Explanation: Anabaptism emerged as a distinct Christian movement during the 16th century, not the 19th century, as part of the Radical Reformation.

Explanation: Anabaptism in Switzerland originated as a schism from Ulrich Zwingli's reform movement in Zurich, stemming from disagreements over the pace and extent of church reforms.

Explanation: Zwingli's radical disciples disagreed with dictating reforms solely by the city council's pace; they asserted the Bible as the ultimate authority and believed the council had no right to control church changes.

Explanation: Anabaptism in Switzerland emerged as a schism from the reform movement initiated by Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, stemming from disagreements over the pace and extent of church reforms.

Explanation: The core disagreement between Ulrich Zwingli and his radical disciples centered on the ultimate authority for church reform: Zwingli favored the city council's pace, while his disciples asserted the primacy of scripture and the church's independence from state control.

Explanation: Anabaptists believe that baptism is valid only when administered to adults who have freely confessed their faith, a practice known as believer's baptism, rejecting infant baptism.

Explanation: Anabaptists often embrace practices from early Christianity, including feetwashing and the holy kiss, as part of their commitment to biblical discipleship and community.

Explanation: Anabaptists often adhere to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7), which guides their beliefs against violence, oath-swearing, and participation in civil government.

Explanation: Medieval dissenters and Anabaptists who interpreted the Sermon on the Mount literally rejected the necessity of bearing arms for defense, advocating instead for nonresistance.

Explanation: Anabaptist theology emphasizes that true salvation involves not only faith but also repentance, self-denial, and obedience to God's commands, reflecting a holistic understanding of discipleship.

Explanation: While Anabaptists advocated for the 'free course' of the Holy Spirit in worship, they maintained that all spiritual manifestations should be rigorously judged according to the authority of the Scriptures.

Explanation: 'Nonconformity to the world' for Anabaptists signifies a deliberate effort to differentiate their lifestyle and values from prevailing societal norms and trends, aligning instead with biblical principles.

Explanation: The Anabaptist view on participation in civil government generally holds that it is incompatible with their understanding of Christian discipleship, particularly due to its association with the use of force and the swearing of oaths.

Explanation: The widely depicted act of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, despite the personal cost, symbolizes the Anabaptist commitment to nonresistance and forgiveness, even in the face of severe persecution.

Explanation: The 'holy kiss' and 'feet washing' are practices often observed by Anabaptist groups, sometimes performed collectively during the 'lovefeast,' as exemplified by traditions like the Schwarzenau Brethren.

Explanation: The 'holy kiss' and 'feet washing' are considered by Anabaptists as ordinances or practices reflecting early Christianity, not merely optional social customs.

Explanation: The primary distinguishing belief of Anabaptism concerning baptism is believer's baptism, meaning it is administered only to adults who have made a personal confession of faith, in contrast to infant baptism.

Explanation: Anabaptists often embrace practices from early Christianity, including feetwashing and the holy kiss, as part of their commitment to biblical discipleship and community.

Explanation: Anabaptists' literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount leads them to believe it prohibits violence, oath-swearing, and participation in civil government, as they prioritize allegiance to God's kingdom.

Explanation: Medieval dissenters and Anabaptists who adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount shared affirmations such as not swearing oaths, not holding civil office, and avoiding force when excommunicating sinners, but they did not affirm the necessity of bearing arms for defense.

Explanation: Anabaptist theology posits that true faith leading to salvation involves not only intellectual assent but also encompasses repentance, self-denial, and active obedience to God's commands.

Explanation: While Anabaptists advocated for the 'free course' of the Holy Spirit in worship, they maintained that all spiritual manifestations should be rigorously judged according to the authority of the Scriptures.

Explanation: 'Nonconformity to the world' for Anabaptists signifies a deliberate effort to differentiate their lifestyle and values from prevailing societal norms and trends, aligning instead with biblical principles.

Explanation: The widely depicted act of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, despite the personal cost, symbolizes the Anabaptist commitment to nonresistance and forgiveness, even in the face of severe persecution.

Explanation: The 'holy kiss' and 'feet washing' are considered by Anabaptists as ordinances or practices that reflect the teachings and communal life of early Christianity, not merely optional social customs.

Explanation: The Anabaptist view on participation in civil government generally holds that it is incompatible with their understanding of Christian discipleship, particularly due to its association with the use of force and the swearing of oaths.

Explanation: While the Schleitheim Confession (1527) was a crucial document codifying Anabaptist beliefs, it is considered *a* primary document rather than *the* sole primary document for the entire movement, which encompassed diverse groups.

Explanation: Petr Chelčický was a 15th-century Bohemian reformer, not 17th-century, and is considered a significant forerunner of Anabaptism due to his advocacy for nonviolence and literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount.

Explanation: The Zwickau prophets preached an apocalyptic and radical alternative to Lutheranism, contributing to the social unrest of the era.

Explanation: Thomas Müntzer advocated for a revolutionary overthrow of constituted authorities and the establishment of a Christian commonwealth characterized by absolute equality and community of goods.

Explanation: Melchior Hoffman was instrumental in spreading Anabaptist teachings to the Low Countries, notably through his activities in Emden.

Explanation: Menno Simons and David Joris diverged in their theological emphases; Simons stressed the authority of the Bible, while Joris focused more on 'spirit and prophecy'.

Explanation: The division within the Moravian Anabaptist community into 'sword-bearers' and 'staff-bearers' arose from differing views on the use of force, particularly after Jacob Wiedemann introduced pacifist convictions.

Explanation: South German Anabaptism had roots in German mysticism and was influenced by figures like Denck and Hut, rather than being primarily influenced by Lutheran theology.

Explanation: Hans Hut's failed predictions led to discouragement and departure among his followers, rather than widespread adherence and growth.

Explanation: Scholar William Estep categorized reformers emerging from the Radical Reformation into three primary groups: Anabaptists, Inspirationists, and Rationalists.

Explanation: Radical Anabaptists, such as those involved in the Münster Rebellion, were known for their use of violence and apocalyptic expectations, contrasting with the pacifist tenets of many other Anabaptist groups.

Explanation: Charismatic manifestations, such as ecstatic experiences like dancing and prophecy, were notably observed within the Inspirationist wing of the Anabaptist movement.

Explanation: Pilgram Marpeck actively defended the possibility and reality of miracles, asserting God's ongoing intervention in the world and in the lives of believers.

Explanation: The Münster Rebellion is distinguished from the mainstream Anabaptist movement primarily by its engagement in violence and its embrace of apocalyptic expectations, which contrasted with the prevailing pacifist tenets of many Anabaptist groups.

Explanation: The primary theological difference was that Menno Simons stressed the authority of the Bible, while David Joris focused more on 'spirit and prophecy'.

Explanation: The Gaismair uprising in Tyrol influenced the reception of Anabaptist ideals by raising hopes for social justice that resonated with the movement's own aspirations for a transformed society.

Explanation: The Münster Rebellion is distinguished from the core Anabaptist movement primarily because it involved violence and apocalyptic expectations, rather than a strict adherence to pacifism.

Explanation: The Schleitheim Confession, formulated in 1527, is considered a crucial document that codified many foundational beliefs of the Anabaptist movement, serving as a key statement of faith for many groups.

Explanation: Petr Chelčický, a 15th-century Bohemian reformer and forerunner of Anabaptism, advocated for a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which informed his commitment to nonviolence and separation from worldly powers.

Explanation: The Zwickau prophets preached an apocalyptic and radical message that differed significantly from Lutheran reform, contributing to the social and religious climate that fueled the German Peasants' War.

Explanation: Thomas Müntzer's social ideals during the German Peasants' War advocated for a radical societal transformation, including the overthrow of existing authorities and the establishment of a Christian commonwealth based on absolute equality and community of goods.

Explanation: Jacob Hutter, a key leader of the Hutterite Anabaptists in South Tyrol, was captured and subsequently burned at the stake in Innsbruck in 1536.

Explanation: Melchior Hoffman played a significant role in disseminating Anabaptist teachings in the Low Countries, with Emden being a notable center of his activity and influence.

Explanation: Menno Simons emphasized the authority of the Bible, whereas David Joris placed greater emphasis on 'spirit and prophecy,' leading to theological divergence between their followers.

Explanation: The division into 'sword-bearers' and 'staff-bearers' within the Moravian Anabaptist community arose from differing views on the use of force and pacifism, particularly after the introduction of Swiss Brethren pacifist convictions.

Explanation: Key figures associated with South German Anabaptism, a movement influenced by German mysticism, included Hans Hut, Hans Denck, and Pilgram Marpeck.

Explanation: When Hans Hut's apocalyptic predictions failed to materialize, it led to discouragement and the departure of many of his followers from the movement.

Explanation: Scholar William Estep categorized reformers emerging from the Radical Reformation into three primary groups: Anabaptists, Inspirationists, and Rationalists.

Explanation: The distinction between 'radical' and 'pacifist' Anabaptists primarily concerns their methods of establishing their vision, with radicals like the Münsterites employing violence, while pacifists adhered strictly to nonviolence.

Explanation: Charismatic manifestations, such as ecstatic experiences like dancing and prophecy, were notably observed within the Inspirationist wing of the Anabaptist movement.

Explanation: Pilgram Marpeck actively defended the possibility and reality of miracles, asserting God's ongoing intervention in the world and in the lives of believers.

Explanation: The Münster Rebellion is distinguished from the core Anabaptist movement primarily by its engagement in violence and its embrace of apocalyptic expectations, which contrasted with the prevailing pacifist tenets of many Anabaptist groups.

Explanation: The term 'Anabaptist' originated as an exonym, meaning 'one who baptizes again,' applied by opponents, rather than being a self-chosen name.

Explanation: Anabaptists faced severe persecution from both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics, as their beliefs challenged the established religious and political order.

Explanation: The 'polygenesis' theory posits that the Anabaptist movement originated from multiple independent movements, contrasting with the 'monogenesis' theory which suggests a single origin in Zurich.

Explanation: The monogenesis theory often identifies January 21, 1525, the date of George Blaurock's baptism by Conrad Grebel in Zurich, as the formal beginning of the Anabaptist movement.

Explanation: The polygenesis theory identifies Swiss Anabaptism as emerging from Reformed congregationalism, while Rhineland mysticism influenced South German Anabaptism.

Explanation: Protestants under Zwingli in Zurich were among the first to execute Anabaptists, with Felix Manz being a notable early martyr.

Explanation: The phrase 'third baptism' was a derogatory term used by King Ferdinand to refer to drowning, a method of execution used against Anabaptists.

Explanation: Anabaptist martyrologies are notable for featuring women more prominently than those of other persecuted groups, with women comprising a significantly higher percentage of the martyr accounts.

Explanation: The 'third baptism' was King Ferdinand's derogatory term for drowning, a method employed for the execution of Anabaptists, which he considered an effective means of suppression.

Explanation: The polygenesis theory posits that Anabaptism arose from distinct sources, including Dutch Anabaptism, which was significantly shaped by social unrest and the apocalyptic visions of Melchior Hoffman.

Explanation: The term 'Anabaptist' was not self-chosen but originated as a label applied by opponents, meaning 'one who baptizes again,' referring to their practice of believer's baptism.

Explanation: Anabaptists faced severe persecution from both Catholic and Protestant authorities due to their rejection of infant baptism, their pacifist stance on civil government, and their challenge to the established state church doctrines.

Explanation: The 'monogenesis' theory posits that the Anabaptist movement originated from a single, unified source, specifically the Swiss Brethren movement in Zurich, from which it subsequently spread.

Explanation: The monogenesis theory often identifies January 21, 1525, the date of George Blaurock's baptism by Conrad Grebel in Zurich, as the formal beginning of the Anabaptist movement.

Explanation: According to the polygenesis theory, the primary originating points for early Anabaptism were South German Anabaptism, Swiss Anabaptism, and Dutch Anabaptism. English Anabaptism is not typically cited as a primary originating point in this context.

Explanation: Felix Manz, an early Anabaptist leader, was executed by drowning in Zurich by Protestants under the authority of Ulrich Zwingli.

Explanation: King Ferdinand used the derogatory phrase 'third baptism' to refer to drowning, a method employed for the execution of Anabaptists, which he considered an effective means of suppression.

Explanation: Anabaptist martyrologies are notable for featuring women more prominently than those of other persecuted groups, with women comprising a significantly higher percentage of the martyr accounts.

Explanation: The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are recognized as direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement, continuing its theological and practical heritage.

Explanation: Moravia became a center for Anabaptism due to its greater religious tolerance compared to other European regions, not due to strict enforcement of state church doctrines.

Explanation: The Hutterites were the Anabaptist group that ultimately survived in Moravia, enduring dispersal and eventually migrating to North America.

Explanation: As of 2022, the largest global concentrations of baptized Anabaptists were found in Africa, North America, and Asia/Pacific, indicating a significant shift from their European origins.

Explanation: The 'Ordnung' in traditional Anabaptist communities refers to a set of unwritten rules or guidelines governing daily life, dress, and conduct, rather than formal, written theological doctrines.

Explanation: Neo-Anabaptism is a theological movement that draws inspiration from Anabaptist thinkers but exists outside traditional Anabaptist denominations, focusing on counter-cultural values, pacifism, and social justice.

Explanation: The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are recognized as direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement, continuing its theological and practical heritage.

Explanation: Moravia became a significant hub for the Anabaptist movement primarily because it offered a greater degree of religious tolerance than many other regions in Europe, attracting refugees and allowing the movement to flourish.

Explanation: The Hutterites, an Anabaptist group with origins in South Tyrol and Moravia, eventually migrated to North America, beginning in 1874.

Explanation: As of 2022, the largest global concentrations of baptized Anabaptists were found in Africa, North America, and the Asia/Pacific region, indicating a significant shift from their European origins.

Explanation: The 'Ordnung,' a set of unwritten rules in traditional Anabaptist communities, governs various aspects of daily life, including dress, technology adoption, and social conduct, reflecting their commitment to nonconformity.

Explanation: The major branches of contemporary Anabaptist Christianity, as indicated by the source, include the Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, Mennonites, Apostolic Christian Church, and Bruderhof Communities.

Explanation: Neo-Anabaptism is a contemporary theological movement that embraces counter-cultural values, pacifism, and social justice, drawing inspiration from historical Anabaptist thought but operating outside the established traditional Anabaptist denominations.

Explanation: Anabaptists are considered part of the Radical Reformation and distinguish themselves from Magisterial Protestantism (like Lutheranism or Calvinism) due to fundamental differences in theology and practice.

Explanation: In modern German, the term 'Täufer' (meaning 'Baptizers') is preferred over 'Wiedertäufer' ('Re-baptizers') to avoid the negative connotations associated with the term originally applied by persecutors.

Explanation: Anabaptists were early advocates for a free church independent from state control, a concept considered radical and even anarchic by contemporary leaders, not conventional.

Explanation: Early Baptist churches, such as John Smyth's Separatist congregation, likely drew upon Anabaptist ideas, sharing similarities in believer's baptism and advocacy for religious freedom.

Explanation: Traditional Anabaptists often require practices such as headcovering and plain dress as expressions of nonconformity, distinctions that most Baptists do not mandate.

Explanation: Anabaptists' advocacy for religious liberty and separation of church and state is considered by some historians to have influenced the development of anarchist thought, not monarchical absolutism.

Explanation: Anabaptist contributions include the promotion of voluntary church membership and freedom of religion, not state churches or mandatory religious education.

Explanation: Anabaptists' advocacy for religious freedom and separation of church and state is considered by some historians to have influenced the development of anarchist thought.

Explanation: In 1624, the relationship between some Baptist churches and Anabaptists was strained by a condemnation issued by five London Baptist churches against the Anabaptists.

Explanation: A key practical distinction between traditional Anabaptists and most Baptists lies in the Anabaptist adherence to refraining from oaths and practicing nonresistance, principles often not mandated by Baptist traditions.

Explanation: Anabaptist contributions to modern Christianity and society include the promotion of voluntary church membership, freedom of religion, and liberty of conscience, influencing broader concepts of religious liberty.