifier for text written using Americanist phonetic notation.
Which of the following journals commonly features Americanist notation?
Answer: *International Journal of American Linguistics*
Explanation: The *International Journal of American Linguistics* is one of the prominent academic journals known for featuring research that employs Americanist phonetic notation.