Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
Bone char's composition is predominantly carbon, classifying it as a type of activated carbon.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char's composition is predominantly carbon, classifying it as a type of activated carbon.
The production of bone char involves heating animal bones to approximately 700°C in a low-oxygen environment, not exceeding 1000°C in an open-air furnace.
Answer: True
Explanation: The production of bone char involves heating animal bones to approximately 700°C in a low-oxygen environment, not exceeding 1000°C in an open-air furnace.
Dippel's oil, a historical byproduct of bone char production, is derived from the volatile organic material of the bones, not their mineral content.
Answer: True
Explanation: Dippel's oil, a historical byproduct of bone char production, is derived from the volatile organic material of the bones, not their mineral content.
The regeneration of used bone char involves washing with hot water and subsequent heating in a controlled air environment, not necessarily high-oxygen, at approximately 500°C.
Answer: True
Explanation: The regeneration of used bone char involves washing with hot water and subsequent heating in a controlled air environment, not necessarily high-oxygen, at approximately 500°C.
While derived from animal bones, the source material indicates that skulls and spines are now avoided in bone char production due to disease concerns.
Answer: True
Explanation: While derived from animal bones, the source material indicates that skulls and spines are now avoided in bone char production due to disease concerns.
The process of charring bones converts the organic material into activated carbon and drives off volatile components, rather than solely into ash.
Answer: False
Explanation: The process of charring bones converts the organic material into activated carbon and drives off volatile components, rather than solely into ash.
Bone char is derived from various animal bones, not exclusively from cattle bones.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char is derived from various animal bones, not exclusively from cattle bones.
The production of bone char involves heating animal bones to approximately 700°C within a low-oxygen environment.
Answer: True
Explanation: The production of bone char involves heating animal bones to approximately 700°C within a low-oxygen environment.
Bone char is produced by heating animal bones in a sealed vessel or kiln, which facilitates the preservation and formation of carbon content.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char is produced by heating animal bones in a sealed vessel or kiln, which facilitates the preservation and formation of carbon content.
The high heat employed in bone char production primarily serves to drive off organic material and create a porous carbon structure, not to remove mineral content.
Answer: False
Explanation: The high heat employed in bone char production primarily serves to drive off organic material and create a porous carbon structure, not to remove mineral content.
The regeneration temperature for bone char is approximately 500°C (932°F).
Answer: True
Explanation: The regeneration temperature for bone char is approximately 500°C (932°F).
While tricalcium phosphate is a primary component of bone char, its black color is primarily attributed to the carbon content.
Answer: False
Explanation: While tricalcium phosphate is a primary component of bone char, its black color is primarily attributed to the carbon content.
Bone char is produced by calcining bones in a low-oxygen atmosphere, distinguishing it from bone ash produced in an oxygen-rich environment.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char is produced by calcining bones in a low-oxygen atmosphere, distinguishing it from bone ash produced in an oxygen-rich environment.
The production of bone char involves heating animal bones to approximately 700°C.
Answer: True
Explanation: The production of bone char involves heating animal bones to approximately 700°C.
What is the principal component of bone char by mass?
Answer: Tricalcium phosphate
Explanation: The principal component of bone char by mass is tricalcium phosphate.
What critical condition must be maintained during the charring process to ensure the quality of bone char?
Answer: Low concentration of oxygen
Explanation: Maintaining a low concentration of oxygen during the charring process is critical to ensuring the quality and adsorptive capacity of bone char.
What is the approximate temperature employed during the kiln reactivation process for used bone char?
Answer: 500°C (932°F)
Explanation: The kiln reactivation process for used bone char typically employs temperatures around 500°C (932°F).
What historical byproduct was collected from the volatile organic material during bone char production?
Answer: Dippel's oil
Explanation: Dippel's oil was the historical byproduct collected from the volatile organic material during bone char production.
Why have skulls and spines been specifically avoided in later bone char production processes?
Answer: Due to concerns about diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Explanation: Skulls and spines have been specifically avoided in later bone char production due to concerns regarding transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
What is the principal function of the activated carbon component present within bone char?
Answer: To contribute to its adsorptive properties.
Explanation: The activated carbon component within bone char principally functions to contribute to the material's adsorptive properties.
What is the principal purpose of heating bones to temperatures up to 700°C during bone char production?
Answer: To drive off organic material and create a porous structure.
Explanation: The principal purpose of heating bones to up to 700°C during bone char production is to drive off organic material and create a porous structure.
What historical issue pertaining to disease prompted modifications in the materials utilized for bone char production?
Answer: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Explanation: Concerns related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) prompted modifications in the materials used for bone char production, leading to the avoidance of skulls and spines.
What is the historical significance of Dippel's oil in relation to bone char production?
Answer: It was a byproduct derived from the organic material of the bones.
Explanation: Dippel's oil holds historical significance as a byproduct derived from the organic material of the bones during bone char production.
The process of charring bones to produce bone char occurs at temperatures reaching up to:
Answer: 700°C (1292°F)
Explanation: The process of charring bones to produce bone char occurs at temperatures reaching up to approximately 700°C (1292°F).
What is the significance attributed to the 'activated carbon' component within bone char?
Answer: It forms during charring and contributes to adsorptive properties.
Explanation: The activated carbon component within bone char forms during the charring process and significantly contributes to the material's adsorptive properties.
The material known as bone char exhibits insolubility in water.
Answer: True
Explanation: The material known as bone char exhibits insolubility in water.
The carbon component within bone char contributes significantly to its adsorptive capabilities for fluoride and metal ions in aqueous solutions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The carbon component within bone char contributes significantly to its adsorptive capabilities for fluoride and metal ions in aqueous solutions.
Bone char demonstrates particular efficacy in the adsorption of metals belonging to Group 12 of the periodic table, including copper and zinc.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char demonstrates particular efficacy in the adsorption of metals belonging to Group 12 of the periodic table, including copper and zinc.
Bone char is capable of adsorbing toxic heavy metals such as arsenic and lead from contaminated water sources.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char is capable of adsorbing toxic heavy metals such as arsenic and lead from contaminated water sources.
The physical properties of bone char, such as density, are typically reported under standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa, not 0°C.
Answer: False
Explanation: The physical properties of bone char, such as density, are typically reported under standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa, not 0°C.
The pKa value of bone char, ranging from 8.5 to 10.0, indicates that the material exhibits weakly basic properties, not strongly acidic.
Answer: False
Explanation: The pKa value of bone char, ranging from 8.5 to 10.0, indicates that the material exhibits weakly basic properties, not strongly acidic.
The CAS Registry Number assigned to bone char is 8021-99-6.
Answer: True
Explanation: The CAS Registry Number assigned to bone char is 8021-99-6.
The ECHA InfoCard number for bone char is 100.029.470.
Answer: True
Explanation: The ECHA InfoCard number for bone char is 100.029.470.
With a pKa value between 8.5 and 10.0, bone char exhibits weakly basic properties, enabling it to neutralize acidic contaminants.
Answer: True
Explanation: With a pKa value between 8.5 and 10.0, bone char exhibits weakly basic properties, enabling it to neutralize acidic contaminants.
Bone char's effectiveness in water treatment is primarily attributed to its adsorptive properties, stemming from its porous structure and chemical composition, rather than solely physical filtration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char's effectiveness in water treatment is primarily attributed to its adsorptive properties, stemming from its porous structure and chemical composition, rather than solely physical filtration.
The CAS Registry Number 8021-99-6 serves as a unique identifier for bone char in regulatory and chemical databases.
Answer: True
Explanation: The CAS Registry Number 8021-99-6 serves as a unique identifier for bone char in regulatory and chemical databases.
The source identifies 'animal charcoal' as an alternative name for bone char.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies 'animal charcoal' as an alternative name for bone char.
The characteristic deep black color of bone char, when used as a pigment, is attributed to its significant carbon content.
Answer: True
Explanation: The characteristic deep black color of bone char, when used as a pigment, is attributed to its significant carbon content.
While bone char can adsorb some organic compounds, its primary role in water treatment is the removal of inorganic ions like fluoride and heavy metals.
Answer: False
Explanation: While bone char can adsorb some organic compounds, its primary role in water treatment is the removal of inorganic ions like fluoride and heavy metals.
Bone char is recognized for its effectiveness in removing cadmium ions from water.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char is recognized for its effectiveness in removing cadmium ions from water.
The designation 'Pigment black 9' serves as an identifier for bone char within the realm of artistic pigments.
Answer: True
Explanation: The designation 'Pigment black 9' serves as an identifier for bone char within the realm of artistic pigments.
Bone char's density is typically reported in the range of 0.7 to 0.8 g/cm³, not 1.7 to 1.8 g/cm³.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char's density is typically reported in the range of 0.7 to 0.8 g/cm³, not 1.7 to 1.8 g/cm³.
Bone char is also identified by its Latin name, 'carbo animalis'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char is also identified by its Latin name, 'carbo animalis'.
The EC Number for bone char is 232-421-2.
Answer: True
Explanation: The EC Number for bone char is 232-421-2.
Bone char demonstrates effectiveness in removing arsenic ions from water.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char demonstrates effectiveness in removing arsenic ions from water.
Bone char's primary function in water treatment is the adsorption of fluoride and various metal ions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char's primary function in water treatment is the adsorption of fluoride and various metal ions.
The source identifies 'bone black' as an alternative name for bone char.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies 'bone black' as an alternative name for bone char.
The physical properties of bone char are typically measured at standard conditions, including a pressure of 100 kPa.
Answer: True
Explanation: The physical properties of bone char are typically measured at standard conditions, including a pressure of 100 kPa.
Which of the following is not identified as an alternative name or identifier for bone char within the provided source material?
Answer: Bone ash
Explanation: Bone ash is distinct from bone char; alternative names for bone char include Carbo animalis, CI 77267, and Animal charcoal.
What is the typical density range reported for bone char under standard conditions?
Answer: 0.7 to 0.8 g/cm³
Explanation: The typical density range reported for bone char under standard conditions is 0.7 to 0.8 g/cm³.
Which component of bone char is principally responsible for its efficacy in water treatment, particularly in fluoride removal?
Answer: The tricalcium phosphate
Explanation: The tricalcium phosphate component within bone char is principally responsible for its effectiveness in water treatment, especially for removing fluoride.
Which specific group of metals does bone char demonstrate particular effectiveness in removing from water?
Answer: Group 12 metals (e.g., Copper, Zinc, Cadmium)
Explanation: Bone char demonstrates particular effectiveness in removing metals belonging to Group 12 of the periodic table, such as copper, zinc, and cadmium.
What standard temperature reference is used for reporting bone char properties such as density and pKa?
Answer: 25°C (77°F)
Explanation: The standard temperature reference used for reporting bone char properties like density and pKa is 25°C (77°F).
What is the ECHA InfoCard identifier assigned to bone char?
Answer: 100.029.470
Explanation: The ECHA InfoCard identifier assigned to bone char is 100.029.470.
Which of the following hazardous metal ions can bone char potentially adsorb from aqueous solutions?
Answer: Arsenic and Lead
Explanation: Bone char can potentially adsorb hazardous metal ions such as arsenic and lead from aqueous solutions.
Bone char's insolubility in water is a critical property that facilitates its application in:
Answer: Filtration and adsorption processes.
Explanation: Bone char's insolubility in water is a critical property that facilitates its application in filtration and adsorption processes.
Which identifier serves as the EPA's CompTox Dashboard identifier for bone char?
Answer: DTXSID5027693
Explanation: DTXSID5027693 serves as the EPA's CompTox Dashboard identifier for bone char.
The acidity of bone char, measured by its pKa values typically ranging from 8.5 to 10.0, indicates that the material exhibits weakly basic properties.
Answer: Weakly basic
Explanation: With a pKa value typically ranging from 8.5 to 10.0, bone char exhibits weakly basic properties.
Which of the following is not identified as a stated use or characteristic of bone char within the provided information?
Answer: Component in semiconductor manufacturing
Explanation: Component in semiconductor manufacturing is not identified as a stated use or characteristic of bone char within the provided information.
Historically, bone charcoal served as a significant agent for water defluoridation in the United States during the period spanning the 1940s to the 1960s.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historically, bone charcoal served as a significant agent for water defluoridation in the United States during the period spanning the 1940s to the 1960s.
Historically, bone char's primary application in the sugar industry was for the refining of cane sugar, rather than beet sugar, to remove impurities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historically, bone char's primary application in the sugar industry was for the refining of cane sugar, rather than beet sugar, to remove impurities.
During sugar refining, bone char effectively removes inorganic impurities such as magnesium and calcium ions, thereby preventing scaling issues.
Answer: True
Explanation: During sugar refining, bone char effectively removes inorganic impurities such as magnesium and calcium ions, thereby preventing scaling issues.
While ion-exchange resins and activated carbon are common modern alternatives, some sugar refineries continue to utilize bone char.
Answer: False
Explanation: While ion-exchange resins and activated carbon are common modern alternatives, some sugar refineries continue to utilize bone char.
Bone char is valued as an artist's pigment not primarily for its low cost, but for its deep black color and excellent tinting strength.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char is valued as an artist's pigment not primarily for its low cost, but for its deep black color and excellent tinting strength.
The pigment historically known as 'ivory black' is no longer derived from charred elephant ivory; it is now generally considered synonymous with bone black.
Answer: True
Explanation: The pigment historically known as 'ivory black' is no longer derived from charred elephant ivory; it is now generally considered synonymous with bone black.
Édouard Manet is noted for employing ivory black pigment in his painting 'Music in the Tuileries'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Édouard Manet is noted for employing ivory black pigment in his painting 'Music in the Tuileries'.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, bone char was incorporated into mixtures with wax or tallow by soldiers for treating leather equipment, serving purposes of preservation and coloration.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 18th and 19th centuries, bone char was incorporated into mixtures with wax or tallow by soldiers for treating leather equipment, serving purposes of preservation and coloration.
Bone char is effective in removing inorganic impurities such as sulfates, magnesium, and calcium ions during sugar refining.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char is effective in removing inorganic impurities such as sulfates, magnesium, and calcium ions during sugar refining.
In sugar refining, bone char functions as a decolorizing and deashing agent, not to increase sweetness.
Answer: False
Explanation: In sugar refining, bone char functions as a decolorizing and deashing agent, not to increase sweetness.
The 'black ball' mixture used by soldiers served dual purposes: preserving leather equipment and providing a black color, not primarily as a lubricant for metal parts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'black ball' mixture used by soldiers served dual purposes: preserving leather equipment and providing a black color, not primarily as a lubricant for metal parts.
The historical use of 'ivory black' pigment has largely ceased, not due to superior quality over bone black, but because it is now generally considered synonymous with bone black and actual ivory is rarely used.
Answer: False
Explanation: The historical use of 'ivory black' pigment has largely ceased, not due to superior quality over bone black, but because it is now generally considered synonymous with bone black and actual ivory is rarely used.
Historically, bone char was used by soldiers to treat leather equipment, serving dual functions of preservation and imparting a black color, not solely as a preservative.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historically, bone char was used by soldiers to treat leather equipment, serving dual functions of preservation and imparting a black color, not solely as a preservative.
Historical records indicate that artists such as Rembrandt and Pablo Picasso utilized bone black or ivory black pigments.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that artists such as Rembrandt and Pablo Picasso utilized bone black or ivory black pigments.
Historically, bone char was employed in sugar refining as a decolorizing and deashing agent, not to impart sweetness.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historically, bone char was employed in sugar refining as a decolorizing and deashing agent, not to impart sweetness.
The term 'ivory black' is currently considered a synonym for bone black and is not derived from actual ivory.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'ivory black' is currently considered a synonym for bone black and is not derived from actual ivory.
The 'black ball' mixture used by soldiers served dual purposes: preserving leather equipment and providing a black color, not solely coloring.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'black ball' mixture used by soldiers served dual purposes: preserving leather equipment and providing a black color, not solely coloring.
Bone char is primarily used to remove inorganic impurities and colorants from cane sugar, not solely organic colorants.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char is primarily used to remove inorganic impurities and colorants from cane sugar, not solely organic colorants.
Bone char is valued as a pigment for its deep black color, not a pale yellow hue.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char is valued as a pigment for its deep black color, not a pale yellow hue.
For which specific water treatment application was bone char historically significant in the United States?
Answer: Defluoridation
Explanation: Bone char was historically significant in the United States for the specific water treatment application of defluoridation.
What was the principal historical role of bone char within the sugar refining industry?
Answer: As a decolorizing and deashing agent
Explanation: The principal historical role of bone char in the sugar refining industry was as a decolorizing and deashing agent.
Which of the following represents a modern alternative to bone char utilized in sugar refining processes?
Answer: Activated carbon
Explanation: Activated carbon is a modern alternative utilized in sugar refining processes, alongside ion-exchange resins.
What qualities make bone char a valued pigment in artistic applications?
Answer: Its deep black color and excellent tinting strength.
Explanation: Bone char is valued as a pigment for its deep black color and excellent tinting strength, enabling artists to achieve rich tones.
What information does the source provide regarding the current status and derivation of 'ivory black' pigment?
Answer: It is now considered a synonym for bone black and not derived from ivory.
Explanation: The source indicates that 'ivory black' pigment is now considered a synonym for bone black and is not derived from actual ivory.
Which renowned artist is mentioned in connection with the use of ivory black pigment for the attire depicted in 'Music in the Tuileries'?
Answer: Édouard Manet
Explanation: Édouard Manet is mentioned as having used ivory black pigment for the attire in his painting 'Music in the Tuileries'.
What is the principal reason for bone char's effectiveness in removing specific inorganic impurities, such as sulfates and magnesium, during sugar refining?
Answer: Its porous structure physically traps the ions.
Explanation: Bone char's effectiveness in removing inorganic impurities like sulfates and magnesium during sugar refining is primarily due to its porous structure, which physically traps these ions.
Which statement most accurately describes the historical utilization of bone char for water defluoridation?
Answer: It was the first widely used agent for this purpose in the US, from the 1940s-1960s.
Explanation: Bone char was the first widely used agent for water defluoridation in the US, utilized from the 1940s to the 1960s.
What is the principal reason for the continued use of bone char in certain sugar refining operations, notwithstanding the availability of modern alternatives?
Answer: It offers specific advantages or cost-effectiveness for certain operations.
Explanation: Bone char continues to be used in some sugar refining operations because it offers specific advantages or cost-effectiveness for certain processes, despite modern alternatives.
What specific quality renders bone char particularly useful for artists aiming to achieve rich black tones?
Answer: Its deep, intense black color and tinting strength.
Explanation: Bone char's deep, intense black color and excellent tinting strength make it particularly useful for artists seeking rich black tones.
Bone char's application in sugar refining was crucial for removing impurities that could precipitate which processing problem?
Answer: Scaling in equipment
Explanation: Bone char's application in sugar refining was crucial for removing impurities that could cause scaling in equipment during processing.
The source notes the historical use of bone char by soldiers for treating leather equipment; what were the two primary functions of this treatment?
Answer: Preserving the leather and providing a black color
Explanation: The historical treatment of leather equipment by soldiers using bone char served two primary functions: preserving the leather and providing a black color.
What does the source imply concerning the historical application and derivation of the 'ivory black' pigment?
Answer: It was originally made from ivory but is now synonymous with bone black.
Explanation: The source implies that 'ivory black' pigment was originally derived from ivory but is now synonymous with bone black.
While modern technologies exist, bone char continues to be utilized in specific water treatment applications globally, particularly in developing regions.
Answer: True
Explanation: While modern technologies exist, bone char continues to be utilized in specific water treatment applications globally, particularly in developing regions.
Bone char finds application in the refining process for producing petroleum jelly.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bone char finds application in the refining process for producing petroleum jelly.
The refined bone char coating on the Solar Orbiter satellite's heatshield is designed to withstand extreme solar heat and glare, not cold temperatures.
Answer: False
Explanation: The refined bone char coating on the Solar Orbiter satellite's heatshield is designed to withstand extreme solar heat and glare, not cold temperatures.
The production of bone char was featured on the television series *Dirty Jobs*, not *Mythbusters*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The production of bone char was featured on the television series *Dirty Jobs*, not *Mythbusters*.
Thomas Pynchon's novel *The Crying of Lot 49* references the use of human bone char in cigarette filters.
Answer: True
Explanation: Thomas Pynchon's novel *The Crying of Lot 49* references the use of human bone char in cigarette filters.
In Jaroslav Hašek's *The Good Soldier Švejk*, human bone char ('spodium') is humorously referenced in the context of sugar refining, not as a pigment for military uniforms.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Jaroslav Hašek's *The Good Soldier Švejk*, human bone char ('spodium') is humorously referenced in the context of sugar refining, not as a pigment for military uniforms.
While bone char is used as a black pigment, its primary contemporary applications are in filtration and adsorption processes, such as water treatment.
Answer: False
Explanation: While bone char is used as a black pigment, its primary contemporary applications are in filtration and adsorption processes, such as water treatment.
Bone char's use in refining petroleum jelly is an established application, not a recent development driven by environmental regulations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bone char's use in refining petroleum jelly is an established application, not a recent development driven by environmental regulations.
While bone char is used in water purification, its primary modern use in developed nations is less common than in developing countries, where it serves as a cost-effective option.
Answer: False
Explanation: While bone char is used in water purification, its primary modern use in developed nations is less common than in developing countries, where it serves as a cost-effective option.
In regions such as Tanzania, bone char is employed for water purification, sometimes in conjunction with advanced methods like nanofiltration.
Answer: True
Explanation: In regions such as Tanzania, bone char is employed for water purification, sometimes in conjunction with advanced methods like nanofiltration.
While bone char is used as a black pigment, its primary contemporary applications are in filtration and adsorption processes, such as water treatment.
Answer: False
Explanation: While bone char is used as a black pigment, its primary contemporary applications are in filtration and adsorption processes, such as water treatment.
In the refining of petroleum jelly, bone char functions as an adsorbent to remove impurities.
Answer: To remove impurities during refining.
Explanation: In the refining of petroleum jelly, bone char functions as an adsorbent to remove impurities.
The Solar Orbiter satellite utilizes a refined form of bone char on its heatshield for thermal protection against solar radiation, not for internal temperature regulation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Solar Orbiter satellite utilizes a refined form of bone char on its heatshield for thermal protection against solar radiation, not for internal temperature regulation.
A refined form of bone char is utilized on the heatshield of the Solar Orbiter satellite for thermal protection.
Answer: True
Explanation: A refined form of bone char is utilized on the heatshield of the Solar Orbiter satellite for thermal protection.
In which geographical regions is bone char still considered a viable option for water purification, often employed in conjunction with other methods?
Answer: Developing countries like Tanzania
Explanation: Bone char is still considered a viable option for water purification in developing countries, such as Tanzania, often used alongside other methods.
Beyond water treatment and pigment applications, what niche use of bone char is mentioned in the source material?
Answer: Refining crude oil to produce petroleum jelly
Explanation: Beyond water treatment and pigment use, bone char is mentioned for its application in refining crude oil to produce petroleum jelly.
How does the bone char coating on the Solar Orbiter satellite function to protect the spacecraft?
Answer: It provides thermal protection against intense solar heat and glare.
Explanation: The bone char coating on the Solar Orbiter satellite functions by providing thermal protection against the intense solar heat and glare.
In which television series was the production process of bone char featured?
Answer: Dirty Jobs
Explanation: The production of bone char was featured in the television series *Dirty Jobs*.
In Thomas Pynchon's novel *The Crying of Lot 49*, what specific source is mentioned for the human bone char utilized in cigarette filters?
Answer: Deceased World War II soldiers buried in an Italian lake
Explanation: In *The Crying of Lot 49*, the human bone char used in cigarette filters is mentioned as originating from deceased World War II soldiers buried in an Italian lake.
Jaroslav Hašek's novel *The Good Soldier Švejk* humorously references human bone char ('spodium') within the context of:
Answer: Use in sugar refineries
Explanation: Jaroslav Hašek's novel *The Good Soldier Švejk* humorously references human bone char ('spodium') in the context of sugar refineries.
The reference to human bone char in *The Good Soldier Švejk* humorously raises the question of whether:
Answer: Officers' bones were more valuable than ordinary soldiers' bones for industrial use.
Explanation: The reference to human bone char in *The Good Soldier Švejk* humorously questions whether officers' bones held greater value than those of ordinary soldiers for industrial purposes.
Bone char is utilized in the refining of crude oil, primarily for the production of:
Answer: Petroleum jelly
Explanation: Bone char is utilized in the refining of crude oil, primarily for the production of petroleum jelly.