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Evidence suggests that the region now known as Ayutthaya was inhabited during the Mon Dvaravati period and was subsequently occupied by Khmers circa 850 AD, who established a settlement named Ayodhya.
Answer: True
Explanation: Archaeological findings and historical records indicate prior habitation during the Mon Dvaravati period and a significant Khmer presence around 850 AD, evidenced by their settlement named Ayodhya.
Prince Damrong posited that Ayutthaya was originally founded by the Burmese, who governed from Lopburi.
Answer: True
Explanation: Prince Damrong, a prominent Thai historian, suggested a theory that the Burmese, ruling from Lopburi, were the original founders of Ayutthaya.
An excavation map situated near Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon reveals traces of an ancient baray, suggesting it may have been constructed upon the foundations of a significant former Khmer temple complex.
Answer: True
Explanation: The presence of an ancient baray (water reservoir) near Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon, as indicated by excavation maps, points to the possibility of a pre-existing substantial Khmer temple structure on the site.
The Shri Canasa Inscription K.949, dated to the 850s, is considered robust evidence supporting Ayutthaya's ancient existence, contrary to the notion that its potential later relocation weakens its significance.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Shri Canasa Inscription K.949, dating from the 850s, is widely regarded as critical evidence for Ayutthaya's ancient origins. While some scholars debate its original placement, its content remains significant.
The earliest extant written reference to Ayutthaya attributes its foundation to a nobleman originating from the northern region, with the year cited as 944.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Royal Northern Chronicle provides the earliest known written account, dating the foundation of Ayutthaya to 944 AD and attributing it to a nobleman from the northern territories.
Note [b] indicates that Phraya Kodom's reign in Mueang Wat Doem concluded approximately in the year 974 CE.
Answer: True
Explanation: Note [b] provides specific chronological information, stating that Phraya Kodom's rule in Mueang Wat Doem ended around 974 CE.
While Ayutthaya was officially founded in 1351 by King Ramathibodi I, earlier Khmer occupation around 850 AD is also documented in the region.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical and archaeological records confirm both the official founding of Ayutthaya in 1351 and earlier periods of habitation, including significant Khmer presence circa 850 AD.
The Royal Northern Chronicle is cited as providing the earliest known reference to Ayutthaya, dating its foundation to 944 AD.
Answer: True
Explanation: This chronicle is considered the primary source for the earliest documented mention of Ayutthaya's foundation, attributing it to the year 944 AD.
What evidence indicates that the region of Ayutthaya was inhabited prior to its official founding in 1351?
Answer: Records indicating Khmer occupation around 850 AD and habitation during the Mon Dvaravati period.
Explanation: Evidence includes findings from the Mon Dvaravati period and documentation of Khmer occupation around 850 AD, who established a settlement named Ayodhya.
What is the historical significance attributed to the Khmer settlement named Ayodhya within the context of Ayutthaya's early history?
Answer: It signifies a connection to an Indian holy city and indicates early Khmer presence and influence.
Explanation: The Khmer settlement of Ayodhya signifies a connection to an Indian holy city and indicates an early Khmer presence and influence in the region prior to the formal founding of Ayutthaya.
Which historical figure is credited with attesting to an earlier Khmer settlement named Ayodhya, situated near the confluence of three rivers?
Answer: Prince Damrong
Explanation: Prince Damrong is the historical figure credited with attesting to the existence of an earlier Khmer settlement named Ayodhya near the confluence of three rivers.
What specific archaeological feature discovered near Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon suggests the presence of a possible Khmer temple complex?
Answer: Traces of an ancient baray (water reservoir)
Explanation: Traces of an ancient baray (water reservoir) found near Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon suggest it may have been constructed on the site of a former significant Khmer temple complex.
The Shri Canasa Inscription K.949, dated to the 850s, holds significance primarily because it:
Answer: Is frequently cited as key evidence supporting Ayutthaya's existence in ancient times.
Explanation: This inscription is frequently cited as key evidence supporting the existence of Ayutthaya in ancient times, providing a chronological anchor.
What counter-argument is raised concerning the Shri Canasa Inscription K.949's role in establishing Ayutthaya's early history?
Answer: Scholars believe it was relocated to Ayutthaya much later than its original dating.
Explanation: A counter-argument suggests that the inscription may have been relocated to Ayutthaya much later than its original dating, potentially weakening its direct link to the earliest period.
What is identified as the earliest known written reference to Ayutthaya, and what claim does it make regarding the city's foundation?
Answer: The Royal Northern Chronicle, attributing foundation to a northern nobleman in 944 AD.
Explanation: The Royal Northern Chronicle is considered the earliest known written reference, claiming the foundation of Ayutthaya by a nobleman from the northern region in 944 AD.
Note [b] details Phraya Kodom's reign, referencing his death year in the Chula Sakarat calendar and its Common Era equivalent. What is this CE equivalent?
Answer: 974 CE
Explanation: Note [b] states that Phraya Kodom's reign in Mueang Wat Doem ended around 974 CE.
The assertion that the city of Ayutthaya was founded exclusively by King Ramathibodi I in 1351, with no preceding evidence of habitation, is factually inaccurate.
Answer: True
Explanation: While King Ramathibodi I founded Ayutthaya in 1351, archaeological evidence indicates prior habitation and settlement in the area, including Khmer occupation.
In 1569, Ayutthaya was captured by the Burmese army, resulting in the loss of numerous valuable objects, though the extent of 'heavy pillaging' is debated.
Answer: True
Explanation: While the Burmese army captured Ayutthaya in 1569, historical accounts suggest the city was not 'heavily pillaged' but rather lost many valuable and artistic items.
Ayutthaya functioned as the capital of the Kingdom of Siam until its eventual destruction by the Burmese army in 1767.
Answer: True
Explanation: The city of Ayutthaya served as the capital for over four centuries, from its founding until its fall to the Burmese in 1767.
The calculation by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand places the founding of Ayutthaya on March 4, 1351, corresponding to the Common Era.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, the founding date of Ayutthaya is calculated as March 4, 1351, in the Common Era.
According to historical records, who is credited with founding the city of Ayutthaya, and in what year did this occur?
Answer: King Ramathibodi I in 1351.
Explanation: Historical records attribute the founding of the city of Ayutthaya to King Ramathibodi I in the year 1351.
What significant event transpired in 1569 concerning the city of Ayutthaya?
Answer: The city was captured by the Burmese but not pillaged.
Explanation: In 1569, the city of Ayutthaya was captured by the Burmese army, leading to the loss of many valuable objects.
In what year was Ayutthaya ultimately destroyed, marking the cessation of its role as the capital?
Answer: 1767
Explanation: Ayutthaya was ultimately destroyed by the Burmese army in 1767, signifying the end of its period as the capital.
The founding date of Ayutthaya, as calculated by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, corresponds to which date in the Common Era?
Answer: March 4, 1351 AD
Explanation: The calculation by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand places the founding of Ayutthaya on March 4, 1351, in the Common Era.
Which of the following statements regarding the destruction of Ayutthaya is accurate according to the provided source material?
Answer: The Burmese army destroyed the city in 1767, ending its role as capital.
Explanation: The Burmese army destroyed the city in 1767, marking the end of its period as the capital.
The systematic renovation of Ayutthaya's ruins commenced in 1969, with the site officially designated as a historical park in 1976.
Answer: True
Explanation: Efforts to restore and preserve the historical ruins of Ayutthaya began in 1969, culminating in the official designation of the area as a historical park in 1976.
Which organization initiated the process of renovating Ayutthaya's ruins, and when did this initiative commence?
Answer: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, in 1969
Explanation: The renovation of Ayutthaya's ruins was begun by Thailand's Fine Arts Department in 1969.
Ayutthaya Historical Park achieved inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the year 1991.
Answer: True
Explanation: The historical significance and cultural value of Ayutthaya Historical Park were formally recognized when it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1991.
The area designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site for Ayutthaya Historical Park is approximately 289 hectares, not 500 hectares.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for Ayutthaya Historical Park encompasses an area of 289 hectares.
Ayutthaya Historical Park was inscribed under UNESCO cultural criterion (iii), which pertains to bearing unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization, not specifically a 'living cultural tradition'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Criterion (iii) for UNESCO World Heritage inscription signifies that the site bears unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization, which may be extinct or extant, but the emphasis is on its unique testimony.
UNESCO inscription criterion 'Cultural: iii' does not signify modern architectural design; it pertains to bearing unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization.
Answer: True
Explanation: Criterion (iii) for UNESCO World Heritage Sites evaluates the site's unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization, not its modern architectural merit.
The specific area of Ayutthaya Historical Park designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprises 289 hectares.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for Ayutthaya Historical Park encompasses an area of 289 hectares.
Ayutthaya Historical Park was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site during the 15th session of the World Heritage Committee.
Answer: True
Explanation: The inscription occurred in 1991 at the 15th session of the World Heritage Committee, recognizing the site's outstanding universal value.
Under which specific UNESCO inscription criterion was Ayutthaya Historical Park recognized?
Answer: Cultural: iii (Bears unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization)
Explanation: Ayutthaya Historical Park was recognized under the cultural criterion (iii), which relates to bearing unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization.
What is the specific area, measured in hectares, designated as the UNESCO World Heritage Site within Ayutthaya Historical Park?
Answer: 289 hectares
Explanation: The area designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site for Ayutthaya Historical Park comprises 289 hectares.
In which year was Ayutthaya Historical Park inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
Answer: 1991
Explanation: Ayutthaya Historical Park was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.
What does the UNESCO inscription criterion 'Cultural: iii' signify in the context of a World Heritage Site?
Answer: It must bear unique testimony to a disappeared cultural tradition or civilization.
Explanation: Criterion 'Cultural: iii' signifies that the site bears unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization that has since disappeared or is exceptional in its uniqueness.
Prominent temple ruins located within Ayutthaya Historical Park include Wat Chaiwatthanaram, Wat Mahathat, and Wat Phra Si Sanphet, among others.
Answer: True
Explanation: The park preserves numerous significant temple ruins, with Wat Chaiwatthanaram, Wat Mahathat, and Wat Phra Si Sanphet being among the most notable examples.
In addition to temple ruins, Ayutthaya Historical Park encompasses other significant sites such as Phra Chedi Suriyothai and Baan Hollanda, which represents the historical Dutch village.
Answer: True
Explanation: The park's historical landscape includes not only temples but also monuments like Phra Chedi Suriyothai and remnants of foreign settlements, such as Baan Hollanda.
The gallery section features images of various historical sites within the park, prominently displaying the iconic image of a Buddha head entwined within tree roots at Wat Mahathat.
Answer: True
Explanation: The gallery provides visual documentation of the park's heritage, including the widely recognized depiction of a Buddha head embedded within tree roots at Wat Mahathat.
Baan Hollanda refers to the historical Dutch settlement within Ayutthaya Historical Park, not a Japanese one.
Answer: True
Explanation: Baan Hollanda is identified as the site of the historical Dutch village, distinct from any Japanese settlements that may have existed in the area.
The inclusion of an 'Elephant camp' among the listed park sites signifies the historical importance of elephants in the region, potentially for labor, warfare, or ceremonial functions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mention of an 'Elephant camp' highlights the integral role elephants played in the historical context of Ayutthaya, influencing its economy, military, and culture.
The gallery image labeled 'Headless statues' does not depict intact Buddha statues from the park's founding period; rather, it shows damaged or eroded figures.
Answer: True
Explanation: Images of 'headless statues' in the gallery represent the common state of ancient artifacts found in ruins, often damaged by time or conflict, rather than intact statues from the founding period.
Which of the following is not listed among the notable temple ruins situated within Ayutthaya Historical Park?
Answer: Wat Arun Ratchawararam
Explanation: Wat Arun Ratchawararam is a significant temple in Bangkok, not one of the notable temple ruins located within Ayutthaya Historical Park.
Beyond temple ruins, what other categories of historical sites are mentioned as being present within the park?
Answer: Phra Chedi Suriyothai, Japanese village, and Baan Hollanda
Explanation: Besides temples, the park also contains sites such as Phra Chedi Suriyothai, the Japanese village, and Baan Hollanda (the Dutch village).
What iconic feature located at Wat Mahathat is prominently showcased in the gallery section of the article?
Answer: The head of Buddha entwined within tree roots
Explanation: The gallery section highlights the iconic image of a Buddha head entwined within tree roots at Wat Mahathat.
The 'Authority control' section of the article provides links to external databases, such as VIAF and IdRef, facilitating standardized cataloging and research.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Authority control' section serves to connect the subject of the article to established library and archival systems, aiding in consistent identification and retrieval of information.
The presence of sites such as the Japanese village and Baan Hollanda underscores Ayutthaya's historical significance as a hub for international trade and diverse foreign communities.
Answer: True
Explanation: These foreign settlements demonstrate Ayutthaya's past role as a cosmopolitan center, facilitating trade and hosting various international communities during its era.
What does the presence of 'Baan Hollanda' and the 'Japanese village' signify regarding Ayutthaya Historical Park's past?
Answer: Historical international interactions and the presence of foreign communities.
Explanation: These sites signify the historical international interactions and the presence of foreign communities in Ayutthaya, highlighting its role as a cosmopolitan center.
Ayutthaya Historical Park, situated within the Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province of Thailand, is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Answer: True
Explanation: The park is geographically located in the Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province of Thailand and holds the distinction of being a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The official Thai name for Ayutthaya Historical Park is not 'Phra Nakhon Historical Park'; it is Uthayān prawattisāt Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official Thai designation for Ayutthaya Historical Park is Uthayān prawattisāt Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, distinguishing it from 'Phra Nakhon Historical Park'.
The geographic coordinates for Ayutthaya Historical Park are approximately 14°20'52" N latitude and 100°33'38" E longitude.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ayutthaya Historical Park is precisely located at approximately 14 degrees, 20 minutes, and 52 seconds North latitude, and 100 degrees, 33 minutes, and 38 seconds East longitude.
What is Ayutthaya Historical Park primarily recognized for, and in which province is it located?
Answer: The ruins of the ancient city of Ayutthaya in the Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province, Thailand.
Explanation: Ayutthaya Historical Park is primarily known for the ruins of the ancient city of Ayutthaya, located in the Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province of Thailand.