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André-Hercule de Fleury was born in Fréjus, the city where he later served as bishop.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury was born in Lodève, although he did serve as the Bishop of Fréjus for seventeen years.
André-Hercule de Fleury died at a relatively young age, around 50 years old.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury died in 1743 at the age of 89, not a young age.
Cardinal Fleury was educated at the Sorbonne, focusing primarily on political science.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury was educated by the Jesuits, studying philosophy and the Classics, not at the Sorbonne, and his focus was not primarily political science during his education.
In which French city was André-Hercule de Fleury born?
Answer: Lodève
Explanation: André-Hercule de Fleury was born in Lodève, France.
What was Cardinal Fleury's familial background?
Answer: He hailed from a noble family and was the son of a tax farmer.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury originated from a noble family, with his father serving as a tax farmer.
Which institution provided Cardinal Fleury's education in philosophy and the Classics?
Answer: The Jesuits
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury received his education from the Jesuits in Paris, where he studied philosophy and the Classics.
André-Hercule de Fleury's primary renown stemmed from his contributions as a military strategist during the reign of Louis XV.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Fleury managed state affairs, his primary roles were as a French Catholic prelate and chief minister to Louis XV, not as a military strategist.
Cardinal Fleury formally held the title of First Minister throughout his entire tenure as chief minister.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury consistently declined the formal title of First Minister, preferring to exercise his authority through his position as cardinal and chief minister.
Cardinal Fleury was created a cardinal by Pope Clement XI.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury was created a cardinal in 1726 by Pope Benedict XIII, not Pope Clement XI.
Cardinal Fleury served as an almoner to Louis XIV before becoming Bishop of Fréjus.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury served as an almoner to Louis XIV after his service to Maria Theresa, and subsequently became Bishop of Fréjus.
Cardinal Fleury cultivated a strong influence over Louis XV primarily through military appointments.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury cultivated influence over Louis XV primarily through his role as tutor and the king's affection and trust, not through military appointments.
Cardinal Fleury's long tenure as chief minister provided stability during the early part of Louis XV's personal rule.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury's extended period as chief minister offered significant stability and guidance during the formative years of Louis XV's personal rule.
The image caption 'The duc d'Orléans' Council with Cardinal Fleury' suggests Fleury was involved in government during the regency period preceding Louis XV's personal rule.
Answer: True
Explanation: The caption indicates Fleury's involvement in councils during the regency of the duc d'Orléans, which occurred before Louis XV assumed personal rule.
Who was André-Hercule de Fleury?
Answer: A French Catholic prelate who served as chief minister to King Louis XV.
Explanation: André-Hercule de Fleury was a significant French Catholic prelate who served as chief minister to King Louis XV.
What was Cardinal Fleury's role concerning Louis XV during the king's youth?
Answer: His tutor
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury served as the tutor to the young Louis XV, fostering a significant influence over the king.
When did Cardinal Fleury officially become chief minister to Louis XV?
Answer: 1726
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury officially assumed the role of chief minister to Louis XV in 1726.
What distinction did Cardinal Fleury receive in 1726 that confirmed his authority?
Answer: Elevation to Cardinal
Explanation: In 1726, Cardinal Fleury was elevated to the rank of Cardinal, which solidified his authority and precedence in governmental affairs.
What does the image caption 'The duc d'Orléans' Council with Cardinal Fleury' imply about Cardinal Fleury's early career?
Answer: He was involved in significant government discussions prior to becoming chief minister.
Explanation: The caption suggests Cardinal Fleury participated in important government discussions during the regency period, prior to his formal appointment as chief minister.
Which of the following was NOT a reason for Cardinal Fleury's appointment as chief minister?
Answer: His family's military achievements.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's appointment as chief minister was due to his role as tutor, his influence over Louis XV, and his perceived administrative competence, not his family's military achievements.
What was the primary reason Cardinal Fleury sought a position at the royal court after serving as Bishop of Fréjus?
Answer: To gain greater influence and engage in national affairs.
Explanation: After serving as Bishop of Fréjus, Cardinal Fleury sought a position at the royal court to gain greater influence and engage in national affairs.
Fleury's administration successfully improved France's road network by utilizing forced labor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The administration improved France's road network through the corvée system, which involved forced labor from peasants, though this measure was unpopular.
Fleury's ministry coincided with a period of economic decline and national hardship for France.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's ministry coincided with a period of recuperation and increased national prosperity, recovering from previous strains.
Fleury was known for his lenient approach towards religious dissenters like the Jansenists.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury implemented severe measures against the Jansenists, including imprisonment and exile for those who resisted papal bulls.
Cardinal Fleury actively encouraged the prohibition of Freemasonry among Roman Catholics.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury was opposed to Freemasonry and encouraged Pope Clement XII to issue a bull in 1738 prohibiting Catholics from joining, under penalty of excommunication.
Cardinal Fleury's prudent financial policies led to a budget deficit by 1738/39.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's prudent financial policies resulted in a budget surplus by 1738/39, not a deficit.
The use of the corvée for road construction under Fleury generated widespread public approval.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the corvée improved infrastructure, it generated significant public discontent among the peasantry.
Cardinal Fleury's ministry marked a period of French decline and instability following previous wars.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's ministry was characterized by recovery and stability, marking a period of recuperation rather than decline.
Cardinal Fleury exiled members of the clergy who supported the Jansenist movement.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury exiled clergy who resisted papal bulls, which included many Jansenists, demonstrating his strict enforcement of religious conformity.
Cardinal Fleury's fiscal policies worsened France's creditworthiness due to inconsistent debt payments.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's fiscal policies, characterized by regular interest payments and currency stabilization, significantly improved France's creditworthiness.
Cardinal Fleury exiled members of the Parlement of Paris who supported his religious policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury exiled members of the Parlement of Paris who resisted or opposed his religious policies, not those who supported them.
The public reaction to Cardinal Fleury's use of the corvée for road improvements was overwhelmingly positive.
Answer: False
Explanation: The use of the corvée for road construction generated significant discontent among the peasantry, despite improving infrastructure.
John Law's financial innovations during the Regency were successful and stabilized French finances.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Law's financial innovations during the Regency led to a market crash and destabilized French finances, discrediting the policies.
Cardinal Fleury's actions against the Jansenists contributed to social harmony within France.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's stringent measures against the Jansenists significantly disrupted social harmony within France.
Cardinal Fleury's cost-saving measures improved France's military readiness for subsequent conflicts.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's economizing measures in the army and navy resulted in France being inadequately prepared for the War of the Polish Succession.
Cardinal Fleury's administration was characterized by order and prudence, aiding France's recovery.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury's governance was marked by order and prudence, which facilitated France's recovery and increased national prosperity.
Which of the following was a key financial policy implemented by Cardinal Fleury?
Answer: Fixing the currency's standard
Explanation: A key financial policy of Cardinal Fleury was fixing the currency's standard, which contributed to economic stability.
What system did Cardinal Fleury's government use to improve France's road network?
Answer: Forced labor from peasants (corvée)
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's government improved the road network by employing the corvée system, which utilized forced labor from peasants.
What was the economic condition of France during Cardinal Fleury's seventeen-year administration?
Answer: Recuperation and increased national prosperity
Explanation: During Cardinal Fleury's administration, France experienced a period of recuperation and increased national prosperity.
How did Cardinal Fleury deal with the Jansenists?
Answer: He took severe measures against them, including imprisonment.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury implemented severe measures against the Jansenists, including imprisonment for those who resisted papal bulls.
What action did Cardinal Fleury encourage Pope Clement XII to take in 1738?
Answer: To condemn Freemasonry
Explanation: In 1738, Cardinal Fleury encouraged Pope Clement XII to issue a papal bull condemning Freemasonry.
What was the consequence of Cardinal Fleury's policy of economizing on the army and navy?
Answer: France was inadequately prepared for the War of the Polish Succession.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's economizing measures on the army and navy resulted in France being inadequately prepared for the War of the Polish Succession.
What was the public reaction to the use of the 'corvée' under Cardinal Fleury's administration?
Answer: Significant discontent among the peasantry.
Explanation: The public reaction to the use of the corvée for road improvements under Cardinal Fleury was one of significant discontent among the peasantry.
What financial measures were introduced during the Regency that preceded Cardinal Fleury's ministry?
Answer: Introduction of a national bank and paper money by John Law
Explanation: During the Regency, John Law introduced a national bank and paper money, financial measures that preceded Cardinal Fleury's ministry.
What was the social consequence of Cardinal Fleury's stringent measures against the Jansenists?
Answer: Significant disruption of social harmony
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's stringent measures against the Jansenists led to a significant disruption of social harmony within France.
What was the impact of Cardinal Fleury's prudent financial management on France's credit?
Answer: It significantly improved France's creditworthiness.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's prudent financial management, including stabilizing the currency and ensuring debt payments, significantly improved France's creditworthiness.
Cardinal Fleury's opposition to Freemasonry led him to encourage a papal bull that threatened what penalty for violators?
Answer: Excommunication
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury encouraged a papal bull that threatened excommunication for Roman Catholics who joined Freemasonry.
Fleury's foreign policy prioritized maintaining peace and avoiding conflict, particularly with Great Britain.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key objective of Fleury's foreign policy was the maintenance of peace, notably avoiding war with Great Britain throughout his ministry.
Fleury supported Spain's efforts to secure territories for Don Carlos in Italy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury's administration supported Queen Elizabeth Farnese of Spain in securing territories for Don Carlos, specifically the duchies of Parma and Tuscany.
Fleury's administration was unprepared for the War of the Polish Succession due to significant military spending.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's policy of economizing on the army and navy meant France was not well-prepared for the War of the Polish Succession when it began in 1733.
Cardinal Fleury's government initially guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession under the Pragmatic Sanction but later repudiated this commitment.
Answer: True
Explanation: Initially, Fleury's government guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession, but this commitment was later repudiated during the War of the Austrian Succession.
Cardinal Fleury's foreign policy aimed to actively engage France in continental wars to counter Austrian influence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's foreign policy prioritized peace and avoiding conflict, contrasting with a strategy of active engagement in continental wars.
Cardinal Fleury secretly worked against Corsican revolutionaries, supporting Genoa's control over the island.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury secretly supplied arms to Corsican revolutionaries while assuring Genoa of French neutrality, a complex policy that initiated France's eventual acquisition of Corsica.
France was militarily prepared for the War of the Polish Succession due to Cardinal Fleury's investment in the navy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's economizing policies on the army and navy meant France was inadequately prepared for the War of the Polish Succession.
Cardinal Fleury's government maintained its guarantee of Maria Theresa's succession throughout the War of the Austrian Succession.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's government repudiated its guarantee of Maria Theresa's succession when the War of the Austrian Succession began.
Cardinal Fleury's foreign policy was characterized by interventionism and a desire to expand French influence through alliances.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's foreign policy prioritized peace and stability, contrasting with interventionist or expansionist aims.
France emerged from the War of the Polish Succession with unfavorable terms due to Cardinal Fleury's unpreparedness.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite initial unpreparedness, France achieved favorable terms in the Treaty of Vienna (1735-1738) concluding the War of the Polish Succession.
Cardinal Fleury's diplomatic strategy regarding the Pragmatic Sanction involved consistently upholding the agreement.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury initially guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction but later found a pretext to repudiate the commitment during the War of the Austrian Succession.
Cardinal Fleury's peace-oriented foreign policy ultimately prevented France from engaging in major conflicts.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Fleury prioritized peace, his policies could not prevent France's eventual involvement in major conflicts following his death.
Cardinal Fleury maintained a close diplomatic relationship with Sir Robert Walpole, focused on mutual peace.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury and Sir Robert Walpole shared a mutual interest in maintaining peace between France and Britain, successfully avoiding war during Fleury's tenure.
Cardinal Fleury's policy towards Corsican revolutionaries involved openly supporting their independence movement.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury secretly supplied arms to Corsican revolutionaries while assuring Genoa of French neutrality, rather than openly supporting their independence.
Cardinal Fleury's diplomatic approach to the War of the Austrian Succession involved consistently supporting Maria Theresa.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fleury's government initially guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession but later repudiated this commitment during the War of the Austrian Succession.
What was Cardinal Fleury's primary foreign policy goal?
Answer: Maintaining peace and avoiding war
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's primary foreign policy objective was to maintain peace and avoid engaging in war.
Cardinal Fleury's administration supported Spain's efforts to secure territories for which Spanish royal?
Answer: Don Carlos
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's administration supported Spain's efforts to secure territories for Don Carlos in Italy.
What was the state of France's military preparedness at the start of the War of the Polish Succession (1733)?
Answer: Not well-prepared due to Cardinal Fleury's economizing policies.
Explanation: Due to Cardinal Fleury's economizing policies on the army and navy, France was not well-prepared at the outset of the War of the Polish Succession.
Which treaty concluded the War of the Polish Succession, resulting in favorable terms for France?
Answer: Treaty of Vienna (1735-1738)
Explanation: The War of the Polish Succession concluded with the Treaty of Vienna (1735-1738), which secured favorable terms for France.
How did Cardinal Fleury's government initially approach the Pragmatic Sanction concerning Maria Theresa?
Answer: They guaranteed her succession.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's government initially provided a guarantee for Maria Theresa's succession under the Pragmatic Sanction.
What diplomatic pretext did Cardinal Fleury use to repudiate the Pragmatic Sanction commitment?
Answer: The outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession
Explanation: The outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession provided Cardinal Fleury with a diplomatic pretext to withdraw France's guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction.
How did Cardinal Fleury's foreign policy compare to that of Louis XIV?
Answer: It prioritized peace, contrasting with Louis XIV's more interventionist approach.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's foreign policy prioritized peace, which contrasted with the more interventionist and expansionist approach of Louis XIV.
What was the nature of Cardinal Fleury's covert involvement with Corsican revolutionaries?
Answer: He secretly supplied arms while assuring Genoa of French neutrality.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury secretly supplied arms to Corsican revolutionaries while assuring Genoa of French neutrality, a complex diplomatic strategy.
What was the relationship between Cardinal Fleury and Sir Robert Walpole?
Answer: They shared a mutual interest in maintaining peace between France and Britain.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury and Sir Robert Walpole maintained a relationship based on a shared interest in preserving peace between France and Britain.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Cardinal Fleury's role in the War of the Polish Succession?
Answer: He supported Stanislaus Leszczynski and achieved favorable treaty terms.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury supported Stanislaus Leszczynski in the War of the Polish Succession, ultimately securing favorable treaty terms for France.
What was the ultimate fate of Cardinal Fleury's peace-oriented foreign policy?
Answer: It could not prevent France's eventual involvement in major conflicts after his death.
Explanation: Despite prioritizing peace, Cardinal Fleury's foreign policy could not prevent France's involvement in major conflicts following his death.
Cardinal Fleury contributed to the royal library by donating numerous valuable oriental manuscripts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury enriched the royal library by acquiring and donating numerous valuable oriental manuscripts.
Cardinal Fleury was a member of the Académie Française starting in 1717.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury was elected to the Académie Française in 1717, among other academic societies.
Cardinal Fleury's personal characteristics included an imperturbable demeanor and frugality.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fleury's governance was marked by his imperturbable demeanor and frugality, qualities that contributed to state stability.
What cultural contribution is attributed to Cardinal Fleury regarding the royal library?
Answer: Acquiring and donating numerous valuable oriental manuscripts.
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury enriched the royal library by acquiring and donating a significant number of valuable oriental manuscripts.
Cardinal Fleury's governance is described as being marked by which personal qualities?
Answer: Prudence and imperturbability
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's governance was characterized by personal qualities of prudence and an imperturbable demeanor.
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Cardinal Fleury's governance?
Answer: Aggressive military campaigns
Explanation: Cardinal Fleury's governance was characterized by prudence, frugality, and an imperturbable demeanor, not aggressive military campaigns.
The official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury was painted by Jean-Honoré Fragonard.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury was painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud, not Jean-Honoré Fragonard.
Cardinal Fleury's official portrait is housed at the Louvre Museum in Paris.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury is housed at the Château de Versailles, not the Louvre Museum.
The infobox caption about Cardinal de Fleury's portrait indicates it was painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud.
Answer: True
Explanation: The infobox caption confirms that the official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury was created by Hyacinthe Rigaud.
Which renowned artist painted the official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury?
Answer: Hyacinthe Rigaud
Explanation: The official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury was painted by the distinguished artist Hyacinthe Rigaud.
Where is the official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury located?
Answer: The Château de Versailles
Explanation: The official portrait of Cardinal de Fleury, painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud, is housed at the Château de Versailles.