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Prior to English colonization, the locale now recognized as Bermuda Hundred was an Appomattoc village designated as 'Mattica,' a settlement within the broader Powhatan Confederacy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historical records indicate that the site of Bermuda Hundred was an Appomattoc village named 'Mattica' before English settlement. The Appomattoc were a distinct group, though often associated with the larger Powhatan Confederacy.
Christopher Newport's initial engagement with the inhabitants of Mattica in 1607 was characterized by a peaceful exchange, which included offerings of food and tobacco.
Answer: True
Explanation: Captain Christopher Newport's expedition encountered the inhabitants of Mattica in 1607, and the initial interaction involved a peaceful exchange of goods, including food and tobacco.
Oppussoquionuske, the female chieftain (weroansqua) of the Appomattoc village, was reportedly mortally wounded and died following an English retaliatory action.
Answer: True
Explanation: Oppussoquionuske, the weroansqua of the Appomattoc village, was subjected to English retaliation after an ambush. Historical accounts suggest she was mortally wounded and died during the subsequent winter.
Prior to English settlement, the locale now identified as Bermuda Hundred was an Appomattoc village known by which name?
Answer: Mattica
Explanation: The Appomattoc village situated at the site of present-day Bermuda Hundred was named Mattica before the arrival of English colonists.
Identify the female chieftain (weroansqua) of the Appomattoc village who engaged with the English colonists.
Answer: Oppussoquionuske
Explanation: Oppussoquionuske held the position of female chieftain (weroansqua) for the Appomattoc village and interacted with the English settlers.
Bermuda Hundred was established in 1613 as the inaugural administrative division within the English colony of Virginia.
Answer: True
Explanation: Established by Sir Thomas Dale in 1613, Bermuda Hundred holds the distinction of being the first administrative division created in the English colony of Virginia.
The colonial Virginia designation of a 'hundred' originated from an English administrative concept pertaining to the capacity to support one hundred homesteads.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'hundred' in colonial Virginia referred to a large territorial division, drawing from an older English concept signifying an area capable of sustaining one hundred homesteads.
Sir Thomas Dale established the settlement of Bermuda Hundred in 1613, renaming the seized Appomattoc village 'New Bermudas'.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Sir Thomas Dale founded the town of Bermuda Hundred in 1613, the name given to the seized Appomattoc village was 'New Bermudas,' not Bermuda Hundred itself. The settlement's name is linked to the island of Bermuda.
The town of Bermuda Hundred received its official English colonial settlement in 1613 and was formally incorporated in the subsequent year.
Answer: True
Explanation: English colonists officially settled the town of Bermuda Hundred in 1613, with its formal incorporation occurring in 1614.
John Rolfe's principal economic contribution to Bermuda Hundred involved the cultivation and subsequent export of non-native tobacco varieties.
Answer: True
Explanation: John Rolfe is credited with successfully cultivating and exporting non-native tobacco strains from Bermuda Hundred, transforming it into a vital cash crop and establishing the area as a key shipping point.
Subsequent to the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, Bermuda Hundred's economy was predominantly centered on shipbuilding and fishing.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, Bermuda Hundred's economy developed with a mixed structure, including plantations, farms, and a port, rather than being solely focused on shipbuilding and fishing.
What was the principal significance of Bermuda Hundred within the context of the English colony of Virginia?
Answer: It was the first administrative division established in the colony.
Explanation: Bermuda Hundred's primary significance lies in its establishment as the first administrative division within the English colony of Virginia.
What was the significant role played by John Rolfe in fostering the economic development of Bermuda Hundred?
Answer: He cultivated and exported non-native tobacco strains, making it a cash crop.
Explanation: John Rolfe's successful cultivation and export of non-native tobacco strains transformed the crop into a lucrative cash commodity, significantly contributing to Bermuda Hundred's economic development.
In the period subsequent to the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, the development of Bermuda Hundred was primarily characterized by:
Answer: Expansion and development with a mixed economy of plantations, farms, and a port.
Explanation: Following the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, Bermuda Hundred experienced expansion and development, featuring a diversified economy that included plantations, agricultural farms, and a functioning port.
During the latter half of the 17th century, Bermuda Hundred underwent a significant economic transformation, characterized by the expansion of plantation agriculture and a heightened dependence on enslaved African labor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The late 17th century saw Bermuda Hundred shift towards larger agricultural estates and an increased utilization of enslaved African labor, driven by market demands for cash crops.
In the later colonial period, the port of Bermuda Hundred encountered significant challenges stemming from excessive silt accumulation, necessitating expensive dredging operations.
Answer: True
Explanation: Excessive silting became a major impediment to the port of Bermuda Hundred during the later colonial era, requiring substantial investment in dredging to maintain navigability.
In the later colonial period, Bermuda Hundred primarily functioned as a point of arrival for affluent European merchants immigrating to the colonies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bermuda Hundred primarily served as a point of disembarkation for indentured servants and other European migrants, rather than a primary destination for wealthy merchants.
What significant economic transformation commenced in Bermuda Hundred during the latter half of the 17th century?
Answer: Increased plantation sizes and the extensive use of African slaves.
Explanation: The latter half of the 17th century witnessed a major economic shift in Bermuda Hundred, marked by the expansion of plantation agriculture and a substantial increase in the reliance on enslaved African labor.
Identify a significant challenge that confronted the port of Bermuda Hundred during the later colonial period.
Answer: The port becoming too shallow due to silt accumulation.
Explanation: A primary challenge for the port of Bermuda Hundred in the later colonial period was the increasing shallowness caused by silt accumulation, which impeded maritime traffic.
In addition to its function as a shipping port, Bermuda Hundred served a vital role during the later colonial period as:
Answer: Off-loading European migrants arriving as indentured servants.
Explanation: Beyond its shipping functions, Bermuda Hundred was crucial in the later colonial period for receiving and processing European migrants, many of whom arrived as indentured servants.
By the advent of American independence, Bermuda Hundred was distinguished by the presence of a few affluent plantations and a port experiencing decline, with the descendants of original colonial families constituting a minority population.
Answer: True
Explanation: The socio-economic landscape of Bermuda Hundred by the American Revolution featured a concentration of wealth in large plantations, a diminishing port, and a demographic shift where original colonial families were outnumbered.
Throughout the 18th century, the prevailing economic system of mercantilism, coupled with the institution of slavery, resulted in the displacement of European artisans and small farmers within Bermuda Hundred.
Answer: True
Explanation: The economic structures of mercantilism and widespread slavery in the 18th century contributed to the displacement of European artisans and farmers in Bermuda Hundred, altering the social composition of the area.
During the Revolutionary War, the predominant sentiment among Bermuda Hundred's inhabitants was support for continued loyalty to the British Crown.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to supporting the Crown, the majority of remaining planters, farmers, and townspeople in Bermuda Hundred favored secession and independence from British rule by the time of the Revolutionary War.
General Cornwallis's strategic occupation of the Bermuda Hundred peninsula ultimately facilitated his successful evasion and subsequent reinforcement by British military units.
Answer: False
Explanation: General Cornwallis's position on the Bermuda Hundred peninsula became untenable due to the arrival of the French fleet, which blocked escape routes, leading to his entrapment and eventual surrender, not a successful escape.
In the aftermath of American independence, the newly accessible western territories served as a significant impetus for numerous inhabitants of Bermuda Hundred to undertake westward migration.
Answer: True
Explanation: The post-independence period saw the opening of western territories, which attracted many inhabitants from Bermuda Hundred, prompting them to migrate in search of new opportunities and land.
In the post-Revolutionary War era, the rural economy adapted as planters liquidated surplus enslaved individuals, selling them to western plantations to mitigate existing debts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Post-Revolutionary War economic adjustments included planters selling enslaved individuals to western markets as a strategy to manage financial obligations and stabilize their estates.
In the decades subsequent to the Revolutionary War, the town and port of Bermuda Hundred witnessed a notable resurgence in commercial activity and overall viability.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the Revolutionary War, the town and port of Bermuda Hundred experienced a decline in commercial activity and viability due to factors such as trade restrictions and port silting, rather than a resurgence.
By the time of American independence, what were the primary characteristics of Bermuda Hundred's social structure?
Answer: A few wealthy plantations and a declining port, with original families being a minority.
Explanation: The social structure of Bermuda Hundred by the American Revolution featured a concentration of wealth in large plantations, a port in decline, and a demographic shift where original colonial families were no longer the majority.
In what manner did the prevailing economic system of mercantilism and the practice of slavery impact the European populace of 18th-century Bermuda Hundred?
Answer: It resulted in a reduction of the European colonial population as they were displaced or replaced.
Explanation: The economic dynamics of mercantilism and the pervasive use of slavery in 18th-century Bermuda Hundred led to the displacement and reduction of the European colonial population, particularly among artisans and small farmers.
What was the prevailing sentiment among the inhabitants of Bermuda Hundred concerning secession from Great Britain as the Revolutionary War era approached?
Answer: The majority supported secession and independence.
Explanation: By the time of the Revolutionary War, the majority of Bermuda Hundred's inhabitants supported the cause of secession and independence from British rule.
General Cornwallis's entrapment in the vicinity of Bermuda Hundred was a direct consequence of:
Answer: The arrival of the French fleet under Comte de Grasse, blocking escape routes.
Explanation: Cornwallis's strategic position near Bermuda Hundred became a trap due to the decisive arrival of the French fleet under Comte de Grasse, which effectively sealed off escape routes by sea.
Following the achievement of American independence, what principal factor significantly encouraged westward migration originating from Bermuda Hundred?
Answer: The defeat of Native American tribes and opening of western territories.
Explanation: The post-independence period saw the opening of western territories, which attracted many inhabitants from Bermuda Hundred, prompting them to migrate in search of new opportunities and land.
In what manner did the rural economy of Bermuda Hundred adapt in the period following the Revolutionary War?
Answer: By planters selling excess slaves west to pay debts and diversifying labor.
Explanation: Post-Revolutionary War adaptation in Bermuda Hundred's rural economy involved planters selling surplus enslaved individuals to western plantations to manage debts and diversifying labor sources.
Describe the condition of the town and port of Bermuda Hundred in the decades subsequent to the Revolutionary War.
Answer: They suffered from curtailed commerce, trade restrictions, and port silting.
Explanation: In the decades following the Revolutionary War, the town and port of Bermuda Hundred experienced diminished commercial activity, faced trade restrictions, and suffered from the effects of port silting.
During the early 19th century, Bermuda Hundred's port was adapted to accommodate larger ocean-going vessels, facilitated by an expansion in domestic trade.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the early 19th century, Bermuda Hundred's port favored smaller vessels for local and New England shipping due to its limitations, rather than larger ocean-going vessels.
Throughout the antebellum period, planter families wielded considerable social and political influence within Bermuda Hundred.
Answer: True
Explanation: Planter families were a dominant force in the social and political landscape of Bermuda Hundred during the antebellum era.
At the commencement of the Civil War, Bermuda Hundred was characterized as a vibrant industrial hub replete with numerous manufacturing facilities.
Answer: False
Explanation: At the outset of the Civil War, Bermuda Hundred was predominantly a quiet backwater dominated by large estates, not a bustling industrial center.
The Union blockade implemented during the Civil War inflicted severe damage upon, or complete destruction of, the port facilities and associated shipping enterprises of Bermuda Hundred.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Union blockade during the Civil War had a devastating impact on Bermuda Hundred, leading to the severe damage or destruction of its port infrastructure and commercial shipping operations.
The Bermuda Hundred Campaign culminated in a substantial Union advance directed toward Richmond, effectively entrapping Confederate military units.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Bermuda Hundred Campaign resulted in the Union forces being halted and trapped on the peninsula by Confederate defenses, rather than achieving a significant advance towards Richmond or trapping Confederate forces.
During the early 19th century, Bermuda Hundred's economic equilibrium was sustained by:
Answer: Increased use of smaller vessels for local and New England shipping.
Explanation: The early 19th century saw Bermuda Hundred's economy stabilize through increased domestic trade, favoring smaller vessels for local and New England shipping routes.
Throughout the antebellum period, which demographic group held significant social and political influence in Bermuda Hundred?
Answer: Planter families.
Explanation: Planter families were the dominant social and political force in Bermuda Hundred during the antebellum period.
Describe the state of Bermuda Hundred at the commencement of the Civil War.
Answer: A quiet backwater dominated by large estates.
Explanation: At the beginning of the Civil War, Bermuda Hundred was characterized as a quiet rural area, largely dominated by extensive estates, rather than an industrial or commercial center.
The significance of the Bermuda Hundred Campaign in May 1864 lies in which of the following?
Answer: It represented one of the Confederacy's final successful defensive stands.
Explanation: The Bermuda Hundred Campaign is historically significant as it represented one of the Confederacy's final successful defensive actions, halting a Union advance.
Presently, Bermuda Hundred exists as a small community within southeastern Chesterfield County, Virginia, having ceased its function as a significant shipping port.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bermuda Hundred is currently a small community in southeastern Chesterfield County, Virginia, and no longer functions as a major shipping port.
What form did the devastation take in the Bermuda Hundred region in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Answer: The destruction of infrastructure and ruin of planter fortunes.
Explanation: The post-Civil War period brought widespread devastation to Bermuda Hundred, marked by the destruction of infrastructure and the financial ruin of many planter families.
During the Reconstruction era, the economy of the town of Bermuda Hundred suffered due to which factors?
Answer: The town's capital stock being seized by the Union Army.
Explanation: The town of Bermuda Hundred faced economic hardship during Reconstruction, partly due to the seizure of its capital stock by Union forces.
By the onset of the Great Depression, the railroad and port facilities located in Bermuda Hundred had become:
Answer: Largely abandoned due to profitability issues and market changes.
Explanation: The Great Depression marked a period where the railroad and port facilities in Bermuda Hundred were largely abandoned, a consequence of declining profitability and shifting market dynamics.
What impact has the inauguration of the Varina-Enon Bridge in 1990 exerted upon Bermuda Hundred?
Answer: It resulted in increased commercial and residential development replacing farms.
Explanation: The opening of the Varina-Enon Bridge in 1990 facilitated improved connectivity, leading to increased commercial and residential development that has largely replaced former farmlands in Bermuda Hundred.
The appellation 'Bermuda Hundred' derives from the island of Bermuda, a connection established through the 1609 shipwreck of the vessel *Sea Venture*.
Answer: True
Explanation: The name 'Bermuda Hundred' is directly linked to the island of Bermuda, stemming from the stranding of the *Sea Venture* there in 1609, which brought English survivors into contact with the region.
The loss of the *Sea Venture*, despite its flagship status, did not significantly impede the critical supply chain to Jamestown during the period known as the 'Starving Time.'
Answer: False
Explanation: The *Sea Venture* carried vital leaders and essential supplies for Jamestown. Its loss critically exacerbated the 'Starving Time' crisis, as these crucial resources never arrived.
Which event occurring in 1609 precipitated the English decision to name the settlement 'Bermuda Hundred'?
Answer: The shipwreck of the *Sea Venture* off the coast of Bermuda.
Explanation: The naming of Bermuda Hundred is directly attributed to the 1609 shipwreck of the *Sea Venture* on the island of Bermuda, which brought English survivors into contact with the region.
Identify the individual from the following list who was not among the prominent figures aboard the *Sea Venture* during its 1609 shipwreck.
Answer: John Smith
Explanation: While Sir George Yeardley, Christopher Newport, and John Rolfe were aboard the *Sea Venture* during its shipwreck, John Smith was not among the prominent figures present on that voyage.
The critical period known as the 'Starving Time' in Jamestown was intensified by the fate of the *Sea Venture* due to which factor?
Answer: It carried vital leaders and supplies that never reached Jamestown.
Explanation: The *Sea Venture* was carrying essential leaders and critical supplies intended for Jamestown. Its loss meant these vital resources did not arrive, significantly worsening the famine during the 'Starving Time'.