The monoamine hypothesis suggests depression is caused by an excess of serotonin and norepinephrine.

A 2022 umbrella review supported the serotonin theory of depression.

Alternative hypotheses for antidepressant action focus solely on glutamate.

The monoamine hypothesis of depression originated in the late 19th century.

According to the source, what is the primary condition treated by antidepressants?

The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that depression is caused by:

What did a 2022 umbrella review conclude about the serotonin theory of depression?

What is a limitation of the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

What alternative hypotheses have been proposed for antidepressant action?

Antidepressants are primarily prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain conditions.

Research suggests that the benefits of antidepressants over placebos for adult depression are substantial and undisputed.

Critics of antidepressant efficacy studies cite industry funding and selective publication of positive results as potential biases.

Escitalopram and mirtazapine are considered among the least effective antidepressants for adults.

Fluoxetine and sertraline are considered effective treatments for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

The placebo-subtracted effect size for antidepressants in treating anxiety disorders is significantly larger than for depression.

Paroxetine was the first antidepressant approved by the FDA specifically for social anxiety disorder.

SSRIs are recommended as a first-line treatment for all levels of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults.

When starting SSRIs or SNRIs for panic disorder, the initial dose should be higher than that used for major depressive disorder.

SSRIs, particularly fluoxetine, are the preferred choice for treating bulimia nervosa due to their effectiveness.

Clinical trials have shown SSRIs to be highly effective in treating anorexia nervosa.

A 2012 meta-analysis found tricyclic antidepressants to be the most effective class for pain and sleep issues in fibromyalgia syndrome.

Duloxetine has shown effectiveness in treating pain associated with diabetic neuropathy.

Approximately 70-90% of individuals treated with a specific antidepressant show a significant response.

Switching to a different medication is a strategy used to overcome limitations in antidepressant efficacy.

Publication bias refers to the practice of pharmaceutical companies paying researchers to write studies.

Adjunct medications are used when initial antidepressant treatments have been completely successful.

Combining two antidepressants from the same class is a common adjunct technique.

Ghostwriting involves researchers publishing studies with favorable results more readily.

Antidepressants are generally considered ineffective for treating panic disorder.

Vortioxetine is mentioned as potentially beneficial for social anxiety disorder.

Amitriptyline is noted for its strong evidence base from randomized clinical trials for neuropathic pain.

Antidepressants are generally not recommended for treating anorexia nervosa.

What criticism is leveled against studies examining the effectiveness of antidepressants in adults?

Which of the following is cited as a potential bias in antidepressant efficacy studies?

Which antidepressant is mentioned as being among the most effective and well-tolerated for adults?

For anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, which SSRIs are considered effective?

What is the approximate placebo-subtracted effect size for antidepressants in treating anxiety disorders?

Which antidepressant was the first approved by the FDA for social anxiety disorder?

For adults with moderate or severe OCD, SSRIs are recommended as:

What caution is advised when initiating SSRIs or SNRIs for panic disorder?

Why are SSRIs, particularly fluoxetine, preferred for bulimia nervosa?

What have clinical trials generally shown regarding the use of SSRIs for anorexia nervosa?

Which class of antidepressants was found most effective for pain and sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome according to a 2012 meta-analysis?

What did a 2014 meta-analysis find regarding duloxetine for neuropathic pain?

Which of the following is a strategy to overcome limitations in antidepressant efficacy?

What does publication bias entail in the context of antidepressant research?

Adjunct medications are typically considered when:

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential bias in antidepressant studies?

Emotional blunting and sexual dysfunction are potential side effects of antidepressant use.

The risk of suicidal thinking and behavior associated with antidepressants is primarily observed after several months of continuous treatment.

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome can manifest with symptoms similar to flu-like illnesses.

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome symptoms are typically mild and resolve quickly.

Which of the following is listed as a common side effect of antidepressants?

What specific risk is associated with antidepressants in children, adolescents, and young adults, particularly early in treatment?

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome is characterized by symptoms such as:

SSRIs increase extracellular serotonin levels by preventing its reabsorption into the presynaptic cell.

SNRIs affect only serotonin reuptake, similar to SSRIs.

TCAs have been largely replaced due to significantly fewer adverse effects compared to SSRIs.

MAOIs are effective for atypical depression and are also used for Parkinson's disease.

Ketamine and esketamine work by blocking dopamine receptors to achieve antidepressant effects.

Fluoxetine, approved in 1988, was the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) primarily work?

What neurotransmitters do Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) affect?

Why were TCAs largely replaced by newer antidepressants?

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) prevent the breakdown of which type of substances?

What is the mechanism of action for ketamine and esketamine as antidepressants?

Which drug was the first blockbuster SSRI, and when was it approved?

The UK's NICE guidelines recommend routine use of antidepressants for initial treatment of mild depression.

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recommends antidepressants as the sole initial treatment option for all forms of major depression.

NICE recommends antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) only after extensive psychotherapy has failed.

Opioids and amphetamines were common antidepressants before the 1950s but were restricted due to minimal side effects.

Iproniazid, initially an anti-tuberculosis drug, was recognized for its psychostimulant effects.

Psilocybin-assisted therapy has received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for treatment-resistant depression.

Antidepressant prescriptions in the UK increased significantly between 1998 and 2012, particularly after the economic recession.

Between 2005 and 2017, antidepressant prescriptions doubled for children aged 5-11 in England.

Globally, a majority of people adhere strictly to their practitioner's instructions for taking antidepressants.

In India, antidepressants are sometimes viewed as tools for social reintegration, unlike in Western cultures.

Fluoxetine and sertraline have been detected in fish, raising environmental concerns.

The APA recommends tailoring initial depression treatment based on symptom severity and patient preference.

Which guideline organization advises against the routine initial use of antidepressants for mild depression in the UK?

For severe major depression, what does the APA recommend as an initial treatment choice?

According to NICE, when should antidepressants be considered for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

What trend was observed in antidepressant prescriptions for adolescents (12-17 years) in England between 2005 and 2017?

What percentage of people worldwide were estimated to not adhere to their antidepressant instructions as of 2003?

Which specific antidepressants have been detected in fish in effluent-dominated streams?