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Anorectic substances are primarily defined as agents that increase a person's appetite.
Answer: False
Explanation: Anorectic substances are pharmacologically defined as agents that reduce appetite, leading to decreased food consumption and potential weight loss. The term 'orexigenic' describes substances that stimulate appetite.
Ghrelin and leptin are hormones mentioned in the source as being involved in appetite control relevant to anorexiants.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material identifies ghrelin and leptin as hormones integral to the body's complex system for regulating appetite and satiety, which is relevant to the study of anorexiant effects.
Serotonin and dopamine play a minor role in regulating food intake and are not typically targeted by anorectic drugs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Serotonin and dopamine are significant neurotransmitters involved in regulating food intake and are often targeted or modulated by anorectic drugs to achieve their appetite-suppressing effects.
The term 'orexigenic' describes substances that reduce appetite, similar to anorectics.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'orexigenic' denotes substances that stimulate appetite, which is the opposite effect of anorectics, agents designed to reduce appetite.
The word 'anorectic' originates from the Greek words 'an-' (meaning 'without') and 'orexis' (meaning 'appetite').
Answer: True
Explanation: Etymologically, the term 'anorectic' is derived from the Ancient Greek words 'an-' (meaning 'without') and 'orexis' (meaning 'appetite'), thus signifying 'without appetite'.
According to the source, what is the primary function of an anorectic?
Answer: To reduce a person's appetite and promote weight loss.
Explanation: The source material consistently defines anorectic agents by their primary function: to reduce appetite, thereby facilitating decreased food consumption and promoting weight loss.
Which of the following hormones is mentioned in the source as playing a role in appetite control relevant to anorexiants?
Answer: Ghrelin
Explanation: Ghrelin, along with leptin, is identified in the source material as a hormone involved in the complex regulation of appetite, making it relevant to the study of anorexiant mechanisms.
What is the etymological origin of the term 'anorectic'?
Answer: Ancient Greek, meaning 'without appetite'.
Explanation: The term 'anorectic' originates from Ancient Greek, derived from 'an-' (without) and 'orexis' (appetite), signifying 'without appetite'.
Anorectic substances primarily function by influencing the peripheral nervous system to reduce appetite.
Answer: False
Explanation: Anorectic substances primarily function by influencing the central nervous system or specific neurotransmitters to reduce appetite, rather than the peripheral nervous system.
Anorectics have historically been used clinically for the long-term management of chronic obesity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historically, anorectics have been employed clinically primarily for the short-term management of obesity, not typically for long-term treatment due to potential risks and side effects.
Many appetite suppressants are chemically unrelated to amphetamines, belonging to different molecular families.
Answer: False
Explanation: A significant number of appetite suppressants are chemically related to amphetamines, belonging to the phenethylamine family, which shares structural similarities.
During World War II, amphetamines were used by the German military to help soldiers combat fatigue.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts indicate that amphetamines were utilized by military forces, including the German military during World War II, to mitigate fatigue and maintain operational readiness.
After World War II, amphetamine surpluses were primarily destroyed due to safety concerns.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following World War II, significant amphetamine surpluses were not primarily destroyed but were instead redirected for use in both the black market and the civilian pharmaceutical sector.
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is used for ADHD and is known to suppress appetite.
Answer: True
Explanation: Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine, a stimulant commonly prescribed for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is also recognized for its appetite-suppressing properties.
Cocaine is listed as a substance with appetite suppressant activity, alongside its stimulant properties.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cocaine, a potent central nervous system stimulant, is also documented in the source material as possessing appetite suppressant activity.
Opiates and opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are known to stimulate appetite.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to stimulating appetite, opiates and opioids, including morphine and fentanyl, are listed as substances with appetite suppressant activity.
How do anorectic substances primarily achieve their effect, based on the provided text?
Answer: By influencing the central nervous system or specific neurotransmitters.
Explanation: Based on the provided text, anorectic substances primarily achieve their appetite-reducing effects by influencing the central nervous system or modulating specific neurotransmitters involved in appetite regulation.
For which primary medical condition have anorectics been used clinically on a short-term basis?
Answer: Short-term obesity treatment
Explanation: Clinically, anorectics have primarily been utilized for the short-term management of obesity, aiming to reduce food intake and facilitate initial weight loss.
Chemically, many appetite suppressants belong to which family of compounds, making them related to amphetamines?
Answer: Phenethylamines
Explanation: Many appetite suppressants are chemically classified within the phenethylamine family, establishing a structural relationship with amphetamines.
How were amphetamines utilized by the German military during World War II, as mentioned in the source?
Answer: To combat fatigue and maintain operational readiness.
Explanation: During World War II, amphetamines were employed by the German military, among others, to combat fatigue and sustain soldiers' operational readiness.
What happened to significant amphetamine surpluses after World War II?
Answer: They were redirected to the black market and civilian pharmaceutical markets.
Explanation: Following World War II, substantial amphetamine surpluses were redirected for use in both illicit markets and the legitimate civilian pharmaceutical sector, rather than being destroyed.
Which common stimulant, used for ADHD, is also known to hamper appetite according to the source?
Answer: Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine
Explanation: Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine, a stimulant commonly prescribed for ADHD, is also noted in the source for its appetite-suppressing effects.
Which of the following is listed as a compound with appetite suppressant activity, alongside its well-known stimulant properties?
Answer: Cocaine
Explanation: Cocaine is identified in the source as a compound possessing appetite suppressant activity, in addition to its prominent stimulant properties.
What is Amphetamine sulfate approved for by the US FDA, and under what brand name?
Answer: Exogenous obesity treatment, brand name Evekeo
Explanation: Amphetamine sulfate is approved by the US FDA for the treatment of exogenous obesity and is marketed under the brand name Evekeo for this indication.
Amphetamines were outlawed in the late 1950s mainly due to their effectiveness in treating schizophrenia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Amphetamines were outlawed in many regions in the late 1950s primarily due to safety concerns, including addiction potential and adverse cardiovascular effects like tachycardia and hypertension, not for their efficacy in treating schizophrenia.
Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage have been linked to pharmaceutical anorectic agents.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pharmaceutical anorectic agents have been associated with severe public health issues, including epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and damage to heart valves, leading to market withdrawals.
Phenylpropanolamine was requested for withdrawal by the FDA due to its association with hemorrhagic stroke.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2000, the FDA requested the withdrawal of phenylpropanolamine from the market due to its documented association with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
Lorcaserin was withdrawn from the US market because it was found to be ineffective for weight loss.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lorcaserin was withdrawn from the US market by the FDA not due to ineffectiveness, but because of an identified increased risk of cancer associated with its use.
Fenfluramine was withdrawn due to risks of addiction and hypertension.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fenfluramine was withdrawn primarily due to its association with serious cardiovascular risks, specifically valvulopathies (heart valve disease) and pulmonary hypertension, not primarily addiction and hypertension.
Why were amphetamines eventually outlawed for appetite suppression in many parts of the world?
Answer: Due to safety concerns including addiction, tachycardia, and hypertension.
Explanation: Amphetamines were outlawed for appetite suppression in many regions due to significant safety concerns, including the potential for addiction and adverse effects such as rapid heart rate (tachycardia) and high blood pressure (hypertension).
Which serious public health issues have been linked to pharmaceutical anorectic agents?
Answer: Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage.
Explanation: Pharmaceutical anorectic agents have been demonstrably linked to severe public health crises, notably epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and significant damage to heart valves.
Which anorectic drug was withdrawn in the 1990s due to risks of pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage?
Answer: Fenfluramine
Explanation: Fenfluramine, a component of the widely used Fen-phen combination, was withdrawn in the 1990s due to its association with pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage.
What was the primary reason cited by the FDA for requesting the withdrawal of phenylpropanolamine in 2000?
Answer: Association with hemorrhagic stroke
Explanation: The FDA requested the withdrawal of phenylpropanolamine in 2000 primarily due to its association with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke, a serious cerebrovascular event.
Lorcaserin was withdrawn from the US market by the FDA due to what specific concern?
Answer: An increased risk of cancer
Explanation: Lorcaserin was withdrawn from the US market by the FDA due to concerns regarding an increased risk of cancer associated with its long-term use.
What was the stated rationale behind the FDA's 2004 ban on ephedrine in dietary supplements?
Answer: General health concerns, although its use in methamphetamine production is debated as an influence.
Explanation: The FDA's 2004 ban on ephedrine in dietary supplements was based on general health concerns. While its use as a precursor in illicit methamphetamine production is a related issue, the primary stated rationale focused on health risks.
Benfluorex was removed from the market by the EMA due to an increased risk of what condition?
Answer: Heart disease
Explanation: Benfluorex was withdrawn from the market by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) due to an identified increased risk of heart disease.
Natural appetite suppressants commonly contain ingredients like green tea and fucoxanthin derived from seaweed.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that natural appetite suppressants frequently incorporate ingredients such as green tea and fucoxanthin, the latter being derived from seaweed.
Drinking water before meals has been researched as a non-pharmacological method for appetite suppression.
Answer: True
Explanation: Research has explored the consumption of water prior to meals as a non-pharmacological strategy for appetite suppression and potential weight management.
Consuming 500 mL of water 30 minutes before meals is correlated with significant weight loss of over 5 kg in obese individuals.
Answer: False
Explanation: While consuming 500 mL of water 30 minutes before meals is correlated with weight loss in obese individuals, the reported weight loss is modest (1-2 kg over 8-12 weeks), not significant weight loss exceeding 5 kg.
Liraglutide, marketed as Saxenda, is a GLP-1 agonist used for appetite suppression.
Answer: True
Explanation: Liraglutide, marketed under the brand name Saxenda, is indeed a GLP-1 receptor agonist utilized for its efficacy in appetite suppression and weight management.
What natural ingredients are often found in appetite suppressants based on natural components, according to the text?
Answer: Green tea and fucoxanthin
Explanation: According to the text, appetite suppressants formulated from natural components frequently include green tea and fucoxanthin, which is derived from seaweed.
Which non-pharmacological approach has been researched for appetite suppression, involving the consumption of a common liquid?
Answer: Drinking water before meals
Explanation: Drinking water before meals has been investigated as a non-pharmacological method for appetite suppression, with studies suggesting it can aid in reducing food intake.
What specific finding is mentioned regarding the consumption of water before meals for weight loss in obese individuals?
Answer: It is correlated with modest weight loss (1-2 kg) over 8-12 weeks.
Explanation: Research indicates that consuming water before meals is correlated with modest weight loss, typically ranging from 1-2 kg over an 8 to 12-week period in obese individuals, rather than significant weight loss exceeding 5 kg.
What is Glucomannan, and how does it function regarding appetite?
Answer: A dietary fiber from the konjac plant that promotes fullness.
Explanation: Glucomannan is identified as a dietary fiber derived from the konjac plant, functioning regarding appetite by absorbing water and promoting a feeling of fullness.
Liraglutide and Semaglutide are examples of which class of drugs used for appetite suppression and weight management?
Answer: GLP-1 receptor agonists
Explanation: Liraglutide and Semaglutide are examples of GLP-1 receptor agonists, a class of drugs utilized for appetite suppression and weight management.
Tirzepatide, marketed as Mounjaro and Zepbound, is recognized for its effects on weight management. What is its mechanism of action described as?
Answer: A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist.
Explanation: Tirzepatide, marketed as Mounjaro and Zepbound, functions as a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, contributing to its effects on weight management.
Refeeding syndrome (RFS) occurs when nutrition is rapidly reintroduced to individuals who have been starved or are malnourished.
Answer: True
Explanation: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is characterized by a potentially dangerous metabolic disturbance that arises when nutritional support is rapidly reintroduced to individuals suffering from starvation or severe malnutrition.
Refeeding syndrome is caused by the slow and gradual reintroduction of nutrients after a period of starvation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Refeeding syndrome is precipitated by the rapid, rather than slow and gradual, reintroduction of nutrients, particularly carbohydrates, following a period of starvation or malnutrition.
During refeeding syndrome, key electrolytes like sodium and chloride become depleted.
Answer: False
Explanation: During refeeding syndrome, the primary electrolyte depletions involve potassium, magnesium, and phosphate, not sodium and chloride.
Individuals with substance abuse issues are not considered at increased risk for refeeding syndrome.
Answer: False
Explanation: Individuals experiencing substance abuse issues who are reintroducing normal eating patterns are considered to be at an increased risk for developing refeeding syndrome due to their potentially precarious nutritional status.
What is Refeeding Syndrome (RFS)?
Answer: A metabolic disturbance occurring when nutrition is reintroduced after starvation or malnutrition.
Explanation: Refeeding Syndrome (RFS) is defined as a metabolic disturbance that occurs when nutritional support is rapidly reintroduced to individuals who have experienced starvation or severe malnutrition.
What causes Refeeding Syndrome?
Answer: The rapid reinstitution of nutrition, particularly carbohydrates.
Explanation: Refeeding syndrome is primarily caused by the rapid reinstitution of nutrition, especially carbohydrates, following a period of starvation or malnutrition, leading to significant metabolic shifts.
Which electrolytes are specifically mentioned as becoming depleted during Refeeding Syndrome?
Answer: Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
Explanation: During refeeding syndrome, key electrolytes that become depleted include potassium, magnesium, and phosphate, leading to critical physiological imbalances.
Which group of individuals is mentioned as being at increased risk for Refeeding Syndrome?
Answer: Individuals with substance abuse issues reintroducing normal eating.
Explanation: Individuals with substance abuse issues who are reintroducing normal eating patterns are identified as being at an increased risk for developing refeeding syndrome.
The ATC classification code for centrally-acting antiobesity preparations, including many anorectics, is A08AA.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system designates centrally-acting antiobesity preparations, which encompass many anorectic drugs, under the code A08AA.
The dagger symbol (†) next to a drug name in the source indicates it is approved for long-term use.
Answer: False
Explanation: The dagger symbol (†) in the provided source material signifies that the drug has been withdrawn from the market, not that it is approved for long-term use.
The Navbox 'Antiobesity agents/Anorectics (A08)' categorizes antiobesity agents into broad groups like Stimulants and GLP-1 agonists.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Navbox titled 'Antiobesity agents/Anorectics (A08)' indeed categorizes antiobesity agents into various groups, including Stimulants and GLP-1 agonists, among others.
The symbol § in the Navbox list signifies drugs that have completed Phase III clinical trials and are widely approved.
Answer: False
Explanation: The symbol § in the Navbox list indicates drugs that have either not progressed to Phase III clinical trials or were discontinued before that stage, suggesting potential issues with efficacy or safety.
What does the dagger symbol (†) next to certain drug names (like Dexfenfluramine, Fenfluramine, Sibutramine) indicate in the context of the provided source?
Answer: The drug has been withdrawn from the market.
Explanation: The dagger symbol (†) adjacent to specific drug names in the source indicates that these medications have been withdrawn from the market, signifying regulatory action due to safety or efficacy concerns.