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Antoninus Pius's full birth name was Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus, and he was born in the early 2nd century AD.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was born on 19 September 86 AD, which is in the late 1st century AD, not the early 2nd century AD.
Upon his accession, Antoninus Pius adopted the regnal name Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that upon his accession, Antoninus Pius's regnal name and style became Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus.
Antoninus Pius reigned for approximately 23 years, from 11 July 138 AD to 7 March 161 AD.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Antoninus Pius reigned from 11 July 138 AD to 7 March 161 AD, a period of nearly 23 years.
Antoninus Pius is recognized as the first of the Five Good Emperors within the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius is recognized as the fourth of the Five Good Emperors, not the first.
Antoninus acquired the cognomen 'Pius' primarily because he expanded free access to drinking water throughout the Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus acquired the cognomen 'Pius' either because he compelled the Senate to deify Hadrian or because he saved senators from Hadrian's death sentences, not due to water infrastructure projects.
Antoninus Pius's natural father, Titus Aurelius Fulvus, served as consul in 89 AD.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Antoninus Pius's natural father, Titus Aurelius Fulvus, served as consul in 89 AD.
The Aurelii Fulvi family, Antoninus Pius's family, was an old senatorial family from Rome.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Aurelii Fulvi family was a relatively new senatorial family from Gallia Narbonensis, not an old senatorial family from Rome.
Antoninus Pius was raised by his paternal grandfather after his father's early death.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was raised by his maternal grandfather, Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, after his father's early death.
Antoninus Pius significantly increased his reputation as proconsul of Asia before becoming emperor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that Antoninus Pius greatly increased his reputation as proconsul of Asia before becoming emperor.
Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius as his successor on the condition that Antoninus would adopt Marcus Annius Verus and Lucius Aelius.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius on the condition that Antoninus would adopt Marcus Annius Verus (Marcus Aurelius) and Lucius (Lucius Verus), who was the son of Lucius Aelius, not Lucius Aelius himself.
One of Antoninus Pius's first acts as emperor was to prevent the Senate from granting divine honors to Hadrian.
Answer: False
Explanation: One of Antoninus Pius's first acts as emperor was to persuade the Senate to grant divine honors to Hadrian, which they had initially refused.
Antoninus Pius's adoptive mother was Vibia Sabina.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Antoninus Pius's adoptive mother was Vibia Sabina.
What was Antoninus Pius's full birth name?
Answer: Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's full birth name was Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus.
Which Roman emperor preceded Antoninus Pius?
Answer: Hadrian
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was preceded by Emperor Hadrian.
What was the approximate duration of Antoninus Pius's reign?
Answer: 23 years
Explanation: Antoninus Pius reigned for nearly 23 years.
Antoninus Pius is recognized as which number of the Five Good Emperors?
Answer: Fourth
Explanation: Antoninus Pius is recognized as the fourth of the Five Good Emperors.
What was one of the primary reasons Antoninus acquired the cognomen 'Pius'?
Answer: Compelling the Senate to deify Hadrian
Explanation: One primary reason Antoninus acquired the cognomen 'Pius' was because he compelled the Senate to deify his adoptive father Hadrian.
Who was Antoninus Pius's natural father?
Answer: Titus Aurelius Fulvus
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's natural father was Titus Aurelius Fulvus.
Where was Antoninus Pius's family, the Aurelii Fulvi, originally settled?
Answer: Nemausus (modern Nîmes)
Explanation: The Aurelii Fulvi family was originally settled in Nemausus, modern Nîmes.
Who raised Antoninus Pius after his father's early death?
Answer: His maternal grandfather, Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was raised by his maternal grandfather, Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, after his father's early death.
Which political office significantly increased Antoninus Pius's reputation before becoming emperor?
Answer: Proconsul of Asia
Explanation: Antoninus Pius greatly increased his reputation as proconsul of Asia before becoming emperor.
What was a condition of Antoninus Pius's adoption by Emperor Hadrian?
Answer: He had to adopt Marcus Annius Verus and Lucius.
Explanation: A condition of Antoninus Pius's adoption by Hadrian was that he would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus (Marcus Aurelius) and Lucius (Lucius Verus).
What was one of Antoninus Pius's first significant actions upon becoming emperor regarding Hadrian?
Answer: He persuaded the Senate to grant divine honors to Hadrian.
Explanation: One of Antoninus Pius's first acts as emperor was to persuade the Senate to grant divine honors to Hadrian.
Who was Antoninus Pius's adoptive mother?
Answer: Vibia Sabina
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's adoptive mother was Vibia Sabina.
Antoninus Pius was known for depleting the imperial treasury and restricting the enfranchisement of freed slaves.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was an effective administrator who left his successors a large surplus in the treasury and facilitated the enfranchisement of freed slaves.
Antoninus Pius established the 'Puellae Faustinianae' charity to assist destitute boys of good family.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius founded the 'Puellae Faustinianae' charity to assist destitute girls of good family, not boys.
Antoninus Pius promoted the arts and sciences by bestowing honors and financial rewards upon teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Antoninus Pius promoted the arts and sciences by bestowing honors and financial rewards upon teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.
Antoninus Pius's imperial ruling team was characterized by a diverse group of new senatorial families from various provinces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's imperial ruling team was centered around a group of closely knit senatorial families, many of whom were members of the *sodales Hadrianales*, indicating a deeply conservative character.
Antoninus Pius's reign was entirely free from any attempts at usurpation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's reign was not entirely free from attempts at usurpation, with the *Historia Augusta* mentioning two by senators Cornelius Priscianus and Atilius Rufius Titianus.
Antoninus Pius personally oversaw the repression and punishment of senators involved in usurpation attempts.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was not formally in charge of the repression of usurpation attempts; he abstained from sequestering their families' properties.
Antoninus Pius left behind a depleted public treasury due to extensive public works and military campaigns.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius, a skilled administrator, left behind a sizable public treasury of around 2.7 billion sesterces, which was only depleted after his reign due to the Antonine Plague.
Antoninus Pius famously suspended tax collection and offered financial grants to cities affected by natural disasters.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antoninus Pius famously suspended the collection of taxes from cities affected by natural disasters and offered hefty financial grants for rebuilding and recovery.
Ephesus was favored by Antoninus Pius, who confirmed its distinction of having two temples for the imperial cult, giving it first place in imperial honor titles.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ephesus was especially favored by Antoninus Pius, who confirmed its distinction of having two temples for the imperial cult, giving it first place in imperial honor titles.
Antoninus Pius exempted philosophers and teachers from civic duties involving private spending for public purposes in Greek-speaking cities.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Greek-speaking cities, Antoninus Pius explicitly exempted philosophers, teachers of literature, rhetoricians, and physicians from civic duties involving private spending for public purposes.
Antoninus Pius is credited with splitting the imperial treasury into the *patrimonium* and the *res privata*.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antoninus Pius is credited with splitting the imperial treasury, the *fiscus*, into two parts: the *patrimonium* and the *res privata*.
The distinction between *patrimonium* and *res privata* formally subjected all imperial properties to the Senate's direct control.
Answer: False
Explanation: The distinction between *patrimonium* and *res privata* was a way of *pretending* that the Imperial function and most properties attached to it were public, formally subject to the Senate's authority, though in practice the emperor's personal power absorbed this role.
Antoninus Pius was an innovator in Roman law, introducing many new and radical legal concepts.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Antoninus Pius introduced many important new principles into Roman law, he was not an innovator but was driven by concerns over humanity and equality.
Antoninus Pius introduced the principle of 'guilty until proven innocent' in criminal law.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius introduced the principle of the presumption of innocence, meaning accused persons were not to be treated as guilty before trial, which is the opposite of 'guilty until proven innocent'.
Antoninus Pius passed measures to facilitate the enfranchisement of slaves and punished masters who killed slaves without trial.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antoninus Pius passed measures to facilitate the enfranchisement of slaves, favoring *favor libertatis*, and punished masters who killed slaves without trial.
Antoninus Pius completely abolished the use of torture in Roman law.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius mitigated the use of torture in examining slaves by certain limitations but also extended its use to pecuniary cases, rather than abolishing it.
During Rome's 900th anniversary celebrations, Antoninus Pius debased the Roman currency, decreasing the silver purity of the denarius.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the 900th anniversary celebrations, Antoninus Pius debased the Roman currency, decreasing the silver purity of the denarius.
The *Institutes* of Gaius, an elementary legal textbook, appeared during Antoninus Pius's reign, indicating an increased connection between jurists and the imperial government.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's reign saw the appearance of the *Institutes* of Gaius, which marked an increased connection between jurists and the imperial government.
Which of the following was a key administrative achievement of Antoninus Pius?
Answer: Facilitating the enfranchisement of freed slaves
Explanation: A key administrative achievement of Antoninus Pius was facilitating the enfranchisement of freed slaves.
What charitable initiative did Antoninus Pius establish in his wife's memory?
Answer: The Girls of Faustina (Puellae Faustinianae)
Explanation: In memory of his wife, Antoninus Pius founded the charity called *Puellae Faustinianae*, or 'Girls of Faustina'.
What did Antoninus Pius do to promote the arts and sciences?
Answer: He bestowed honors and financial rewards upon teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius promoted the arts and sciences by bestowing honors and financial rewards upon teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.
How did Antoninus Pius handle the repression of usurpation attempts by senators?
Answer: He abstained from sequestering their families' properties.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius abstained from sequestering the families' properties of senators involved in usurpation attempts.
What was the state of the imperial treasury at the end of Antoninus Pius's reign?
Answer: It had a sizable surplus of around 2.7 billion sesterces.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius left behind a sizable public treasury of around 2.7 billion sesterces.
How did Antoninus Pius demonstrate his favor towards the city of Ephesus?
Answer: He commanded governors of Asia to enter the province through Ephesus and confirmed its distinction of having two imperial cult temples.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius demonstrated his favor towards Ephesus by commanding governors of Asia to enter the province through Ephesus and confirming its distinction of having two imperial cult temples.
What policy did Antoninus Pius follow regarding local elites and intellectuals in Greek-speaking cities?
Answer: He explicitly exempted philosophers, teachers, rhetoricians, and physicians from civic duties involving private spending for public purposes.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius explicitly exempted philosophers, teachers, rhetoricians, and physicians from civic duties involving private spending for public purposes in Greek-speaking cities.
What was the purpose of distinguishing between *patrimonium* and *res privata* in the imperial treasury?
Answer: To formally subject public Crown properties to the Senate's authority, while keeping private properties for the emperor.
Explanation: The distinction between *patrimonium* and *res privata* was a way of formally subjecting public Crown properties to the Senate's authority, while keeping private properties for the emperor.
What important principle did Antoninus Pius introduce in criminal law?
Answer: The presumption of innocence
Explanation: In criminal law, Antoninus Pius introduced the important principle of the presumption of innocence.
How did Antoninus Pius's legal reforms affect the treatment of slaves?
Answer: He punished masters who killed slaves without trial and allowed slaves to be forcibly sold for consistent mistreatment.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's legal reforms included punishing masters who killed slaves without trial and allowing slaves to be forcibly sold for consistent mistreatment.
What economic measure did Antoninus Pius take during the celebration of Rome's 900th anniversary?
Answer: He debased the Roman currency, decreasing the silver purity of the denarius.
Explanation: During the celebration of Rome's 900th anniversary, Antoninus Pius debased the Roman currency, decreasing the silver purity of the denarius.
What significant legal textbook appeared during Antoninus Pius's reign, marking an increased connection between jurists and the imperial government?
Answer: The Institutes of Gaius
Explanation: The *Institutes* of Gaius, an elementary legal textbook, appeared during Antoninus Pius's reign, marking an increased connection between jurists and the imperial government.
Antoninus Pius's reign was characterized by significant military conflicts and numerous revolts across the Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's reign was notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, characterized by a lack of major revolts or military incursions.
The Antonine Wall was constructed in southern Scotland after a successful military campaign early in Antoninus Pius's reign.
Answer: True
Explanation: A successful military campaign in southern Scotland early in his reign resulted in the construction of the Antonine Wall.
Antoninus Pius frequently left Italy to personally manage military crises in the provinces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with military crises without leaving Italy once during his reign.
The Antonine Wall was permanently maintained and strengthened throughout Antoninus Pius's reign.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Antonine Wall was gradually decommissioned during the mid-150s AD and eventually abandoned in the early 160s AD.
Antoninus Pius's need to publicize his achievements and gain military prestige was evident from the Imperial salutation and victory coins struck after the Britannia campaign.
Answer: True
Explanation: The campaign in Britannia was followed by an Imperial salutation and victory coins, pointing to Antoninus Pius's need to publicize his achievements and gain military prestige.
Antoninus Pius strengthened Roman control in Dacia Inferior by dispatching additional soldiers and granting more powers to the procurator governor.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Dacia Inferior, Antoninus Pius granted additional powers to the procurator governor and dispatched additional soldiers to strengthen Roman control.
Roman suzerainty over Armenia was maintained by Antoninus Pius through military conquest.
Answer: False
Explanation: Roman suzerainty over Armenia was retained by Antoninus Pius through the choice of Arsacid scion Sohaemus as a client king, not military conquest.
Antoninus Pius was the last Roman Emperor recognized by the Indian Kingdoms, with ambassadors reportedly sent to him.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Antoninus Pius was the last Roman Emperor recognized by the Indian Kingdoms, with ambassadors reportedly sent to him.
Antoninus Pius is a likely candidate for the Antoninus mentioned in the Talmud as a close friend of Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Antoninus Pius is a likely candidate for the Antoninus named multiple times in the Talmud as a close friend of Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi.
The first recorded Roman diplomatic mission to China during Antoninus Pius's time was definitively an official ambassadorial mission.
Answer: False
Explanation: The first group claiming to be an ambassadorial mission of Romans to China was recorded in 166 AD, but it was likely a group of merchants rather than official ambassadors.
The Roman mission to China arrived by land and brought gifts of silk and spices.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Roman mission arrived from the south by sea and brought presents of rhinoceros horns, ivory, and tortoise shell, not silk and spices.
What was a defining characteristic of the Roman Empire during Antoninus Pius's reign?
Answer: The most peaceful period in the history of the Principate
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's reign was notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, making it the most peaceful period in the entire history of the Principate.
What was unique about Antoninus Pius's approach to military crises during his reign?
Answer: He dealt with military crises without leaving Italy once.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was unique among emperors in that he dealt with military crises without leaving Italy once during his reign.
What was the ultimate fate of the Antonine Wall?
Answer: It was gradually decommissioned and eventually abandoned.
Explanation: The Antonine Wall was gradually decommissioned and eventually abandoned.
What evidence suggests the Britannia campaign was important for Antoninus Pius's public image?
Answer: He received an Imperial salutation and coins were struck announcing a victory.
Explanation: The campaign in Britannia was followed by an Imperial salutation and victory coins, suggesting its importance for Antoninus Pius's public image.
How did Antoninus Pius maintain Roman suzerainty over Armenia?
Answer: Through the choice of Arsacid scion Sohaemus as a client king
Explanation: Roman suzerainty over Armenia was retained by Antoninus Pius through the choice of Arsacid scion Sohaemus as a client king.
What is the possible connection between Antoninus Pius and the Talmud?
Answer: He is a likely candidate for the Antoninus named as a close friend of Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius is a likely candidate for the Antoninus named in the Talmud as a close friend of Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi.
What gifts did the Roman mission to China bring to the Han Emperor Huan?
Answer: Rhinoceros horns, ivory, and tortoise shell
Explanation: The Roman mission to China brought presents of rhinoceros horns, ivory, and tortoise shell.
After Faustina the Elder's death, Antoninus Pius had coins struck with her portrait inscribed 'DIVA FAUSTINA' to honor her deification.
Answer: True
Explanation: After Faustina the Elder died, Antoninus Pius had coins struck with her portrait inscribed 'DIVA FAUSTINA' as part of her deification.
Antoninus Pius was known for his disinterest in foreign religious rites, focusing solely on traditional Roman cults.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was known as an avid observer of both Roman and foreign religious rites and formal celebrations, formalizing the official cult of the Great Mother and offering patronage to Mithras worship.
Antoninus Pius presided over the celebrations of Rome's 800th anniversary in 148 AD.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 148 AD, Antoninus Pius presided over the celebrations of the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome, not the 800th.
What significant anniversary did Antoninus Pius preside over in 148 AD?
Answer: The 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome
Explanation: In 148 AD, Antoninus Pius presided over the celebrations of the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome.
Antoninus Pius was succeeded by his natural son, Commodus, who reigned alone.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius was succeeded by his adopted sons, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, who reigned as co-emperors. Commodus was a later emperor, not his immediate successor or natural son.
Marcus Aurelius took on more administrative duties as Antoninus Pius aged, especially after the death of Marcus Gavius Maximus.
Answer: True
Explanation: As Antoninus Pius aged, Marcus Aurelius took on more administrative duties, particularly after the death of Marcus Gavius Maximus.
Antoninus Pius's last spoken word, 'fortitudo,' signified his strength in the face of death.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's last spoken word was 'aequanimitas,' meaning equanimity, not 'fortitudo'.
Antoninus Pius was buried in Hadrian's mausoleum and was deified by his adopted sons after his death.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's body was buried in Hadrian's mausoleum, and his adopted sons nominated him for deification after his death.
The *Augustan History* is considered a highly reliable and accurate primary source for Antoninus Pius's life.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *Augustan History*, the only intact account of Antoninus Pius's life, is considered an unreliable and mostly fabricated work.
Historians like J. B. Bury and Ernst Kornemann praised Antoninus Pius for his strong statesmanship and proactive military policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historians like J. B. Bury and Ernst Kornemann critically assessed Antoninus Pius's reign, arguing he was not a great statesman and that his policy of peace led to wasted opportunities and future calamities.
Michael Grant believed Antoninus Pius deserved his eulogistic picture as a conservative, nationalistic, and just emperor who softened harsh laws.
Answer: True
Explanation: Michael Grant opined that Marcus Aurelius's eulogistic picture of Antoninus as a conservative, nationalistic, and just emperor who softened harsh laws was deserved.
Krzysztof Ulanowski argued that Antoninus Pius was a pacifist who avoided all military expansion.
Answer: False
Explanation: Krzysztof Ulanowski argued that claims of Antoninus Pius's military inability are exaggerated, noting that despite his love for peace, he was not a pacifist, as evidenced by military actions and successful deterrence.
Antoninus Pius had no long-term familial legacy as only one of his children survived to adulthood.
Answer: False
Explanation: Although only one of his natural children survived to adulthood, Antoninus Pius became an ancestor to four generations of prominent Romans, including Emperor Commodus.
What was Antoninus Pius's last spoken word, according to his biographer?
Answer: Aequanimitas
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's last spoken word was 'aequanimitas,' meaning equanimity.
Where was Antoninus Pius buried after his death?
Answer: Hadrian's mausoleum
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's body was buried in Hadrian's mausoleum.
What is the primary historical source for Antoninus Pius's life, despite its limitations?
Answer: The Augustan History
Explanation: The primary historical source for Antoninus Pius's life is the *Augustan History*, despite its known unreliability.
Antoninus Pius married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder, and their marriage was widely known to be unhappy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder, and they are believed to have enjoyed a happy marriage, despite rumors about her character.
Faustina the Elder bore Antoninus Pius four children, all of whom survived to adulthood.
Answer: False
Explanation: Faustina the Elder bore Antoninus Pius four children, but only one, Faustina the Younger, survived to adulthood.
Antoninus Pius remarried a noblewoman from another family after Faustina the Elder's death to secure his lineage.
Answer: False
Explanation: Antoninus Pius never remarried after his wife's death; instead, he lived with Galeria Lysistrate to avoid legitimate offspring who could threaten his heirs.
Marcus Gavius Maximus served Antoninus Pius as praetorian prefect for ten years.
Answer: False
Explanation: Marcus Gavius Maximus served Antoninus Pius as praetorian prefect for twenty years, not ten.
Lucius Volusius Maecianus was a military general who became a 'grey eminence' after Marcus Gavius Maximus's death.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lucius Volusius Maecianus was a legal adviser, not a military general, who was speculated to have become a 'grey eminence' after Marcus Gavius Maximus's death.
What was the name of Antoninus Pius's wife?
Answer: Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder
Explanation: Antoninus Pius's wife was Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder.
How many of Faustina the Elder's children survived to adulthood?
Answer: One
Explanation: Only one of Faustina the Elder's four children survived to adulthood.
Why did Antoninus Pius choose not to remarry after his wife's death?
Answer: He wanted to avoid legitimate offspring who could threaten his heirs.
Explanation: Antoninus Pius chose not to remarry to avoid legitimate offspring who could threaten his heirs.
Who served Antoninus Pius as praetorian prefect for twenty years and was known as a strict disciplinarian?
Answer: Marcus Gavius Maximus
Explanation: Marcus Gavius Maximus served Antoninus Pius as praetorian prefect for twenty years and was known as a strict disciplinarian.
Which legal adviser was speculated to have become a 'grey eminence' after the death of Marcus Gavius Maximus?
Answer: Lucius Volusius Maecianus
Explanation: Lucius Volusius Maecianus, a legal adviser, was speculated to have become a 'grey eminence' after the death of Marcus Gavius Maximus.