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In a political context, a cadre is primarily defined as an individual who provides administrative support in a non-leadership capacity.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement is inaccurate. Cadres are fundamentally defined as core members or leaders within a political organization responsible for guiding its activities, not merely administrative support personnel.
Cadres are exclusively deployed in central government offices and never work directly within communities.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cadres can be deployed in various capacities, including fieldwork within communities or regions, as well as in central government offices.
Leninists define a cadre as any individual holding a position in the party apparatus.
Answer: False
Explanation: Leninists define a cadre more specifically as a group of committed, active intellectuals within promising revolutionary movements, not simply anyone in the party apparatus.
What is the fundamental definition of a cadre in a political context according to the source?
Answer: Individuals functioning as leaders within a political organization, guiding its activities.
Explanation: The source defines a cadre as a core member or leader within a political organization, tasked with directing its operations and objectives.
For revolutionary socialists like Leninists, what is the defining characteristic of a cadre?
Answer: A group of committed, active intellectuals in promising revolutionary movements.
Explanation: For revolutionary socialists, including Leninists, a cadre is defined as a committed, active, and experienced intellectual group within promising revolutionary movements.
Both the Soviet Union and Ethiopia under the Derg regime utilized cadres in their political systems.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that both the Soviet Union and Ethiopia under the Derg regime employed cadres within their political structures.
The quote 'Cadres decide everything!' highlights the perceived insignificance of trained party members in the Soviet political system.
Answer: False
Explanation: The quote 'Cadres decide everything!' emphasizes the perceived paramount importance and central role of trained party members in the Soviet political system.
Which historical countries are explicitly mentioned as having operated with cadres in a political context?
Answer: Soviet Union and Ethiopia (Derg regime)
Explanation: Historical examples of states that utilized cadres include the Soviet Union (1922-1991) and Ethiopia under the Derg regime (1974-1987).
The quote 'Cadres decide everything!' attributed to Joseph Stalin emphasizes the importance of:
Answer: The central role and power of trained party members.
Explanation: Joseph Stalin's quote, 'Cadres decide everything!', emphasizes the paramount importance and central authority attributed to trained party members within the Soviet political system.
The People's Republic of China has completely abolished its cadre system following Western democratic models.
Answer: False
Explanation: The People's Republic of China continues to maintain its cadre system, which is integral to the functioning of the Chinese Communist Party.
The Chinese Communist Party's cadre system primarily focuses on training military personnel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Chinese Communist Party's cadre system encompasses training and oversight for personnel across various sectors, not solely military personnel.
In China, cadres are generally allowed significant freedom to affiliate with external organizations and practice religion freely.
Answer: False
Explanation: In China, cadres face strict limitations on affiliating with external organizations and practicing religion freely.
All individuals designated as cadres in China are official members of the Chinese Communist Party.
Answer: False
Explanation: While most cadres are members of the Chinese Communist Party, not all individuals designated as cadres are official party members; some hold specialized roles.
Cadres in China are trained to be competent administrators who are also expected to be unwaveringly faithful to the party line.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cadres in China are trained to be competent administrators who must demonstrate unwavering faithfulness to the party line and commitment to socialist principles.
What is a primary function of the cadre system maintained by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)?
Answer: To train, organize, and oversee personnel for various roles within the party, state, and other organizations.
Explanation: The primary function of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) cadre system is to train, organize, appoint, and oversee personnel across the party, state, military, and business sectors.
Which of the following is a restriction placed on cadres in the People's Republic of China?
Answer: Restrictions on affiliating with external organizations and practicing religion.
Explanation: In the People's Republic of China, cadres face strict limitations on affiliating with external organizations and are also restricted in their freedom to practice religion.
How did the Chinese Communist Party's management of cadres contribute to its control over society?
Answer: By ensuring loyalists implement party policies and disciplining the state and party apparatus.
Explanation: The CCP's management of cadres is a principal mechanism for controlling Chinese society and disciplining both the state apparatus and the party organization.
In Romania, cadres were instrumental in spreading communist ideology and monitoring public opinion.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Romania, cadres played a crucial role in disseminating communist ideology and monitoring public opinion to ensure adherence to the party-state's agenda.
Romania's collectivization process faced significant problems, including distrust and abuse, partly due to a shortage of effective cadres.
Answer: True
Explanation: Romania's collectivization process was indeed hampered by a shortage of effective cadres, which contributed to issues of distrust, abuse, and inconsistent policy implementation.
The Romanian Communists attempted a grassroots-level conversion to communism, mirroring the Russian approach.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Romanian Communists employed a top-down approach to ideological conversion, which contrasted with the more grassroots-style upheaval observed in Russia.
The Romanian cadre system contributed to an environment of distrust because cadres prioritized party loyalty above all else, even their colleagues.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Romanian cadre system fostered distrust as cadres sometimes prioritized personal gain or loyalty over party directives, leading to internal conflicts and inconsistent enforcement.
In Romania, cadres were primarily tasked with managing agricultural collectivization and later shifted to promoting class conflict.
Answer: True
Explanation: As the Romanian Communist Party (RCP) expanded its influence, cadres' responsibilities shifted from managing agricultural collectivization to actively promoting class conflict.
'Chiaburs' (wealthy peasants) in Romania were generally preferred for cadre positions due to their education and experience.
Answer: False
Explanation: Educated 'chiaburs' were often deemed unqualified or undesirable for cadre positions, as the party-state preferred cadres from 'healthy' origins (poorer peasants) for political reliability.
In Romania, cadres played a dual role during the expansion of the Romanian Communist Party (RCP). What were these roles?
Answer: Spreading communist ideology and monitoring public opinion.
Explanation: In Romania, cadres primarily functioned by disseminating communist ideology and by monitoring public opinion to ensure adherence to the party-state's agenda.
What issue significantly hampered Romania's collectivization efforts, according to the source?
Answer: A shortage of cadres, leading to distrust, abuse, and inconsistent policies.
Explanation: Romania's collectivization process was indeed hampered by a shortage of effective cadres, which contributed to issues of distrust, abuse, and inconsistent policy implementation.
How did the Romanian Communists' approach to converting the population to communism differ from the Russian approach?
Answer: Romania employed a top-down conversion, while Russia had a more grassroots-style upheaval.
Explanation: The Romanian Communists employed a top-down approach to ideological conversion, which contrasted with the more grassroots-style upheaval observed in Russia.
What was the primary objective of collectivization in Romania?
Answer: To consolidate land into state-controlled farms and enforce subordination to the RCP.
Explanation: The primary objective of collectivization in Romania was to consolidate land into state-controlled farms, thereby enforcing subordination to the Romanian Communist Party (RCP) and limiting individual autonomy.
Why were cadres from 'healthy' origins (poorer peasants) preferred in Romania, despite potential challenges?
Answer: They were seen as more politically reliable and less associated with the old elite.
Explanation: Cadres from 'healthy' origins were preferred in Romania because they were perceived as more politically reliable and less associated with the former elite, despite potential deficiencies in education and experience.
What significant challenge did Romania face regarding the quality of its cadres, particularly those from 'healthy' backgrounds?
Answer: They often lacked sufficient education, literacy, and managerial experience.
Explanation: A significant challenge was that cadres from 'healthy' origins, despite being preferred by the party-state, frequently lacked adequate education, literacy, and managerial experience, which impacted their effectiveness.
In Romania, why were drinking and fraternization discouraged among cadres?
Answer: They could make cadres susceptible to bribery and weaken enforcement.
Explanation: Drinking and fraternization were discouraged among cadres in Romania as these activities could compromise their integrity, making them susceptible to bribery and weakening their enforcement capabilities.
What did the RCP in Romania expect from cadres concerning personal conduct and family values?
Answer: To uphold monogamous relationships and refrain from divorce.
Explanation: The RCP expected cadres to uphold traditional family values, specifically maintaining monogamous relationships and refraining from divorce, aligning personal conduct with party ideals.
Why were cadres advised against using excessive violence in Romania?
Answer: It violated the RCP's doctrine of 'free consent'.
Explanation: Cadres were advised against excessive violence as it contravened the RCP's doctrine of 'free consent,' suggesting that adherence to communist principles should ideally be voluntary.
What societal perception in Romania led many individuals to avoid becoming cadres?
Answer: The job was associated with corruption and abuse, leading to ostracization.
Explanation: The negative societal perception of cadres in Romania, often associated with corruption and abuse, led many individuals to avoid becoming cadres to prevent social ostracization.
According to Byrd and Bradbury, cadre parties and mass parties were the two main types of party organization in Western democracies historically.
Answer: True
Explanation: Byrd and Bradbury identified cadre parties and mass parties as the two principal historical types of party organization in Western democracies.
Nineteenth-century cadre political parties in Western democracies were typically characterized by high membership numbers and strong ideological platforms.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nineteenth-century cadre parties in Western democracies were characterized by low membership numbers and a lack of strong, programmatic ideological platforms.
Most liberal and left-of-center political parties in Western democracies historically evolved from the cadre party model.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historically, conservative and right-of-center political parties in Western democracies are more commonly understood to have evolved from the cadre party model.
Mass parties originated from elite-led movements composed of social notables.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mass parties originated from working-class protest movements and organizations, whereas elite-led movements composed of social notables are characteristic of cadre parties.
According to Byrd and Bradbury, what distinguished cadre parties from mass parties in Western democracies?
Answer: Cadre parties had low membership and were led by elites, while mass parties emerged from working-class movements.
Explanation: Byrd and Bradbury identified that cadre parties were characterized by low membership and elite leadership, contrasting with mass parties that emerged from working-class movements.
How did cadre political parties typically originate in 19th-century Western democracies?
Answer: As the political voice of a small elite group, often social notables.
Explanation: Nineteenth-century cadre parties in Western democracies typically originated from small, elite groups, often comprising individuals of high social standing known as social notables, and their immediate supporters.
Which type of political party affiliation in Western democracies historically evolved most commonly from the cadre party model?
Answer: Conservative and right-of-center parties
Explanation: Conservative and right-of-center political parties in Western democracies historically evolved most commonly from the cadre party model.
Cadre deployment involves a ruling party appointing loyal individuals to institutions to ensure policy implementation and alignment with the party's mandate.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cadre deployment is a practice where a ruling party appoints loyal individuals to institutional positions to ensure alignment with the party's mandate and effective policy implementation.
The Zondo Commission found that cadre deployment in South Africa was an effective mechanism for ensuring equitable distribution of public resources.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Zondo Commission concluded that cadre deployment in South Africa had become a significant pathway for the diversion and looting of public funds, rather than an effective mechanism for equitable resource distribution.
The Zondo Commission in South Africa concluded that cadre deployment had become a pathway for what negative outcome?
Answer: Diversion and looting of public funds.
Explanation: The Zondo Commission concluded that cadre deployment in South Africa had become a significant pathway for the diversion and looting of public funds by corrupt interests.
What is cadre employment, as a political mechanism?
Answer: A process where parties favor individuals who share and adhere to the party's core values and objectives.
Explanation: Cadre employment is defined as a political mechanism wherein political parties, particularly within democratic frameworks, prioritize the selection and appointment of individuals who demonstrate adherence to the party's core values and objectives.
What is the intended purpose of cadre deployment by a governing political party, according to the source?
Answer: To ensure institutions align with the party's mandate and guarantee policy implementation.
Explanation: The intended purpose of cadre deployment by a governing political party is to ensure that state institutions remain aligned with the party's mandate, thereby guaranteeing effective policy implementation and maintaining a robust power structure.