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The Armenian Highlands, recognized as the indigenous region of the Armenian people, is primarily situated in North Africa and the Middle East.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Armenian Highlands are located in West Asia, specifically the South Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia, not North Africa.
The estimated total global population of Armenians, encompassing both those residing in Armenia and the diaspora, ranges between 8 million and 11 million individuals.
Answer: True
Explanation: The global Armenian population, including its diaspora, is indeed estimated to be between 8 million and 11 million people.
Which of the following nations is NOT listed as hosting a substantial Armenian diaspora population?
Answer: China
Explanation: The flashcard lists Russia, the United States, and France as countries with large Armenian diaspora populations, but not China.
The earliest attestations of the exonym 'Armenia' are found in Roman records dating from the 1st century BC.
Answer: False
Explanation: The earliest attestations of the exonym 'Armenia' date back to around the 6th century BC, appearing in Persian and Greek records.
Armenians refer to themselves as 'Hay,' an endonym traditionally derived from Hayk, a legendary patriarch credited with defeating the Babylonian king Bel.
Answer: True
Explanation: Armenians use the endonym 'Hay,' which is traditionally linked to the legendary patriarch Hayk, who is said to have defeated the Babylonian king Bel.
The 'Armenian hypothesis' posits the Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Steppe, a theory purportedly supported by recent genetic research.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Armenian hypothesis' suggests the Indo-European homeland was located around the Armenian Highland, not the Pontic Steppe.
During the Bronze Age, the Kingdom of Urartu was among several states that flourished in the Greater Armenia region, contributing significantly to Armenian ethnogenesis.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Kingdom of Urartu was indeed one of several Bronze Age states in Greater Armenia that played a role in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people.
Under the reign of Tigran the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia at its zenith was confined solely to the modern borders of Armenia.
Answer: False
Explanation: At its zenith under Tigran the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia extended far beyond modern Armenia, reaching from the Caucasus to central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran.
What is the endonym utilized by Armenians to refer to themselves?
Answer: Hay
Explanation: Armenians refer to themselves by the endonym 'Hay'.
Which legendary figure is traditionally recognized as the patriarch of the Armenians, from whom their endonym is derived?
Answer: Hayk
Explanation: The endonym 'Hay' is traditionally derived from Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians.
Which of the following Bronze Age polities flourished within the Greater Armenia region and contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people?
Answer: The Kingdom of Urartu
Explanation: The Kingdom of Urartu was one of several Bronze Age states that flourished in Greater Armenia and contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people.
What was the approximate territorial extent of the Kingdom of Armenia at its zenith under Tigran the Great?
Answer: From the Caucasus to central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran
Explanation: At its zenith under Tigran the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia stretched from the Caucasus to central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran.
According to the 'Armenian hypothesis,' what is the proposed location of the Indo-European homeland?
Answer: Around the Armenian Highland
Explanation: The 'Armenian hypothesis' suggests that the Indo-European homeland was located around the Armenian Highland.
Armenian is classified as an Indo-European language, possessing two mutually intelligible forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.
Answer: True
Explanation: Armenian is indeed an Indo-European language with two main, mutually intelligible forms: Eastern and Western Armenian.
The Armenian alphabet, invented in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, represented a pivotal moment in the development of Armenian national identity.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD, which was a crucial event for Armenian national identity and culture, ushering in the 'Golden Age of Armenia'.
The 'Golden Age of Armenia' commenced in 405 CE with the invention of the Armenian alphabet and the subsequent translation of numerous foreign texts.
Answer: True
Explanation: The invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405 CE by Mesrop Mashtots indeed marked the beginning of the 'Golden Age of Armenia,' characterized by extensive translations of foreign works.
Moses of Chorene, recognized as the 'father of Armenian history,' authored 'The History of Armenia' during the 19th-century Revival period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Moses of Chorene authored 'The History of Armenia' as an early Armenian literary figure, long before the 19th-century Revival period.
Who is credited with inventing the distinctive Armenian alphabet in 405 AD?
Answer: Mesrop Mashtots
Explanation: Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD, an event that initiated the 'Golden Age of Armenia'.
The predominant religious affiliation among Armenians is Eastern Orthodoxy, rendering the Armenian Orthodox Church the world's oldest national church.
Answer: False
Explanation: The predominant religion among Armenians is the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is a non-Chalcedonian Christian church, not Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion in the 1st century CE.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kingdom of Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion in the early 4th century CE, likely 301 CE, not the 1st century CE.
Prior to Christianization, Armenians primarily adhered to Zoroastrianism, which subsequently vanished entirely following the adoption of Christianity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Before Christianization, Armenians adhered to Armenian paganism, influenced by Zoroastrianism, which gradually declined but did not completely disappear after the adoption of Christianity.
The Armenian Apostolic Church is a Chalcedonian Christian church that maintains close ecclesiastical ties with Eastern Orthodox churches.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Armenian Apostolic Church is a non-Chalcedonian Christian church, meaning it does not adhere to the Council of Chalcedon and is independent of Eastern Orthodox churches.
During periods of political decline, the Armenian Church assumed a crucial role in safeguarding national identity and cultural continuity.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Armenian Church was instrumental in preserving national identity and cultural continuity during times of political subjugation and loss of sovereignty.
The Paulicians and Tondrakians constituted two significant pagan movements that resisted Christianization in medieval Armenia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Paulicians and Tondrakians were Christian movements (Gnostic/Manichaean and egalitarian, respectively) that existed in medieval Armenia, not pagan movements resisting Christianization.
What is the historical distinction of the Armenian Apostolic Church?
Answer: It is the world's oldest national church, officially adopted by a nation.
Explanation: The Armenian Apostolic Church holds the distinction of being the world's oldest national church, having been the first state church officially adopted by a nation.
In what period did the Kingdom of Armenia become the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion?
Answer: In the early 4th century, likely 301 CE
Explanation: The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state to adopt Christianity as a state religion in the early 4th century, likely 301 CE.
What was the predominant religious practice among Armenians prior to the adoption of Christianity?
Answer: Armenian paganism, influenced by Zoroastrianism
Explanation: Before adopting Christianity, Armenians adhered to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism.
What is a fundamental theological characteristic of the Armenian Apostolic Church?
Answer: It is a non-Chalcedonian Christian church.
Explanation: The Armenian Apostolic Church is a non-Chalcedonian Christian church, meaning it does not adhere to the theological definitions of the Council of Chalcedon.
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was established in the 15th century by Armenian refugees escaping Mongol invasions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was founded in 1080 by Armenian nobility and peasantry fleeing Byzantine occupation and Seljuk invasion, not in the 15th century due to Mongol invasions.
From the early 16th century, Western Armenia was subjected to Ottoman rule, whereas Eastern Armenia was governed by various Iranian empires.
Answer: True
Explanation: From the early 16th century, Western Armenia was under Ottoman rule, and Eastern Armenia was successively ruled by the Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar Iranian empires.
In what year did Armenians reestablish a sovereign kingdom under the Bagratid Dynasty?
Answer: 885 CE
Explanation: Armenians reestablished a sovereign kingdom under the Bagratid Dynasty in 885 CE.
What factors contributed to the establishment of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1080?
Answer: Armenian nobility and peasantry fleeing Byzantine occupation and Seljuk invasion
Explanation: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was formed in 1080 by Armenian nobility and peasantry who fled Byzantine occupation and Seljuk invasion.
Describe the geopolitical division of Armenia during the early modern period, commencing from the early 16th century.
Answer: Western Armenia under Ottoman rule, Eastern Armenia under various Iranian empires
Explanation: From the early 16th century, Western Armenia was under Ottoman rule, while Eastern Armenia was successively ruled by the Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar Iranian empires.
The modern Armenian diaspora was primarily constituted by economic migration to Western Europe during the late 20th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The modern Armenian diaspora was primarily formed as a direct result of the Armenian Genocide, not economic migration to Western Europe.
The Armenian Genocide, which transpired in 1915-1916, led to the ethnic cleansing of Armenians within the Ottoman Empire, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million victims.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Armenian Genocide, occurring in 1915-1916, involved the ethnic cleansing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, with an estimated 1.2 million victims.
Armenia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1920, following a brief period as an independent republic.
Answer: False
Explanation: Armenia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, not 1920. It was an independent republic from 1918 to 1920 before becoming part of the Soviet Union.
In 2023, the Nagorno-Karabakh region witnessed the flight of nearly its entire ethnic Armenian population into Armenia subsequent to a military offensive by Azerbaijan.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following a 2023 military offensive by Azerbaijan, nearly the entire ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled into Armenia.
The majority of Armenians in the diaspora predominantly speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language.
Answer: False
Explanation: Most Armenians in the diaspora primarily speak the Western dialect of the Armenian language, while Eastern Armenian is spoken predominantly in Armenia and former Soviet republics.
What constituted the primary impetus for the formation of the modern Armenian diaspora?
Answer: The Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire
Explanation: The modern Armenian diaspora was primarily formed as a direct result of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.
What is the estimated casualty count of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire during 1915-1916?
Answer: An estimated 1.2 million
Explanation: The Armenian Genocide resulted in an estimated 1.2 million victims in the Ottoman Empire during 1915-1916.
In what year did Armenia re-establish its independence from the Soviet Union?
Answer: 1991
Explanation: Armenia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
What significant demographic event occurred concerning the ethnic Armenian population of the Nagorno-Karabakh region in 2023?
Answer: Nearly the entire population fled into Armenia after an Azerbaijani offensive.
Explanation: In 2023, nearly the entire ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled into Armenia following an Azerbaijani military offensive.
Which dialect of the Armenian language is predominantly spoken by the majority of Armenians in the diaspora?
Answer: Western Armenian
Explanation: Most Armenians in the diaspora primarily speak the Western dialect of the Armenian language.
Which of the following is identified as the largest global Armenian non-profit organization?
Answer: Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU)
Explanation: The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) is identified as the largest Armenian non-profit organization globally.
A distinctive characteristic of Armenian art is the early prevalence of figurative relief carvings on church exteriors, a practice that was also common in Byzantium.
Answer: False
Explanation: A distinctive feature of Armenian art is the early popularity of figurative relief carvings on church exteriors, which was *uncommon* in Byzantium, not common.
Armenian traditional dress, or Taraz, historically incorporated wool, fur, and cotton, with silk imported from China for royalty during the Urartian period.
Answer: True
Explanation: Traditional Armenian dress, Taraz, utilized wool, fur, and cotton, and silk was indeed imported from China for royalty during the Urartian period.
Armenian theater is a relatively recent cultural development, originating solely in the medieval period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Armenian theater is one of the oldest Eurasian theatrical traditions, dating back to before Roman times, not merely the medieval period.
The Armenian Genocide catalyzed the emergence of the 'kef' style of Armenian dance music in the post-Genocide United States.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Armenian Genocide led to widespread emigration, and in the post-Genocide United States, the 'kef' style of Armenian dance music emerged.
The oldest extant Armenian carpet dates to the 18th century and predominantly features geometric patterns devoid of animal depictions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The oldest extant Armenian carpet dates to the early 13th century and commonly features depictions of dragons and eagles, not exclusively geometric patterns.
Khorovats, a type of Armenian flatbread, is widely regarded as a favorite Armenian dish.
Answer: False
Explanation: Khorovats is an Armenian-styled barbecue, arguably the favorite Armenian dish, while Lavash is a popular flatbread.
Which of the following represents a distinctive feature of Classical and Medieval Armenian Architecture?
Answer: Early popularity of figurative relief carvings on church exteriors
Explanation: A distinctive feature of Armenian art, including architecture, is the early popularity of figurative relief carvings on church exteriors, a practice uncommon in Byzantium.
What materials were traditionally employed in Armenian dress, known as Taraz?
Answer: Wool, fur, and cotton, with silk imported for royalty during the Urartian period
Explanation: Traditional Armenian dress, Taraz, utilized wool, fur, and cotton, and silk was indeed imported for royalty during the Urartian period.
What is the characteristic theatrical art form associated with ancient Armenian theater?
Answer: Lyrical (profound) drama
Explanation: The ancient and beloved form of theatrical art in Armenian theater is lyrical (profound) drama.
Which of the following is NOT a traditional instrument commonly featured in Armenian folk music?
Answer: Bagpipes
Explanation: The duduk, dhol, and zurna are listed as common traditional instruments in Armenian folk music, but bagpipes are not.
What are the prevalent themes and patterns observed on Armenian carpets?
Answer: Depictions of dragons and eagles
Explanation: Common themes and patterns on Armenian carpets include depictions of dragons and eagles, leading to categories like 'artsvagorgs' and 'vishapagorgs'.
Which dish is widely considered the quintessential Armenian dish, characterized as an Armenian-style barbecue?
Answer: Khorovats
Explanation: Khorovats, an Armenian-styled barbecue, is arguably the favorite Armenian dish.
The Y-DNA haplogroups R1b, J2, and T are identified as the most prominent paternal lineages within the Armenian population.
Answer: True
Explanation: A 2012 study identified R1b, J2, and T as the most notable Y-DNA haplogroups among Armenians.
The mtDNA haplogroups H, U, T, J, K, and X are among the most notable maternal lineages identified in Armenian genetic samples.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mtDNA haplogroups H, U, T, J, K, and X are indeed among the most notable maternal lineages found in Armenian samples.
Which Y-DNA haplogroups were identified as most prominent among Armenians in a 2012 study?
Answer: R1b, J2, T
Explanation: A 2012 study identified R1b, J2, and T as the most notable Y-DNA haplogroups among Armenians.
Which of these mtDNA haplogroups are among the most notably observed in Armenian genetic samples?
Answer: H, U, T, J, K, X
Explanation: The mtDNA haplogroups H, U, T, J, K, and X are among the most notable found in Armenian samples.