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The Burgundian State was a unified kingdom from its inception, recognized as such by its contemporaries.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Burgundian State was a composite monarchy, a collection of distinct territories under a personal union, and the term 'Burgundian State' itself was a later historical construct, not a contemporary designation for a unified kingdom.
Henri Pirenne, a 19th-century historian, was the first to coin the term 'Burgundian State'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henri Pirenne, a 19th-century Belgian historian, is credited with coining the notion of a 'Burgundian State' in his *Histoire de Belgique*.
The Burgundian Netherlands were primarily a source of military power rather than wealth for the Burgundian State.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Burgundian Netherlands served as the main source of wealth and prestige for the Burgundian State, not primarily military power.
Johan Huizinga argued that the 'Burgundian State' was a contemporary term used by people of the period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Johan Huizinga noted that the term 'Burgundian State' was a creation of modern historiography and not recognized by contemporaries of the period.
What was the primary source of wealth and prestige for the Burgundian State?
Answer: The Burgundian Netherlands
Explanation: The Burgundian Netherlands served as the main source of wealth and prestige for the Burgundian State, contributing significantly to its status as a major European power.
Why is the term 'Burgundian State' considered a historical concept rather than a contemporary one?
Answer: It was coined by historians in the 19th century and not used by contemporaries.
Explanation: The term 'Burgundian State' was coined by historians in the 19th century, notably Henri Pirenne, and was not a designation used by people living in the period.
Which historian coined the notion of a 'Burgundian State' in his *Histoire de Belgique*?
Answer: Henri Pirenne
Explanation: Henri Pirenne, a 19th-century Belgian historian, is recognized for coining the concept of a 'Burgundian State' in his influential work, *Histoire de Belgique*.
What was the legal status of the Dukes of Burgundy in relation to the French King and the Holy Roman Emperor?
Answer: They were legally vassals of both the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor.
Explanation: The Dukes of Burgundy were legally vassals of both the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor, despite often acting with significant autonomy.
What was the primary reason for the controversy among historians regarding the concept of a 'Burgundian State'?
Answer: Many historians argue the lands constituted a collection of princely estates rather than a unified state.
Explanation: The controversy stems from the argument that the Burgundian lands were legally a collection of princely estates united by a personal union, rather than a single, unified state.
The Dukes of Burgundy belonged to a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Dukes of Burgundy were indeed members of the House of Valois-Burgundy, a junior line of the French royal House of Valois.
Philip the Bold became Duke of Burgundy after the Capetian House of Burgundy became extinct in 1361.
Answer: True
Explanation: After the Capetian House of Burgundy became extinct in 1361, John II of France claimed the duchy and subsequently appointed his youngest son, Philip the Bold, as Duke in 1364.
The Duchy of Burgundy immediately merged into the French royal domain after John II claimed it.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Duchy of Burgundy did not immediately merge into the French royal domain after John II claimed it; it remained a distinct feudal entity due to opposition from the Burgundian estates.
Philip the Bold's marriage to Margaret of Dampierre significantly reduced the Burgundian domain.
Answer: False
Explanation: Philip the Bold's marriage to Margaret of Dampierre was a strategic move that significantly expanded the Burgundian domain, as she was heiress to several key territories.
King Charles V of France actively prevented Margaret of Flanders from marrying Philip the Bold.
Answer: False
Explanation: King Charles V of France actively facilitated Margaret of Flanders' marriage to Philip the Bold by lobbying the Pope to prevent her marriage to an English prince, thereby strengthening French influence.
The Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War was triggered by John the Fearless's assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans.
Answer: True
Explanation: John the Fearless's assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, on November 23, 1407, directly initiated the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War.
John II of France was the first Valois Duke of Burgundy.
Answer: True
Explanation: John II of France, also known as John the Good, reigned as Duke of Burgundy from December 28, 1361, to September 6, 1363, making him the first Valois Duke of Burgundy before appointing his son Philip the Bold.
To which larger royal house did the Dukes of Burgundy belong as a cadet branch?
Answer: The French royal House of Valois
Explanation: The Dukes of Burgundy were members of the House of Valois-Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois.
What event immediately followed the extinction of the Capetian House of Burgundy in 1361?
Answer: John II of France successfully claimed the duchy.
Explanation: Upon the extinction of the Capetian House of Burgundy in 1361, John II of France successfully claimed the duchy.
Why did the Duchy of Burgundy not immediately merge into the French royal domain after John II claimed it?
Answer: The Burgundian estates firmly opposed annexation by the French crown.
Explanation: The Duchy of Burgundy remained a distinct feudal entity because the Burgundian estates strongly opposed its annexation by the French crown.
How did Philip the Bold's marriage to Margaret of Dampierre contribute to the expansion of Burgundian territories?
Answer: Margaret was heiress to several key territories, including Flanders and Artois.
Explanation: Philip the Bold's marriage to Margaret of Dampierre was strategic because she was heiress to several key territories, including Flanders and Artois, significantly expanding the Burgundian domain.
What action did King Charles V of France take to facilitate Philip the Bold's marriage to Margaret of Flanders?
Answer: He actively lobbied Pope Urban V to refuse a dispensation for Margaret to marry an English prince.
Explanation: King Charles V of France actively lobbied Pope Urban V to prevent Margaret of Flanders from marrying an English prince, thereby ensuring her marriage to Philip the Bold and strengthening French influence.
What event triggered the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War?
Answer: John the Fearless's assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans.
Explanation: The Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War was triggered by John the Fearless's assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, in 1407.
Philip the Good allied with the French King after his father's murder to maintain peace.
Answer: False
Explanation: Philip the Good, seeking revenge for his father's murder, allied with the English and compelled King Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes, disinheriting the Dauphin.
The Congress of Arras in 1435 resulted in Philip the Good pledging full homage to the King of France.
Answer: False
Explanation: At the Congress of Arras in 1435, Philip the Good was personally exempted from pledging homage to the King of France, signifying greater autonomy for Burgundy.
Philip the Good acquired the Duchy of Lorraine, which completed the territorial continuity of the Burgundian Netherlands.
Answer: False
Explanation: Philip the Good acquired many territories in the Low Countries, but it was Charles the Bold who conquered the Duchy of Lorraine, which created a continuous territory.
Philip the Good faced no significant internal challenges from Flemish cities during his reign.
Answer: False
Explanation: Philip the Good faced significant internal challenges, including suppressing the Bruges Rebellion (1436–1438) and the Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453).
How did Philip the Good react to his father's assassination and the ongoing conflict with France?
Answer: He allied with the English and compelled King Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes.
Explanation: Philip the Good allied with the English and compelled King Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes, disinheriting the Dauphin, in revenge for his father's murder.
What was a significant outcome of the Congress of Arras in 1435 for Philip the Good?
Answer: He was personally exempted from pledging homage to the King of France.
Explanation: At the Congress of Arras in 1435, Philip the Good was personally exempted from pledging homage to the King of France, granting Burgundy greater autonomy.
Who was the Duke of Burgundy who reigned from September 10, 1419, to June 15, 1467, and presided over the apogee of Burgundian power and cultural influence?
Answer: Philip the Good
Explanation: Philip the Good reigned during this period, overseeing the zenith of Burgundian power and cultural influence, including significant territorial expansion and the establishment of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
Which of the following was NOT a rebellion faced by Philip the Good during his reign?
Answer: The Dutch Revolt (Eighty Years' War)
Explanation: Philip the Good faced the Bruges Rebellion, the Revolt of Ghent, and the Wars of Liège. The Dutch Revolt (Eighty Years' War) occurred later, after his reign, under Spanish Habsburg rule.
Charles the Bold's death at the Battle of Nancy in 1477 led to the immediate establishment of the Burgundian State as a kingdom.
Answer: False
Explanation: Charles the Bold's death at the Battle of Nancy in 1477 ended his ambition to transform the Burgundian State into a kingdom; instead, it led to the partition of his legacy.
Charles the Bold's ultimate ambition was to maintain the Burgundian State as a composite monarchy under French suzerainty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Charles the Bold's ultimate ambition was to rule over a territorially continuous and independent kingdom, not to remain under French suzerainty.
Charles the Bold declared his lands freed from the French crown in December 1470.
Answer: True
Explanation: In December 1470, Charles the Bold declared himself and his lands forever freed from the French crown, citing a noncompliance clause in the Treaty of Péronne.
Charles the Bold successfully negotiated with Emperor Frederick III to be elected King of the Romans in 1473.
Answer: False
Explanation: Emperor Frederick III abruptly ended negotiations with Charles the Bold in 1473 by fleeing, preventing Charles from being elected King of the Romans or reviving the Kingdom of Burgundy.
The Burgundian Wars concluded with Charles the Bold's victory at the Battle of Nancy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Burgundian Wars culminated in Charles the Bold's defeat and death at the Battle of Nancy in 1477, not a victory.
Charles the Bold modernized the Burgundian army by increasing reliance on feudal levies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Charles the Bold modernized the Burgundian army by moving away from reliance on feudal duties and establishing a regular, standing army (*compagnies d'ordonnance*).
What was Charles the Bold's ultimate ambition for the Burgundian State?
Answer: To rule over a territorially continuous and independent kingdom.
Explanation: Charles the Bold's ultimate ambition was to establish a territorially continuous and independent kingdom, reminiscent of ancient Lotharingia.
How did Charles the Bold attempt to assert independence from the French crown in December 1470?
Answer: He declared himself and his lands forever freed from the French crown.
Explanation: In December 1470, Charles the Bold declared himself and his lands forever freed from the French crown, asserting independence after the Treaty of Péronne.
What was the outcome of the Burgundian Wars (1474–1477)?
Answer: Charles the Bold was killed at the Battle of Nancy, and his forces were defeated.
Explanation: The Burgundian Wars culminated in the Battle of Nancy on January 5, 1477, where Charles the Bold was killed and his forces were defeated.
How did Charles the Bold modernize the Burgundian army?
Answer: By creating *compagnies d'ordonnance*, establishing a regular, standing army.
Explanation: Charles the Bold modernized the Burgundian army by creating *compagnies d'ordonnance*, establishing a regular, standing army, moving away from feudal levies.
Which Duke of Burgundy was killed at the Battle of Nancy, leading to the War of the Burgundian Succession?
Answer: Charles the Bold
Explanation: Charles the Bold was killed at the Battle of Nancy on January 5, 1477, an event that directly led to the War of the Burgundian Succession.
Which of the following territories was NOT acquired by Philip the Good, but rather by Charles the Bold, to expand the Burgundian State?
Answer: Duchy of Lorraine
Explanation: Philip the Good acquired Namur, Brabant, Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland, but it was Charles the Bold who conquered the Duchy of Lorraine.
The partition of the Burgundian heritage initiated the centuries-long French–Habsburg rivalry.
Answer: True
Explanation: The division of the Burgundian inheritance indeed marked the beginning of the enduring French–Habsburg rivalry, a significant factor in European politics.
After Emperor Charles V's abdication in 1555, the Burgundian Netherlands passed to the Holy Roman Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following Emperor Charles V's abdication in 1555, the Burgundian Netherlands passed to the Spanish Empire under King Philip II, not directly to the Holy Roman Empire.
The Dutch Revolt resulted in the southern provinces of the Low Countries forming the Dutch Republic.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dutch Revolt led to the northern provinces forming the Dutch Republic, while the southern provinces remained under Spanish control, becoming the Spanish Netherlands.
Mary of Burgundy granted the Great Privilege of 1477, which centralized power further in the ducal hands.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Great Privilege of 1477, granted by Mary of Burgundy, suppressed centralized institutions and significantly increased the power of the States General, thus decentralizing power.
Mary of Burgundy's marriage to Maximilian of Austria brought the support of the French, turning the tide against Louis XI.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mary of Burgundy's marriage to Maximilian of Austria brought the support of the Habsburgs, turning the tide against King Louis XI of France, not the French themselves.
The Treaty of Arras (1482) resulted in France gaining Flanders and the rest of the Netherlands.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Arras (1482) stipulated that the Burgundy-Habsburgs retained Flanders and the rest of the Netherlands, while France gained the Duchy of Burgundy, Artois, Picardy, and the County of Burgundy.
The Treaty of Cambrai (1529) saw Emperor Charles V abandon his claim to the Duchy of Burgundy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Cambrai (1529) finalized territorial divisions, with Emperor Charles V abandoning his claim to the Duchy of Burgundy, while King Francis I of France relinquished French sovereignty over Artois and Flanders.
The Burgundian Circle was established in 1512 as an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Burgundian Circle was indeed created in 1512 as an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, encompassing Franche-Comté and the Habsburg Netherlands.
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 organized the Burgundian Low Countries into the Seventeen Provinces, ensuring their indivisibility.
Answer: True
Explanation: Emperor Charles V's Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 organized the Burgundian Low Countries into the Seventeen Provinces, ensuring their indivisibility and inheritance by a single heir.
What significant European rivalry was initiated by the partition of the Burgundian heritage?
Answer: The French–Habsburg rivalry
Explanation: The partition of the Burgundian heritage directly led to the beginning of the centuries-long French–Habsburg rivalry, a defining feature of early modern European politics.
Following Emperor Charles V's abdication in 1555, to whom did the Burgundian Netherlands pass?
Answer: The Spanish Empire under King Philip II
Explanation: After Emperor Charles V's abdication in 1555, the Burgundian Netherlands were transferred to the Spanish Empire, under the rule of King Philip II.
What was the Great Privilege of 1477, granted by Mary of Burgundy?
Answer: A charter that suppressed centralized institutions and increased the power of the States General.
Explanation: The Great Privilege of 1477 was a charter granted by Mary of Burgundy that suppressed centralized institutions and significantly increased the power of the States General, reflecting a pushback against ducal centralization.
How did Mary of Burgundy's marriage to Maximilian of Austria influence the conflict with France?
Answer: It brought the support of the Habsburgs, turning the tide against King Louis XI of France.
Explanation: Mary's marriage to Maximilian of Austria brought the crucial support of the Habsburgs, which invigorated Burgundian forces and turned the tide against King Louis XI of France.
What did the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 establish for the Burgundian Low Countries?
Answer: It organized them into the Seventeen Provinces, ensuring their indivisibility and inheritance by a single heir.
Explanation: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 organized the Burgundian Low Countries into the Seventeen Provinces, ensuring their indivisibility and inheritance by a single heir.
Mary of Burgundy's marriage in 1477 brought the Burgundian inheritance into which powerful European house?
Answer: The House of Habsburg
Explanation: Mary of Burgundy's marriage to Maximilian of Austria in 1477 brought the Burgundian inheritance into the powerful House of Habsburg.
Which treaty finalized the territorial divisions of the former Burgundian State, with King Francis I of France definitively relinquishing French sovereignty over Artois and Flanders?
Answer: Treaty of Cambrai (1529)
Explanation: The Treaty of Cambrai (1529) finalized the territorial divisions, with King Francis I of France definitively relinquishing French sovereignty over Artois and Flanders.
Philip the Bold centralized power by establishing a single Chamber of Accounts in Dijon for all his territories.
Answer: False
Explanation: Philip the Bold established two Chambers of Accounts, one in Lille for his northern possessions and another in Dijon for his southern possessions, rather than a single one for all territories.
The Burgundian Court had a fixed capital in Dijon throughout its existence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Burgundian Court was itinerant and had no single fixed capital; while Dijon was traditional, the dukes often resided in cities in the Netherlands.
The *hôtel* at the Burgundian Court was primarily responsible for military strategy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *hôtel* was the royal household responsible for managing the daily life and affairs of the Burgundian Court, not primarily military strategy.
Nicolas Rolin served as Chancellor of Burgundy for Charles the Bold for over forty years.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nicolas Rolin served as Chancellor for Philip the Good for over forty years, not for Charles the Bold.
Charles the Bold established the Parliament of Mechelen in 1473 to centralize justice in the Burgundian Netherlands.
Answer: True
Explanation: In December 1473, Charles the Bold created a new Parliament in Mechelen, intended as a sovereign court to centralize justice in the Burgundian Netherlands.
Mechelen was chosen as the capital for the Northern Burgundian administration because it was the largest city in Flanders.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mechelen was chosen as the capital for the Northern Burgundian administration because it was an independent lordship, preventing any single major province from being privileged.
What was the nature of the Burgundian Court's capital?
Answer: It was itinerant, moving frequently between cities, primarily in the Netherlands.
Explanation: The Burgundian Court was itinerant, lacking a single fixed capital, and frequently moved between cities, primarily in the Netherlands.
Who was a prominent Chancellor of Burgundy, serving Philip the Good for over forty years and known as a patron of art?
Answer: Nicolas Rolin
Explanation: Nicolas Rolin was a prominent Chancellor of Burgundy, serving Philip the Good for over forty years, and was also a notable patron of art.
What judicial institution did Charles the Bold create in Mechelen in 1473 to centralize justice in the Burgundian Netherlands?
Answer: A new Parliament
Explanation: In 1473, Charles the Bold established a new Parliament in Mechelen, intended as a sovereign court to centralize justice in the Burgundian Netherlands.
What was the primary function of the *Chambres des Comptes* (Chambers of Accounts) in the Burgundian system?
Answer: To centralize power and manage the modern financial system.
Explanation: The *Chambres des Comptes* were crucial for the centralization of power and the management of the modern financial system implemented by the dukes.
Why was Mechelen chosen as the capital for the Northern Burgundian administration?
Answer: It was an independent lordship, preventing any single major province from being privileged.
Explanation: Mechelen was chosen as the capital for the Northern Burgundian administration because its status as an independent lordship prevented any single major province from being privileged.
In what year were the States General of the Netherlands first convened, and in which city?
Answer: 1464 in Bruges
Explanation: The States General of the Netherlands were first summoned on January 9, 1464, in Bruges.
What was the *hôtel* at the Burgundian Court responsible for?
Answer: Managing the daily life and affairs of the royal household.
Explanation: The *hôtel* was the royal household responsible for managing the daily life and affairs of the Burgundian Court, following the French model of court administration.
The Burgundian court under Philip the Good was known for its austere and simple lifestyle.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Burgundian court under Philip the Good was renowned for its lavish celebrations and banquets, setting fashion trends for other European royal houses.
The Order of the Golden Fleece was established by Charles the Bold in 1470.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Order of the Golden Fleece was established by Philip the Good in 1430, not by Charles the Bold in 1470.
The Cross of Burgundy was a symbol representing the French royal family's claim over the Burgundian territories.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Cross of Burgundy was a primary symbol of Valois Burgundy itself, representing its identity and the authority of its dukes, not the French royal family's claim.
Which prestigious order did Philip the Good establish in 1430?
Answer: The Order of the Golden Fleece
Explanation: In 1430, Philip the Good established the prestigious Order of the Golden Fleece, a chivalric order promoting ideals of chivalry and Christianity.
Which of the following was NOT a primary symbol of Valois Burgundy?
Answer: The Fleur-de-lis of France
Explanation: The Fleur-de-lis of France was a symbol of the French monarchy, while the ducal arms, Cross of Burgundy, and Order of the Golden Fleece were primary symbols of Valois Burgundy.
Which artist's painting, *The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin*, exemplifies the high level of artistic achievement and patronage supported by the Burgundian court?
Answer: Jan van Eyck
Explanation: Jan van Eyck's painting, *The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin*, is a prime example of the artistic achievement and patronage fostered by the Burgundian court.
Which composer was a leading figure of the Burgundian School of music during Philip the Good's reign?
Answer: Guillaume Du Fay
Explanation: Guillaume Du Fay was a leading composer of the Burgundian School of music, which flourished under the patronage of Philip the Good's court.