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The genus Araucaria belongs to the family Pinaceae.
Answer: False
Explanation: The genus Araucaria belongs to the family Araucariaceae, not Pinaceae.
The genus Araucaria is currently classified into five extant sections.
Answer: False
Explanation: The extant species of Araucaria are classified into four recognized sections: *Araucaria*, *Bunya*, *Intermedia*, and *Eutacta*.
Species in Section Araucaria are characterized by narrow leaves and cones smaller than 12 cm in diameter.
Answer: False
Explanation: Species in Section *Araucaria* are characterized by broad leaves and cones exceeding 12 cm in diameter.
Section Bunya contains multiple living species, including the bunya-bunya.
Answer: False
Explanation: Section *Bunya* currently contains only one living species, *Araucaria bidwillii*, commonly known as the bunya-bunya.
Genetic studies suggest that Section Eutacta is one of the more recently evolved lineages within the genus Araucaria.
Answer: False
Explanation: Genetic studies indicate that Section *Eutacta* is one of the oldest lineages within the genus Araucaria.
According to genetic studies, the sections Araucaria and Bunya are the oldest lineages within the genus.
Answer: False
Explanation: Genetic studies suggest that Sections *Eutacta* and *Bunya* represent the oldest lineages within the Araucaria genus.
Section Araucaria species typically have narrow, awl-like leaves.
Answer: False
Explanation: Section *Araucaria* species are characterized by broad leaves, in contrast to the narrow, awl-like leaves found in Section *Eutacta*.
Araucaria trees are closely related to true pines (Pinus) and share many botanical characteristics.
Answer: False
Explanation: Although often called 'pine' trees, Araucaria species are only distantly related to true pines (*Pinus*) and belong to a different botanical family, Araucariaceae.
The genus Araucaria is classified within the family Cupressaceae.
Answer: False
Explanation: The genus Araucaria is classified within the family Araucariaceae, not Cupressaceae.
To which botanical family does the genus Araucaria belong?
Answer: Araucariaceae
Explanation: The genus Araucaria is classified within the family Araucariaceae.
Which section of the genus Araucaria is characterized by broad leaves, cones exceeding 12 cm in diameter, and hypogeal germination?
Answer: Section Araucaria
Explanation: Section *Araucaria* is defined by its broad leaves, cones larger than 12 cm in diameter, and hypogeal germination.
Section Eutacta is distinguished from Section Araucaria primarily by:
Answer: Having smaller cones (<12 cm) and narrow, awl-like leaves.
Explanation: Section *Eutacta* is primarily distinguished by its smaller cones (under 12 cm) and narrow, awl-like leaves, contrasting with Section *Araucaria*'s broader leaves and larger cones.
Genetic studies indicate that the oldest lineages within the Araucaria genus are:
Answer: Section Eutacta and Section Bunya
Explanation: Genetic studies suggest that Sections *Eutacta* and *Bunya* represent the oldest lineages within the Araucaria genus.
Which of the following is NOT a recognized extant section of the genus Araucaria?
Answer: Section Patagonica
Explanation: The recognized extant sections of the genus Araucaria are *Araucaria*, *Bunya*, *Intermedia*, and *Eutacta*. Section Patagonica is not among them.
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between Araucaria and true pines?
Answer: They are only distantly related, belonging to different families.
Explanation: Despite common names, Araucaria species are only distantly related to true pines (*Pinus*) and belong to different botanical families.
Araucaria trees are typically small, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height.
Answer: False
Explanation: Araucaria trees are typically large, with massive erect stems that can reach heights ranging from 5 to 80 meters (16 to 262 feet).
Most Araucaria species are monoecious, meaning they bear both male and female cones on the same tree.
Answer: False
Explanation: Most Araucaria species are dioecious, meaning male and female cones are found on separate individual trees, although some exceptions exist.
The female cones of Araucaria can reach up to 25 centimeters in diameter and contain edible seeds.
Answer: True
Explanation: The female cones of Araucaria are typically globose, measuring between 7 to 25 centimeters (3 to 10 inches) in diameter, and contain numerous large, edible seeds.
Section Eutacta species exhibit hypogeal germination, where cotyledons emerge above ground.
Answer: False
Explanation: Section *Eutacta* species typically exhibit epigeal germination, where the cotyledons emerge above ground, unlike hypogeal germination.
Araucaria species in Section Eutacta exhibit hypogeal germination.
Answer: False
Explanation: Species in Section *Eutacta* typically exhibit epigeal germination, not hypogeal.
Species in Section Bunya and Section Intermedia are known for producing seeds that tolerate drying well.
Answer: False
Explanation: Species in Section *Bunya* and Section *Intermedia* are known for producing recalcitrant seeds, which do not tolerate drying well.
The female cones of Araucaria are typically found on the lower branches of the tree.
Answer: False
Explanation: The female cones of Araucaria trees are usually found high up on the tree, often at the very top.
The seeds of Araucaria bidwillii are recalcitrant, meaning they require drying for successful germination.
Answer: False
Explanation: Recalcitrant seeds, like those of *Araucaria bidwillii*, remain viable only for a short period if they dry out; they do not require drying for germination.
Epigeal germination involves the cotyledons remaining below the soil surface.
Answer: False
Explanation: Epigeal germination is characterized by the cotyledons emerging above the soil surface. Hypogeal germination involves cotyledons remaining below ground.
What is a key physical characteristic of Araucaria trees mentioned in the source?
Answer: They possess massive erect stems and horizontal, spreading branches arranged in whorls.
Explanation: Araucaria trees are characterized by massive erect stems and horizontal, spreading branches that are typically arranged in whorls.
What is a key characteristic of recalcitrant seeds produced by species like Araucaria bidwillii?
Answer: They remain viable only for a short period if they dry out.
Explanation: Recalcitrant seeds are characterized by their inability to tolerate drying, meaning they lose viability quickly if they dry out.
Which type of germination is characteristic of Section Eutacta species?
Answer: Epigeal germination, where cotyledons emerge above ground.
Explanation: Species in Section *Eutacta* typically exhibit epigeal germination, where the cotyledons emerge above the soil surface.
What does the term 'dioecious' mean in the context of Araucaria species?
Answer: Male and female cones are found on separate individual trees.
Explanation: Dioecious means that male and female reproductive structures (cones in this case) are borne on separate individual plants.
What is the primary difference in germination between Section Araucaria and Section Eutacta?
Answer: Section Araucaria is hypogeal, Section Eutacta is epigeal.
Explanation: Section *Araucaria* typically exhibits hypogeal germination, while Section *Eutacta* typically exhibits epigeal germination.
Historically, Araucaria species were distributed globally, but today they are primarily found in the Northern Hemisphere.
Answer: False
Explanation: While historically distributed globally, Araucaria species are now primarily found in the Southern Hemisphere, with many populations considered relictual and having restricted distributions.
New Caledonia is home to 14 endemic species of Araucaria, representing a significant portion of the genus's diversity.
Answer: True
Explanation: New Caledonia is a major center of diversity for the genus, with 14 endemic species, many of which belong to the Section Eutacta.
Araucaria species generally prefer shaded, moist forest understory environments.
Answer: False
Explanation: Araucaria species typically prefer exposed sites and are found in forest and maquis shrubland environments, rather than exclusively shaded understories.
Which of the following describes the current geographical distribution of most Araucaria species?
Answer: Primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, with restricted distributions.
Explanation: Most extant Araucaria species are predominantly found in the Southern Hemisphere, often in restricted geographical areas.
Where are the majority of the 20 extant Araucaria species found?
Answer: Southern Hemisphere
Explanation: The majority of the approximately 20 extant Araucaria species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Araucaria fossils indicate the genus was present in the Northern Hemisphere until the end of the Jurassic period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Araucaria fossils indicate the genus was present in the Northern Hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period.
There is a hypothesis that the foliage of Araucaria trees was a food source for sauropod dinosaurs due to its nutritional content.
Answer: True
Explanation: A hypothesis suggests that Araucaria foliage, being high in energy and slow to ferment, may have been an attractive food source for sauropod dinosaurs.
Extinct Araucaria species have been found in Japan and New Zealand, dating back to the Cretaceous period.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fossil records confirm the presence of extinct Araucaria species in Japan and New Zealand dating back to the Cretaceous period.
The fossil species Araucaria mirabilis found in Patagonia dates back to the Paleogene period.
Answer: False
Explanation: The fossil species *Araucaria mirabilis* found in Patagonia dates back to the Middle Jurassic period, not the Paleogene.
Fossil evidence indicates Araucaria species were present in Antarctica during the Cretaceous period.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fossil evidence confirms the presence of Araucaria species, such as *Araucaria fibrosa*, in Antarctica during the Cretaceous period.
The term 'relict' implies that current Araucaria populations are expanding into new territories.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'relict' implies that current populations are remnants of a once more widespread distribution, indicating a decline rather than expansion.
The fossil species Araucaria mirabilis, found in Patagonia, dates back to which geological period?
Answer: Jurassic
Explanation: The fossil species *Araucaria mirabilis*, found in Patagonia, dates back to the Middle Jurassic period.
The term 'relict' used to describe current Araucaria populations implies:
Answer: They are the last remaining members of a once widespread group.
Explanation: The term 'relict' indicates that current populations are remnants of a species or group that was formerly more widespread.
The hypothesis regarding sauropod dinosaur diets suggests Araucaria foliage was attractive because it was:
Answer: High in energy and slow to ferment.
Explanation: Analyses suggest Araucaria leaves were high in energy and slow to ferment, making them a potentially attractive food source for sauropod dinosaurs.
The statement that Araucaria populations are 'relictual' suggests they are:
Answer: Remnants of a previously more widespread distribution.
Explanation: The term 'relictual' implies that current populations are the remaining traces of a species that was once more widely distributed.
Which extinct Araucaria species has been found in Antarctica and dates to the Late Cretaceous period?
Answer: Araucaria fibrosa
Explanation: *Araucaria fibrosa* is an extinct species found in Antarctica dating to the Late Cretaceous period.
The genus name 'Araucaria' is derived from a term referring to the indigenous people of North America.
Answer: False
Explanation: The genus name 'Araucaria' is derived from the Spanish exonym 'Araucano,' referring to the Mapuche people of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina.
The Mapuche people consider Araucaria araucana sacred, calling it 'pewen,' and identify some groups as 'Pehuenche,' meaning 'people of the pewen.'
Answer: True
Explanation: The Mapuche people hold *Araucaria araucana* sacred, referring to it as 'pewen,' and some groups are known as 'Pehuenche,' signifying their connection to the tree.
Araucaria seeds are not utilized by humans and have no traditional significance.
Answer: False
Explanation: The seeds of several Araucaria species are utilized by humans as a traditional food source and hold cultural significance.
The edible seeds of Araucaria species are known locally as 'pinhões' in Portuguese-speaking regions.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Portuguese-speaking regions, the edible seeds of Araucaria species are commonly referred to as 'pinhões'.
Plants in the genus Araucaria have shown no reported pharmacological activities in research studies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research has reported various pharmacological activities for plants in the genus Araucaria, including anti-ulcer, antiviral, and neuro-protective properties.
The genus name 'Araucaria' is derived from the name of which indigenous group?
Answer: The Mapuche people (Araucano)
Explanation: The genus name 'Araucaria' originates from the Spanish exonym 'Araucano,' referring to the Mapuche people.
Which of the following is a reported pharmacological activity associated with plants in the genus Araucaria?
Answer: Antiviral
Explanation: Research has reported antiviral activity among other pharmacological properties associated with plants in the genus Araucaria.
The Mapuche people refer to Araucaria araucana as 'pewen' and identify themselves partly based on this name. What does 'Pehuenche' mean?
Answer: People of the pewen (the tree)
Explanation: 'Pehuenche' is a term derived from 'pewen,' the Mapuche name for *Araucaria araucana*, meaning 'people of the pewen'.
What is the significance of the 'bunya-bunya' nut?
Answer: It is an edible seed from Araucaria bidwillii, a traditional food source.
Explanation: The 'bunya-bunya' nut, from *Araucaria bidwillii*, is an edible seed and a significant traditional food source, particularly for Indigenous Australians.
The serpentine soils of New Caledonia, rich in nickel, have not influenced the adaptation of endemic Araucaria species.
Answer: False
Explanation: The serpentine soils of New Caledonia, characterized by low nutrients and high metal concentrations, have significantly influenced the adaptation of endemic Araucaria species.
Nickel mining operations in New Caledonia pose a threat to endemic Araucaria species due to habitat destruction.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nickel mining operations in New Caledonia directly threaten endemic Araucaria species by destroying their habitat, particularly in areas with nickel-rich serpentine soils.
What characteristic of serpentine soils in New Caledonia has influenced the adaptation of endemic Araucaria species?
Answer: Low nutrient content and high concentrations of metals like nickel.
Explanation: Serpentine soils in New Caledonia are characterized by low nutrient availability and high concentrations of metals such as nickel, to which endemic Araucaria species have adapted.
Araucaria angustifolia, commonly known as the Paraná pine, is found in Chile and Argentina.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Araucaria angustifolia*, the Paraná pine, is found in southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina, not Chile.
Araucaria heterophylla is commonly known as the Norfolk Island pine and is native to New Guinea.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Araucaria heterophylla*, the Norfolk Island pine, is native to Norfolk Island, not New Guinea.
Araucaria cunninghamii is known as the hoop pine and is distributed across western Australia and New Guinea.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Araucaria cunninghamii*, the hoop pine, is distributed across eastern Australia and New Guinea.
The 'bunya-bunya' nut comes from Araucaria cunninghamii, native to New Guinea.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'bunya-bunya' nut comes from *Araucaria bidwillii*, which is native to eastern Australia, not New Guinea.
Araucaria columnaris is commonly known as the Cook pine and is native to South America.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Araucaria columnaris*, the Cook pine, is native to New Caledonia, not South America.
The common name for Araucaria hunsteinii is 'klinki,' and it is found in New Guinea.
Answer: True
Explanation: The common name for *Araucaria hunsteinii* is 'klinki,' and it is indeed found in New Guinea.
Araucaria angustifolia is commonly known as the Paraná pine and is found in southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
Answer: True
Explanation: *Araucaria angustifolia* is indeed known as the Paraná pine and is found in southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
The common name for Araucaria bidwillii is the monkey-puzzle tree.
Answer: False
Explanation: The common name for *Araucaria bidwillii* is the bunya-bunya; the monkey-puzzle tree is *Araucaria araucana*.
Araucaria heterophylla, the Norfolk Island pine, is native to Australia.
Answer: True
Explanation: *Araucaria heterophylla*, the Norfolk Island pine, is native to Norfolk Island, which is an external territory of Australia.
There is a single, universally recognized common name for all species within the genus Araucaria.
Answer: False
Explanation: There is no single common name for the entire genus; individual species have their own distinct common names.
What is the common name for Araucaria angustifolia?
Answer: Paraná pine
Explanation: The common name for *Araucaria angustifolia* is the Paraná pine.
Which of the following species is the sole living representative of Section Bunya?
Answer: Araucaria bidwillii
Explanation: *Araucaria bidwillii* is the only living species currently classified within Section Bunya.
What is the common name for Araucaria heterophylla?
Answer: Norfolk Island pine
Explanation: The common name for *Araucaria heterophylla* is the Norfolk Island pine.
Which species is known as the hoop pine and is distributed across eastern Australia and New Guinea?
Answer: Araucaria cunninghamii
Explanation: *Araucaria cunninghamii* is known as the hoop pine and is distributed across eastern Australia and New Guinea.
What is the common name for Araucaria columnaris?
Answer: Cook pine
Explanation: The common name for *Araucaria columnaris* is the Cook pine.
What is the common name for Araucaria hunsteinii?
Answer: Klinki
Explanation: The common name for *Araucaria hunsteinii* is 'klinki'.
Which species is the sole living member of Section Intermedia?
Answer: Araucaria hunsteinii
Explanation: *Araucaria hunsteinii* is the sole living species classified within Section Intermedia.
Which Araucaria species is native to New Caledonia and commonly known as the Cook pine?
Answer: Araucaria columnaris
Explanation: *Araucaria columnaris* is native to New Caledonia and is commonly known as the Cook pine.