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Study Guide: Broadway Theatre: History, Business, and Culture

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Broadway Theatre: History, Business, and Culture Study Guide

Defining Broadway: Venues and Scope

Broadway theatres are primarily characterized by venues with seating capacities exceeding 1,000 seats.

Answer: False

Explanation: Broadway theatres are generally defined by a minimum seating capacity of 500 seats, rather than exceeding 1,000 seats as the primary characteristic.

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London's West End theatre is considered a lower tier of commercial live theater compared to Broadway.

Answer: False

Explanation: Broadway and London's West End are both recognized as the highest tiers of commercial live theatre in the English-speaking world, often setting standards for production quality and artistic presentation.

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Smaller theatrical venues in New York City with fewer than 100 seats are typically referred to as Off-Broadway.

Answer: False

Explanation: Theatrical venues in New York City with fewer than 100 seats are typically classified as Off-off-Broadway, distinct from Off-Broadway venues.

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Broadway theatre generates approximately $1.54 billion annually solely from merchandise sales.

Answer: False

Explanation: The $1.54 billion annual figure for Broadway theatre represents ticket sales, not solely merchandise sales, and is accompanied by approximately 12.3 million attendees.

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Musicals are the least common type of performance presented on Broadway.

Answer: False

Explanation: Musicals constitute the vast majority of performances on Broadway, making them the most common type of show presented.

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What defines a venue as a Broadway theatre in terms of seating capacity?

Answer: A minimum of 500 seats

Explanation: A venue is generally considered a Broadway theatre if it possesses a seating capacity of at least 500 seats, though exceptions may exist.

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How is Broadway theatre generally compared to London's West End theatre?

Answer: Both are recognized as the highest levels of commercial live theater in the English-speaking world.

Explanation: Broadway and London's West End are both recognized as the highest tiers of commercial live theatre in the English-speaking world, frequently setting standards for production quality and artistic presentation.

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What is the approximate annual economic impact of Broadway theatre in New York City, based on ticket sales?

Answer: $1.54 billion

Explanation: Broadway theatre generates approximately $1.54 billion annually from ticket sales, contributing significantly to New York City's economy and attracting about 12.3 million attendees each season.

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Which type of performance is most commonly presented on Broadway?

Answer: Musicals

Explanation: Musicals are the most common type of performance presented on Broadway, typically featuring elaborate song and dance numbers.

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Early History and Development (1750s-1900s)

New York City's first significant theatre was established in the early 1800s and hosted modern dramas.

Answer: False

Explanation: New York City's first significant theatre was established around 1750, not the early 1800s, and it featured Shakespearean plays and ballad operas, rather than modern dramas.

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William Hallam sent a company of actors to the American colonies in 1752, establishing a theatre in Philadelphia.

Answer: False

Explanation: William Hallam sent a company of actors to the American colonies in 1752, establishing their first theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia, not Philadelphia.

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The Park Theatre, built in 1798, had a seating capacity of approximately 500 people.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Park Theatre, built in 1798, was a large venue with a seating capacity of approximately 2,000 people.

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The Astor Place Riot of 1849 demonstrated that New York's entertainment scene was unified across all social classes.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Astor Place Riot of 1849 highlighted the divisions within New York's entertainment scene along class lines, rather than demonstrating unity.

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Edwin Booth is recognized for achieving 100 consecutive performances of Hamlet at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865.

Answer: True

Explanation: Edwin Booth achieved a notable milestone by performing Hamlet for 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865.

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In the 19th century, Broadway theatres primarily shifted their location from Midtown Manhattan to Downtown Manhattan.

Answer: False

Explanation: In the 19th century, Broadway theatres primarily shifted their location from Downtown Manhattan to Midtown Manhattan, beginning around 1850.

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The Black Crook, premiering in 1866, is considered the first musical on Broadway and ran for over 500 performances.

Answer: False

Explanation: While considered by some as the first musical, 'The Black Crook' premiered in 1866 and ran for 474 performances, not over 500.

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Improved transportation and street lighting in the late 19th century made theatre attendance less accessible.

Answer: False

Explanation: Improvements in transportation and street lighting in the late 19th century made theatre attendance more accessible and safer, contributing to the growth of Broadway.

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Charles H. Hoyt's "A Trip to Chinatown," opening in 1891, set a new record for Broadway long runs with 657 performances.

Answer: True

Explanation: Charles H. Hoyt's "A Trip to Chinatown," which opened in 1891, established a new record for Broadway long runs at the time, achieving 657 performances.

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The Theatrical Syndicate, formed in 1896, was a group of independent producers who promoted artistic experimentation.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Theatrical Syndicate, formed in 1896, was a powerful group that controlled most legitimate theatres in the U.S. for sixteen years, rather than promoting independent artistic experimentation.

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Broadway earned the nickname 'The Great White Way' due to the use of colorful, flashing neon signs.

Answer: False

Explanation: The nickname 'The Great White Way' originated from the extensive use of predominantly white electric lights on Broadway theatre signs, as colored bulbs were less durable.

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What kind of performances were hosted by New York City's first significant theatre established around 1750?

Answer: Shakespearean plays and ballad operas

Explanation: New York City's first significant theatre, established around 1750, hosted performances of Shakespearean plays and ballad operas.

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Who was William Hallam, and what significant action did he take in 1752?

Answer: A theatre manager who sent actors to the American colonies.

Explanation: William Hallam was a theatre manager who, in 1752, dispatched a company of twelve actors from Britain to the American colonies, establishing a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia.

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The Park Theatre, built in 1798, was notable for its:

Answer: Large seating capacity of 2,000 seats.

Explanation: The Park Theatre, constructed in 1798, was notable for its substantial seating capacity of 2,000 seats.

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What event in 1849 is cited as evidence of class divisions within New York's entertainment scene?

Answer: The Astor Place Riot.

Explanation: The Astor Place Riot of 1849 is cited as evidence of class divisions within New York's entertainment scene, arising from tensions between patrons of different theaters.

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Edwin Booth achieved a significant milestone in 1865 by performing which role for 100 consecutive performances?

Answer: Hamlet

Explanation: In 1865, Edwin Booth achieved a significant milestone by performing the role of Hamlet for 100 consecutive performances.

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What factor contributed to the shift of Broadway theatres from Downtown to Midtown Manhattan starting around 1850?

Answer: The desire for less expensive real estate.

Explanation: The shift of Broadway theatres from Downtown to Midtown Manhattan, beginning around 1850, was partly motivated by the search for less expensive real estate.

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"The Black Crook," considered by some as the first musical on Broadway, is noted for its:

Answer: Record-breaking run of 474 performances.

Explanation: "The Black Crook," considered by some as the first musical on Broadway, is noted for its record-breaking run of 474 performances.

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Which of the following was NOT a factor contributing to the growth and improvement of Broadway theatre in the latter half of the 19th century?

Answer: Increased competition from silent films.

Explanation: Improvements in transportation, a decrease in poverty, and better street lighting contributed to Broadway's growth in the latter half of the 19th century; increased competition from silent films was not a factor during this period.

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What was the significance of Charles H. Hoyt's A Trip to Chinatown, which opened in 1891?

Answer: It became Broadway's long-run champion at the time with 657 performances.

Explanation: Charles H. Hoyt's "A Trip to Chinatown," opening in 1891, was significant for becoming Broadway's long-run champion at the time, with 657 performances.

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The Theatrical Syndicate, formed in 1896 by Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger, primarily exerted influence by:

Answer: Controlling almost every legitimate theatre in the U.S. for sixteen years.

Explanation: The Theatrical Syndicate, formed in 1896, exerted its influence primarily by controlling nearly every legitimate theatre in the U.S. for sixteen years.

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Which of the following was a notable early musical produced by African Americans around the turn of the 20th century?

Answer: In Dahomey

Explanation: "In Dahomey" (1902) was a notable early musical produced by African Americans around the turn of the 20th century, alongside others like "A Trip to Coontown" and "Clorindy: The Origin of the Cakewalk."

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Why did Broadway earn the nickname 'The Great White Way'?

Answer: From the installation of electric signs using predominantly white lights.

Explanation: Broadway earned the nickname 'The Great White Way' due to the installation of electric signs that predominantly used white lights, as colored bulbs were less durable.

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The Golden Age and Mid-Century Innovations (1920s-1970s)

Historian Martin Shefter suggests that Broadway musicals helped establish New York City as the cultural capital of the world.

Answer: True

Explanation: According to historian Martin Shefter, Broadway musicals, especially those by Rodgers and Hammerstein, significantly contributed to American popular culture and the establishment of New York City as a global cultural capital.

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The 1919 Actors' Equity Association strike demanded better working conditions and a standard contract for actors.

Answer: True

Explanation: The 1919 Actors' Equity Association strike successfully demanded better working conditions and a standard contract for actors, compelling producers to meet the union's terms.

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The advent of synchronized sound in films like "The Jazz Singer" led to the decline of live theatre on Broadway.

Answer: False

Explanation: While there was concern, Broadway theatre adapted to synchronized sound films by incorporating elements from vaudeville and music halls, rather than declining.

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"Show Boat," premiering in 1927, was noted for its groundbreaking integration of book and score with dramatic themes.

Answer: True

Explanation: "Show Boat," premiering in 1927, was groundbreaking for its seamless integration of book, score, dramatic themes, music, dialogue, setting, and movement.

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Eugene O'Neill was a key playwright in the 1920s who proved there was an audience for experimental, avant-garde theatre.

Answer: False

Explanation: Eugene O'Neill was a key playwright in the 1920s who demonstrated an audience for serious drama, paving the way for other major dramatists.

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The Theatre Guild's 1930 production of "Roar, China!" was notable for featuring a majority white cast in a historical drama.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Theatre Guild's 1930 production of "Roar, China!" was notable for being Broadway's first play to feature a majority Asian cast.

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"Oklahoma!", opening in 1943, is considered a blockbuster that marked the beginning of a golden age for Broadway theatre.

Answer: True

Explanation: "Oklahoma!", opening in 1943, is recognized as a blockbuster hit that initiated a golden age for Broadway theatre, running for 2,212 performances.

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The decline of Broadway theatre in the late 1960s and 1970s was primarily due to increased competition from television.

Answer: False

Explanation: The decline of Broadway theatre in the late 1960s and 1970s was attributed to factors including cultural upheaval, mixed reception, the deterioration of Times Square, and a reduction in active theatres, rather than solely competition from television.

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The Theatre Development Fund (TDF) was established to provide financial backing for new, experimental plays regardless of their cultural value.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Theatre Development Fund (TDF) was established to support productions of high cultural value, offering discounted tickets to the public, rather than providing general financial backing regardless of value.

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According to historian Martin Shefter, what cultural influence did Broadway musicals, particularly those by Rodgers and Hammerstein, have?

Answer: They became forms of American popular culture and helped establish NYC as a cultural capital.

Explanation: Historian Martin Shefter posits that Broadway musicals, especially those by Rodgers and Hammerstein, became influential forms of American popular culture and were instrumental in establishing New York City as a global cultural capital.

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What was the primary demand of the Actors' Equity Association during their 1919 strike?

Answer: A standard contract for all professional productions.

Explanation: The primary demand of the Actors' Equity Association during their 1919 strike was a standard contract for all professional productions.

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How did Broadway theatre adapt to the advent of synchronized sound in motion pictures?

Answer: It incorporated elements from vaudeville and music halls, focusing on stars and dance.

Explanation: Broadway theatre adapted to the advent of synchronized sound films by incorporating elements from vaudeville and music halls, emphasizing stars and dance routines.

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Which 1927 musical production is recognized for its integration of book and score with dramatic themes?

Answer: Show Boat

Explanation: The 1927 musical production 'Show Boat' is recognized for its groundbreaking integration of its book and score with dramatic themes.

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Eugene O'Neill was a significant playwright in the 1920s who demonstrated the viability of:

Answer: Serious drama with an audience willing to support it.

Explanation: Eugene O'Neill, a significant playwright in the 1920s, demonstrated the viability of serious drama and cultivated an audience receptive to it.

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What made the Theatre Guild's 1930 production of "Roar, China!" significant?

Answer: It was Broadway's first play to feature a majority Asian cast.

Explanation: The Theatre Guild's 1930 production of "Roar, China!" was significant for being Broadway's first play to feature a majority Asian cast.

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Which musical, opening in 1943, is credited with ushering in a golden age for Broadway theatre?

Answer: Oklahoma!

Explanation: The musical 'Oklahoma!', opening in 1943, is credited with ushering in a golden age for Broadway theatre, running for 2,212 performances.

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Which of the following was identified as a factor contributing to the decline of Broadway theatre during the late 1960s and 1970s?

Answer: The deterioration of the Times Square area.

Explanation: The deterioration of the Times Square area was identified as a factor contributing to the decline of Broadway theatre during the late 1960s and 1970s.

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What is the primary function of the Theatre Development Fund (TDF)?

Answer: To offer discounted tickets for shows of high cultural value.

Explanation: The primary function of the Theatre Development Fund (TDF) is to support productions of high cultural value by offering tickets to the public at reduced prices.

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Modern Broadway: Business, Culture, and Impact (1980s-Present)

The 'Save the Theatres' campaign, initiated in 1982, aimed to encourage the demolition of historic Broadway buildings for new development.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 'Save the Theatres' campaign, initiated in 1982, aimed to preserve historic Broadway theater buildings from demolition, not encourage it.

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Broadway theatres were forced to close on March 12, 2020, due to the economic downturn following World War II.

Answer: False

Explanation: Broadway theatres closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, not an economic downturn following World War II.

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Most Broadway shows perform ten times a week, with Mondays typically being the main performance day.

Answer: False

Explanation: Most Broadway shows perform eight times a week, with Mondays typically being 'dark' days, not performance days.

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The Broadway League is primarily responsible for awarding the Tony Awards.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Broadway League co-administers the Tony Awards with the American Theatre Wing, but is not solely responsible for awarding them.

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The Shubert Organization, Nederlander Organization, and Disney Theatrical Group are the primary owners or managers of most Broadway theatres.

Answer: False

Explanation: The primary owners or managers of most Broadway theatres are The Shubert Organization, the Nederlander Organization, and ATG Entertainment, not Disney Theatrical Group.

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Star performers on Broadway commonly commit to runs of six months or longer, a trend that has remained consistent over time.

Answer: False

Explanation: Commitment lengths for star performers on Broadway have decreased, with 13-week runs becoming common, a shift from earlier trends of six months or longer.

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The minimum size of a Broadway orchestra is determined solely by the producers' budget.

Answer: False

Explanation: The minimum size of a Broadway orchestra is determined by agreements between the musicians' union and The Broadway League, not solely by producers' budgets.

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The duration of an open-ended run for a commercial Broadway production is primarily determined by the number of available theatre venues.

Answer: False

Explanation: The duration of an open-ended run is primarily determined by critical reception, audience engagement, and marketing effectiveness, which influence ticket sales and profitability, not by the number of available venues.

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To keep a show running, producers might seek temporary reductions in royalties, and theatre owners may reduce rents.

Answer: True

Explanation: Producers may seek temporary reductions in royalties, and theatre owners may reduce rents, to help sustain a show's run.

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"The Phantom of the Opera" holds the record for the longest-running show on Broadway, closing after over 15,000 performances.

Answer: False

Explanation: "The Phantom of the Opera" became the longest-running show on Broadway, eventually closing after 13,981 performances, not over 15,000.

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TKTS booths offer same-day tickets for Broadway shows at full price, serving as a primary marketing tool.

Answer: False

Explanation: TKTS booths offer same-day tickets for Broadway shows at discounted prices, typically 20% to 50% off the regular price, not at full price.

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Broadway theatres primarily use lotteries and student rates to discourage attendance and manage demand.

Answer: False

Explanation: Broadway theatres use lotteries and student rates as incentives to encourage attendance and maximize revenue, not to discourage it.

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In the 2017-2018 season, the average age of a Broadway theatergoer was 40, the lowest average age in nearly two decades.

Answer: True

Explanation: The average age of a Broadway theatergoer in the 2017-2018 season was 40, representing the lowest average age in nearly two decades.

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Productions that transfer from Off-Broadway to Broadway, like "Hamilton," often benefit from initial success and intimate staging to build a following.

Answer: True

Explanation: Productions transferring from Off-Broadway to Broadway, such as 'Hamilton,' often benefit from initial success and intimate staging to cultivate an audience before moving to larger venues.

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"Bus and truck" tours are large-scale productions that travel with the original Broadway cast and crew.

Answer: False

Explanation: "Bus and truck" tours are scaled-down versions of national tours, often featuring reduced production values and catering to smaller cities, rather than traveling with the original cast and crew.

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The Tony Awards are presented annually to honor achievements in film and television.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Tony Awards honor achievements in Broadway theatre, not film and television.

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The national television broadcast of the Tony Awards began in the 1950s, significantly increasing their prestige.

Answer: False

Explanation: The national television broadcast of the Tony Awards began in 1967, not the 1950s, and has since increased their prestige and public engagement.

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The Internet Broadway Database (IBDB) primarily focuses on providing ticket purchasing information for current shows.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Internet Broadway Database (IBDB) provides comprehensive historical and factual information about Broadway theatres and productions, not primarily ticket purchasing information.

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An asterisk (*) next to a closing date in theatre listings signifies that the theatre will remain vacant indefinitely.

Answer: False

Explanation: An asterisk (*) next to a closing date in theatre listings indicates that another production is already scheduled to follow in that venue.

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The musical "Wicked" is currently playing at the Gershwin Theatre.

Answer: True

Explanation: The musical 'Wicked' is currently performing at the Gershwin Theatre.

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The 'Save the Theatres' campaign, initiated in 1982, was primarily aimed at:

Answer: Preserving historic Broadway theater buildings from demolition.

Explanation: The 'Save the Theatres' campaign, initiated in 1982, was primarily aimed at preserving historic Broadway theater buildings from demolition.

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How did the COVID-19 pandemic initially impact Broadway theatres?

Answer: Performances were suspended starting March 12, 2020.

Explanation: Broadway theatres were initially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic through the suspension of performances starting March 12, 2020.

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What is The Broadway League's role in the industry?

Answer: It is a trade organization for producers and theatre owners.

Explanation: The Broadway League serves as a trade organization representing producers and theatre owners, promoting Broadway, negotiating labor contracts, and co-administering the Tony Awards.

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Which three organizations are identified as the primary owners or managers of most Broadway theatres?

Answer: The Shubert Organization, Nederlander Organization, and ATG Entertainment

Explanation: The primary owners or managers of most Broadway theatres are identified as The Shubert Organization, the Nederlander Organization, and ATG Entertainment.

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What trend has been observed regarding the commitment length of star performers on Broadway?

Answer: Commitments have decreased, with 13-week runs becoming common.

Explanation: A trend observed regarding star performers on Broadway is a decrease in commitment length, with 13-week runs becoming increasingly common.

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How do TKTS booths contribute to Broadway accessibility?

Answer: By providing same-day tickets at discounted prices.

Explanation: TKTS booths contribute to Broadway accessibility by providing same-day tickets at discounted prices, typically ranging from 20% to 50% off the regular price.

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What does an asterisk (*) next to a closing date in theatre listings signify?

Answer: Another production is already scheduled to follow.

Explanation: An asterisk (*) next to a closing date in theatre listings signifies that another production is already scheduled to follow in that venue.

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The musical "Hamilton" is currently being performed at which theatre?

Answer: Richard Rodgers Theatre

Explanation: The musical 'Hamilton' is currently being performed at the Richard Rodgers Theatre.

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What is the current production at the Ambassador Theatre?

Answer: Chicago

Explanation: The current production at the Ambassador Theatre is the musical 'Chicago'.

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Which of the following musicals is currently playing at the August Wilson Theatre?

Answer: Cabaret

Explanation: The musical 'Cabaret' is currently playing at the August Wilson Theatre.

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What is the primary purpose of 'bus and truck' tours in the context of Broadway national tours?

Answer: To offer scaled-down versions of tours for smaller cities.

Explanation: The primary purpose of 'bus and truck' tours is to offer scaled-down versions of national tours, often catering to smaller cities and featuring reduced production values.

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How has the national television broadcast of the Tony Awards influenced the ceremony since it began in 1967?

Answer: It increased the ceremony's importance and led to celebrity hosts.

Explanation: The national television broadcast of the Tony Awards, beginning in 1967, has increased the ceremony's importance and led to the inclusion of celebrity hosts to enhance public engagement.

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