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Arizona Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Arizona: Geography, History, and Culture

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Arizona: Geography, History, and Culture Study Guide

Geographic Profile and Demographics

Phoenix is the most populous state capital in the United States and ranks fifth overall in city population.

Answer: True

Explanation: Phoenix holds the distinction of being the most populous state capital in the U.S. and ranks as the fifth-most populous city nationwide.

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Arizona shares its northern border exclusively with Utah and Colorado.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona shares its northern border with Utah and its northeastern border with Colorado. However, it also borders New Mexico to the east and Nevada to the northwest, rendering the claim of exclusive northern borders inaccurate.

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Arizona is the fifth-largest state in the U.S. by total land area.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona ranks as the sixth-largest state in the U.S. by total land area.

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Arizona's geography consists mainly of desert plains with no significant mountainous regions.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona's geography is diverse, encompassing not only desert regions but also significant mountainous areas, particularly in the northern high country.

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Arizona is home to Meteor Crater, one of the world's least preserved meteorite impact sites.

Answer: False

Explanation: Meteor Crater in Arizona is recognized as one of the best-preserved meteorite impact sites globally.

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Over half of Arizona's land is privately owned, with the remainder being public land.

Answer: False

Explanation: Approximately 15% of Arizona's land is privately owned; the vast majority consists of public lands, including federal, state trust, and tribal lands.

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Approximately one-quarter of Arizona's population lives on Indian reservations.

Answer: True

Explanation: Roughly 25% of Arizona's population resides on the state's numerous Indian reservations, which are home to 27 federally recognized tribes.

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The Navajo Nation is the largest Native American tribe in Arizona by population.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Navajo Nation holds the distinction of being the largest Native American tribe in Arizona, both geographically and by population size.

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In 2022, Mexican ancestry constituted the largest single group among Arizona residents.

Answer: True

Explanation: According to 2022 data, individuals identifying Mexican ancestry represented the largest single ancestral group within Arizona's population.

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Spanish is the most commonly spoken language in Arizona after English.

Answer: True

Explanation: Spanish is the second most frequently spoken language in Arizona, following English.

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The Catholic Church was the second-largest religious group in Arizona according to the 2010 U.S. Religion Census.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 2010 U.S. Religion Census identified the Catholic Church as the largest religious group in Arizona, not the second largest.

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Grand Canyon National Park, Saguaro National Park, and Petrified Forest National Park are located within Arizona.

Answer: True

Explanation: Arizona is home to three prominent national parks: Grand Canyon National Park, Saguaro National Park, and Petrified Forest National Park.

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As of 2024, Arizona's estimated population is approximately:

Answer: 7.58 million

Explanation: The estimated population of Arizona as of 2024 is approximately 7.58 million residents.

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Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary ancestry group in Arizona in 2022?

Answer: Italian

Explanation: In 2022, primary ancestry groups listed for Arizona included Mexican, German, English, Irish, African, and Navajo. Italian was not among the top listed primary groups.

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Besides English, which language is most commonly spoken in Arizona, according to 2010 data?

Answer: Spanish

Explanation: Spanish was the most commonly spoken language in Arizona after English, according to 2010 census data.

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Arizona is noted for having one of the world's most well-preserved sites of what kind of impact?

Answer: Meteorite impact

Explanation: Arizona is home to Meteor Crater, recognized globally for its exceptional state of preservation as a meteorite impact site.

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Arizona's northern region, part of the Colorado Plateau, is characterized by:

Answer: Extensive pine forests and high mountains.

Explanation: The northern region of Arizona, situated on the Colorado Plateau, features extensive ponderosa pine forests and significant mountain ranges, offering a cooler climate than the southern deserts.

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What percentage of Arizona's land is privately owned?

Answer: Approximately 15%

Explanation: Private ownership accounts for approximately 15% of Arizona's total land area.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the three national parks located in Arizona?

Answer: Joshua Tree National Park

Explanation: While Arizona hosts Grand Canyon, Saguaro, and Petrified Forest National Parks, Joshua Tree National Park is located in California.

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What is unique about Arizona's observance of Daylight Saving Time?

Answer: It does not observe DST, except for the Navajo Nation.

Explanation: Arizona is one of the few U.S. states that opts out of observing Daylight Saving Time, although the Navajo Nation within its borders does observe it.

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The Grand Canyon, carved by the Colorado River, reveals approximately how much of Earth's geological history?

Answer: Nearly 2 billion years

Explanation: The geological strata exposed in the Grand Canyon represent nearly two billion years of Earth's history.

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Which county is the most populous in Arizona, containing over 60% of the state's population?

Answer: Maricopa County

Explanation: Maricopa County is the most populous county in Arizona, encompassing a significant majority of the state's residents.

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Historical Development and Exploration

Arizona became the 48th state on February 14, 1912, marking it as the final state admitted from the contiguous U.S.

Answer: True

Explanation: Arizona achieved statehood on February 14, 1912, becoming the 48th state and the last to be admitted from the contiguous United States.

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The name 'Arizona' is definitively derived from the Basque phrase 'haritz ona,' meaning 'the good oak.'

Answer: False

Explanation: While 'haritz ona' is a proposed origin, the most widely accepted etymology derives 'Arizona' from the O'odham name *alí shonak*, meaning 'small spring'.

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The Hohokam, Mogollon, and Anasazi were ancient civilizations that inhabited the region now known as Arizona.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Puebloans (often referred to as Anasazi) were indeed significant ancient civilizations that flourished in the region now comprising Arizona.

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Marcos de Niza was the first European explorer to reach the region now known as Arizona in 1539, seeking the legendary Seven Cities of Cibola.

Answer: True

Explanation: Marcos de Niza's expedition in 1539 marked the first documented European contact with Native Americans in the region, driven by the quest for the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola.

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Father Eusebio Kino established missions primarily in northern Arizona during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Answer: False

Explanation: Father Eusebio Kino's extensive mission work primarily focused on southern Arizona and northern Sonora, not northern Arizona.

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Arizona became part of the United States solely through the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.

Answer: False

Explanation: While the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 acquired a significant portion of southern Arizona, the territory became part of the U.S. initially through cession following the Mexican-American War in 1848, with the Gadsden Purchase completing the acquisition of the southern region.

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The Federal government established the U.S. Arizona Territory in February 1863, shortly after the Confederate Territory of Arizona was formed.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Confederate Territory of Arizona was organized in early 1862, and the U.S. Federal government subsequently established the U.S. Arizona Territory in February 1863.

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The Battle of Picacho Pass in 1862 is considered the easternmost military engagement of the American Civil War.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Battle of Picacho Pass in 1862 is recognized as the westernmost military engagement of the American Civil War.

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Prescott was the first and only capital of the Arizona Territory before it moved permanently to Phoenix.

Answer: False

Explanation: Prescott served as the first territorial capital, but the capital was later moved to Tucson before finally being established in Phoenix.

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During World War II, Arizona was used as a location for Japanese American internment camps.

Answer: True

Explanation: During World War II, several internment camps for Japanese Americans were established in Arizona, including facilities at Poston and Gila River.

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Which of the following ancient civilizations is NOT mentioned as having flourished in the region of modern-day Arizona?

Answer: Mississippian

Explanation: The Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Puebloans are recognized as major ancient cultures of the Arizona region. The Mississippian culture was primarily located in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States.

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Who was the first European explorer documented to have contacted Native Americans in Arizona in 1539?

Answer: Marcos de Niza

Explanation: Fray Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan friar, led an expedition in 1539 that resulted in the first documented European contact with indigenous peoples in the region that is now Arizona.

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Father Eusebio Kino's primary contribution to southern Arizona was:

Answer: Establishing numerous missions and converting indigenous people.

Explanation: Father Eusebio Kino was a pivotal Jesuit missionary who established numerous missions throughout Pimería Alta (southern Arizona and northern Sonora), playing a crucial role in the evangelization of indigenous populations.

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How did the territory that is now Arizona become part of the United States?

Answer: Through cession after the Mexican-American War and the Gadsden Purchase.

Explanation: The territory was initially acquired by the U.S. through cession following the Mexican-American War in 1848. The Gadsden Purchase in 1853 finalized the acquisition of the southern portion of present-day Arizona.

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What distinction does the Battle of Picacho Pass hold in American Civil War history?

Answer: It was the westernmost military engagement of the war.

Explanation: The Battle of Picacho Pass, fought in 1862, is historically significant as the westernmost land engagement of the American Civil War.

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Which city served as the first territorial capital of Arizona?

Answer: Prescott

Explanation: Prescott was established as the first territorial capital of Arizona in 1864.

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Which theory provides the most widely accepted origin for the name 'Arizona'?

Answer: The O'odham name *alí shonak* meaning 'small spring'.

Explanation: The most commonly accepted etymology suggests 'Arizona' originates from the O'odham term *alí shonak*, translating to 'small spring'.

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When was Arizona admitted to the Union, and what was its numerical order?

Answer: February 14, 1912, becoming the 48th state.

Explanation: Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912, as the 48th state.

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Economic Landscape and Agriculture

By the time of statehood, Arizona's economy was heavily reliant on which resource, leading to its nickname?

Answer: Copper

Explanation: Copper mining was a dominant economic force in Arizona by the time of its statehood, earning it the moniker 'the Copper State'.

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By the time Arizona achieved statehood, copper mining had become its most significant economic driver, earning it the nickname 'the Copper State.'

Answer: True

Explanation: Copper mining was indeed the primary economic engine for Arizona by its statehood, leading to its well-known nickname, 'the Copper State'.

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The advent of air conditioning significantly hindered population growth in Arizona by making summers less comfortable.

Answer: False

Explanation: Conversely, the widespread adoption of air conditioning after World War II significantly improved comfort during Arizona's hot summers, thereby facilitating substantial population growth and development.

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Sun City, established in 1960, was designed as a pioneering community exclusively for young families.

Answer: False

Explanation: Sun City, founded in 1960, was one of the first large-scale communities specifically designed for active retirees and senior citizens.

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Arizona's Gross State Product in 2023 was approximately $508 billion.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 2023, Arizona's Gross State Product was reported to be approximately $508 billion.

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Arizona's median household income in 2023 ranked higher nationally than its per capita income.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 2023, Arizona's median household income ($74,568) ranked 19th nationally, while its per capita income ($61,652) ranked 33rd, indicating the median household income held a comparatively higher national rank.

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Historically, Arizona's economy was built on the 'five C's': copper, cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate.

Answer: True

Explanation: The foundational economic pillars of Arizona's early development are commonly referred to as the 'five C's': copper, cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate (which supported tourism).

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Health care, transportation, and government are the largest sectors contributing to Arizona's economy.

Answer: True

Explanation: Key sectors driving Arizona's economy include health care, transportation, and government services, contributing significantly to its overall economic output.

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The state government is the largest employer in Arizona.

Answer: True

Explanation: The state government holds the position of the largest employer within Arizona.

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Arizona is a major producer of corn and soybeans.

Answer: False

Explanation: While Arizona produces various agricultural goods, it is not considered a major producer of corn and soybeans; its significant crops include lettuce, spinach, citrus, and durum wheat.

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Yuma, Arizona, is particularly recognized for its significant production of romaine lettuce.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Yuma region is renowned for its substantial agricultural output, especially its role as a leading producer of romaine lettuce in the United States.

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What was Arizona's Gross State Product (GSP) in 2023?

Answer: $508 billion

Explanation: Arizona's Gross State Product (GSP) was valued at approximately $508 billion in 2023.

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The historical 'five C's' that formed the foundation of Arizona's economy included all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer: Corn

Explanation: The traditional 'five C's' of Arizona's economy were copper, cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate. Corn was not historically considered one of these foundational elements.

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Which of the following is identified as the largest employer in Arizona?

Answer: The state government

Explanation: The state government is recognized as the largest single employer within Arizona.

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Yuma, Arizona, is particularly significant in the state's agricultural sector for its production of:

Answer: Romaine lettuce

Explanation: The Yuma region is highly significant for its agricultural output, notably being a major producer of romaine lettuce.

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Governance and Political Structure

In 2000, Arizona became the first state to conduct a legally binding election entirely over the internet.

Answer: True

Explanation: In March 2000, Arizona achieved a technological milestone by conducting the first legally binding election entirely via the internet for a political candidate's nomination.

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The U.S. Supreme Court upheld all provisions of Arizona's controversial SB 1070 immigration law.

Answer: False

Explanation: The U.S. Supreme Court reviewed Arizona's SB 1070 immigration law and invalidated several key provisions, including the requirement for immigrants to carry identification papers at all times.

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The 2011 Tucson shooting involving Congresswoman Gabby Giffords drew attention to issues of political rhetoric.

Answer: True

Explanation: The tragic shooting incident in Tucson in 2011, which involved Congresswoman Gabby Giffords, brought significant national attention to the potential impact of inflammatory political rhetoric.

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Arizona observes Daylight Saving Time for the entire state, including all Native American reservations.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona, with the exception of the Navajo Nation, does not observe Daylight Saving Time.

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The Arizona State Legislature consists of a Senate with 60 members and a House of Representatives with 30 members.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Arizona State Legislature is bicameral, with 30 senators and 60 representatives.

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Katie Hobbs is the current Governor of Arizona and belongs to the Republican Party.

Answer: False

Explanation: Katie Hobbs is the current Governor of Arizona and is a member of the Democratic Party.

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Arizona is unique among states for maintaining an official governor's mansion separate from the state capitol.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona is one of the few states that does not maintain an official governor's mansion; governors reside in private homes while their offices are at the state capitol.

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Justices of the Arizona Supreme Court are elected directly by the public in statewide elections.

Answer: False

Explanation: Justices of the Arizona Supreme Court are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a commission, followed by voter confirmation.

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Arizona has recently transitioned into a competitive swing state, with both major parties winning recent presidential elections.

Answer: True

Explanation: Arizona's political landscape has evolved, and it is now considered a swing state, demonstrating increased competitiveness with recent presidential elections being won by candidates from both major parties.

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Arizona Proposition 102 in 2008 defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman.

Answer: True

Explanation: Arizona Proposition 102, approved by voters in 2008, amended the state constitution to define marriage exclusively as a union between one man and one woman.

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Arizona voters approved Proposition 131 in 2022, which eliminated the position of Lieutenant Governor.

Answer: False

Explanation: Proposition 131, approved in 2022, established the position of Lieutenant Governor in Arizona, to be elected jointly with the governor starting in 2026.

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Public schools in Arizona are managed by roughly 220 local school districts.

Answer: True

Explanation: The public education system in Arizona is administered through approximately 220 local school districts.

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Regarding Arizona's immigration laws like SB 1070, what was the outcome at the U.S. Supreme Court level?

Answer: Key provisions were invalidated by the court.

Explanation: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled against key provisions of Arizona's SB 1070 immigration law, finding them preempted by federal law.

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The 2011 shooting in Tucson involving Congresswoman Gabby Giffords brought national attention to which issue?

Answer: Incendiary political rhetoric

Explanation: The shooting incident involving Congresswoman Gabby Giffords in Tucson highlighted concerns regarding the impact of divisive and inflammatory political rhetoric.

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The Arizona State Legislature is bicameral, consisting of 30 senators and how many representatives?

Answer: 60

Explanation: The Arizona State Legislature comprises a Senate with 30 members and a House of Representatives with 60 members.

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How are justices appointed to the Arizona Supreme Court?

Answer: They are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a commission, followed by voter confirmation.

Explanation: Arizona Supreme Court justices are appointed by the governor from a list provided by a nominating commission. Following their initial appointment, they undergo a retention election by voters.

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Arizona's political landscape has evolved significantly, and it is now considered:

Answer: A swing state with increasing competitiveness.

Explanation: Arizona has transitioned from a traditionally Republican stronghold to a more competitive swing state, evidenced by closer election results and victories by candidates from both major parties in recent presidential contests.

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What did Arizona Proposition 131, approved in 2022, establish?

Answer: The position of Lieutenant Governor.

Explanation: Arizona voters approved Proposition 131 in 2022, which established the office of Lieutenant Governor, to be elected on a joint ticket with the governor beginning in 2026.

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Cultural Heritage and Notable Sites

The University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University are the state's three main private universities.

Answer: False

Explanation: The University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University are the state's three main public universities, governed by the Arizona Board of Regents.

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The rivalry between the Arizona State Sun Devils and the Arizona Wildcats predates Arizona's statehood and awards the Territorial Cup.

Answer: True

Explanation: The football rivalry between Arizona State and the University of Arizona is notable for predating statehood and awarding the Territorial Cup, the oldest college football trophy in NCAA Division I.

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The Heard Museum in Phoenix is primarily known for its collection of Western-style cowboy art.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Heard Museum in Phoenix is internationally acclaimed for its extensive collection of Native American art and culture, not Western cowboy art.

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Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are recognized as developing artist colonies in Arizona.

Answer: True

Explanation: Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are recognized as significant artist colonies within Arizona, contributing to the state's vibrant arts scene.

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Winslow, Arizona, gained cultural fame from its mention in a song by the band The Doors.

Answer: False

Explanation: Winslow's cultural fame is linked to its mention in the Eagles' song 'Take It Easy,' not a song by The Doors.

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The rivalry between the Arizona State Sun Devils and Arizona Wildcats is notable because:

Answer: It involves the oldest college football trophy, the Territorial Cup.

Explanation: The rivalry between Arizona State and the University of Arizona is distinguished by the Territorial Cup, the oldest college football trophy in NCAA Division I, and it predates Arizona's statehood.

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The Heard Museum in Phoenix is internationally recognized for its collection of:

Answer: Native American art

Explanation: The Heard Museum in Phoenix is globally renowned for its comprehensive collection and exhibitions focused on Native American art and culture.

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Which Arizona cities are mentioned as developing artist colonies in Arizona?

Answer: Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac

Explanation: Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are identified as notable developing artist colonies within Arizona.

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The cultural significance of Winslow, Arizona, is linked to its mention in which popular song?

Answer: 'Take It Easy' by the Eagles

Explanation: Winslow, Arizona, gained cultural recognition through its reference in the Eagles' hit song 'Take It Easy'.

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Infrastructure and Transportation Networks

Interstate 15 is the only major Interstate highway that passes through Arizona.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona is traversed by several major Interstate highways, including I-8, I-10, I-15, I-17, and I-40, in addition to I-11 which is partially designated.

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Phoenix operates a light rail system known as Valley Metro Rail.

Answer: True

Explanation: Phoenix is served by Valley Metro Rail, its light rail public transportation system.

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The Amtrak *Sunset Limited* route serves northern Arizona, stopping in Flagstaff and Winslow.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Amtrak *Sunset Limited* route serves southern Arizona, with stops in cities like Tucson and Yuma. The *Southwest Chief* serves northern Arizona, including Flagstaff and Winslow.

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Which Amtrak route serves northern Arizona, with stops including Flagstaff and Winslow?

Answer: The *Southwest Chief*

Explanation: The Amtrak *Southwest Chief* route provides service through northern Arizona, with scheduled stops in Flagstaff and Winslow, among other locations.

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Interstate 15 is the only major Interstate highway that passes through Arizona.

Answer: False

Explanation: Arizona is served by multiple major Interstate highways, including I-8, I-10, I-15, I-17, and I-40, among others.

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Phoenix operates a light rail system known as Valley Metro Rail.

Answer: True

Explanation: Valley Metro Rail is the light rail system serving the Phoenix metropolitan area.

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The Amtrak *Sunset Limited* route serves northern Arizona, stopping in Flagstaff and Winslow.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Amtrak *Sunset Limited* route serves southern Arizona. The *Southwest Chief* route serves northern Arizona, including Flagstaff and Winslow.

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