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Cannons are exclusively classified as artillery, launching projectiles solely via explosive chemical propellant.
Answer: False
Explanation: While cannons are classified as artillery and launch projectiles via explosive propellant, the term 'exclusively' is too restrictive. The definition encompasses a broad range of artillery pieces.
Cannons are characterized by variations in gauge, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower.
Answer: True
Explanation: These attributes are indeed key factors differentiating various types of cannons, influencing their design and tactical application.
The 'calibre' of a cannon refers to the diameter of the hollow cylinder running through its center.
Answer: True
Explanation: The calibre of a cannon is precisely defined by the internal diameter of its bore, the hollow cylinder through which the projectile travels.
Excessive windage in a cannon improves the efficiency of the gunpowder propulsion.
Answer: False
Explanation: Windage, the space between the projectile and the bore, is necessary but excessive windage reduces the efficiency of gunpowder propulsion as gases escape.
According to the text, what is the fundamental definition of a cannon?
Answer: A large-caliber gun classified as artillery, typically using explosive propellant.
Explanation: The text defines a cannon as a large-caliber artillery piece that launches projectiles using explosive chemical propellant.
Which of the following attributes is NOT mentioned in the source as a key variation among different types of cannons?
Answer: Projectile type
Explanation: The source lists gauge, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower as variations among cannons. Projectile type is not explicitly mentioned as a differentiating characteristic in this context.
What is the 'bore' of a cannon?
Answer: The hollow cylinder through which the projectile travels.
Explanation: The bore refers to the internal cylindrical passage within the cannon barrel through which the projectile is fired.
The word 'cannon' derives from the Latin word 'canna,' meaning 'reed,' which itself originates from the Greek word 'kanna.'
Answer: True
Explanation: The etymological lineage traces from Greek 'kanna' (reed) to Latin 'canna' (reed) and subsequently to the Old Italian 'cannone' (large tube), giving us the modern term 'cannon'.
In the 16th century, European monarchs began standardizing cannon sizes and naming conventions to reduce confusion.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the 16th century, European monarchs established classifications for cannon sizes and names (e.g., culverin, falconet) to standardize terminology and reduce confusion in military logistics and operations.
The word 'cannon' originates from an Old Italian word meaning 'large tube,' which itself comes from which Latin word?
Answer: Canna
Explanation: The term 'cannon' derives from the Old Italian 'cannone' (large tube), which in turn originates from the Latin word 'canna,' meaning 'reed'.
In the 16th century, European monarchs began classifying cannons to:
Answer: Reduce confusion regarding sizes and capabilities.
Explanation: The standardization of cannon sizes and naming conventions in the 16th century aimed to reduce ambiguity and facilitate clearer communication regarding artillery capabilities and requirements.
Lantaka and lela are types of cannons from Nusantara, primarily made of iron and exclusively muzzle-loaded.
Answer: False
Explanation: While lantaka and lela are cannons from Nusantara, the text indicates most were made of bronze and were primarily breech-loaded, although muzzle-loading became more common later.
A gunner's quadrant was used to precisely aim cannons using built-in sights.
Answer: False
Explanation: A gunner's quadrant was used to measure the angle of elevation for range control, but precise aiming relied on guesswork as cannons generally lacked sophisticated built-in sights.
A cannon's bore is described as 'honeycombed' when its inner surface is perfectly smooth and polished.
Answer: False
Explanation: A 'honeycombed' bore refers to an inner surface that has cavities or holes, typically due to corrosion or manufacturing defects, not a smooth and polished surface.
Bronze was initially preferred for cannons due to its lower cost compared to cast iron.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bronze was initially preferred for cannons primarily due to its greater flexibility and resistance to bursting compared to cast iron, not because of lower cost. Cast iron was generally more economical.
The 'chamber' of a cannon is the external tube used for ignition.
Answer: False
Explanation: The chamber is the internal recess at the rear end of the cannon's bore where the gunpowder charge is packed, not an external tube for ignition.
The 'vent' on a cannon is a small tube connecting the gunpowder charge to an external ignition source.
Answer: True
Explanation: The vent serves as the conduit, allowing an ignition source (like a fuse or hot wire) to reach the gunpowder charge within the chamber.
The 'chase,' 'reinforce,' and 'cascabel' are the three main parts of a classical Western cannon's body.
Answer: True
Explanation: These three terms denote the primary sections of a classical cannon: the chase (foremost part), the reinforce (middle section), and the cascabel (rear section).
The 'chase' is the rear section of a cannon, located just before the cascabel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'chase' is the foremost and longest section of the cannon, extending from the reinforce towards the muzzle, not the rear section.
Trunnions are cylinders located on the reinforce used to mount the cannon on its carriage for elevation control.
Answer: True
Explanation: Trunnions are indeed the cylindrical projections on the reinforce that serve as pivot points for mounting the cannon onto its carriage, enabling elevation adjustments.
Cannons recovered from the sea are often treated with wax and polyurethane but not electrolytic reduction.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cannons recovered from marine environments are typically treated using methods including electrolytic reduction, followed by washing, rust prevention (e.g., tannic acid), and sealing with materials like wax and polyurethane.
The 'base ring' is located at the muzzle end of a cannon.
Answer: False
Explanation: The base ring is situated at the reinforce end of the cannon, just before the cascabel, not at the muzzle end.
The 'vent field' is a flat area on the cannon where the charge is lit.
Answer: True
Explanation: The vent field is a specific flat area on the cannon's exterior, typically located above the vent, designed to facilitate the ignition of the gunpowder charge.
In Southeast Asia, 'lantaka' and 'lela' refer to:
Answer: Specific types of cannons.
Explanation: In the context of Nusantara (Southeast Asia), 'lantaka' and 'lela' are terms used to denote specific types of cannons.
What was the primary function of a 'gunner's quadrant'?
Answer: To measure the angle of elevation for range control.
Explanation: A gunner's quadrant was an essential tool used to determine the angle of elevation of the cannon barrel, thereby enabling gunners to calculate and adjust the range of their shots.
What does the term 'honeycombed' describe regarding a cannon's bore?
Answer: An interior surface with cavities or holes.
Explanation: A cannon bore described as 'honeycombed' indicates the presence of internal cavities or holes, typically resulting from corrosion or imperfections in the casting process.
Which part of a classical Western cannon is described as the 'closest, briefest part at the rear'?
Answer: The cascabel
Explanation: The cascabel, also known as the cascable, is the short, knob-like projection at the very rear of the cannon's body.
What is the 'vent field' on a cannon?
Answer: A flat, circular space on top of the vent for ignition.
Explanation: The vent field is a designated flat area on the cannon's surface, typically situated above the vent, which serves as the point for igniting the gunpowder charge.
Gunpowder, also known as black powder, was the only propellant used in cannons until the invention of smokeless powder in the late 19th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: While gunpowder (black powder) was the primary propellant for centuries, other propellants and advancements emerged alongside or after smokeless powder, though black powder remained in use for specific applications.
Early cannons in Western Europe were commonly called 'culverins' and exclusively fired solid shot.
Answer: False
Explanation: While culverins were common, early cannons in Western Europe also fired projectiles such as arrows and simplistic grapeshot, not exclusively solid shot.
Corned powder, developed in the 16th century, consisted of finely ground grains that allowed for slower ignition.
Answer: False
Explanation: Corned powder, composed of coarse grains with air pockets, allowed for quicker and more uniform ignition of the gunpowder charge, thereby improving cannon performance.
Sabot rounds and proximity fuses were advancements primarily seen in World War I artillery.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sabot rounds, hollow-charge projectiles, and proximity fuses were significant advancements that emerged primarily during World War II, rather than World War I.
Loading a muzzle-loading cannon involved placing gunpowder behind the ball inside the bore.
Answer: True
Explanation: In muzzle-loading procedures, the gunpowder charge was placed first into the chamber, followed by wadding and then the projectile (cannonball) inserted from the muzzle.
Which of the following was historically used as a propellant for cannons before the late 19th century?
Answer: Black powder
Explanation: Black powder, also known as gunpowder, was the primary propellant used in cannons for centuries prior to the development and widespread adoption of smokeless powder in the late 19th century.
What types of projectiles did early cannons in Western Europe often fire, besides solid shot?
Answer: Arrows and simplistic grapeshot
Explanation: Early European cannons, in addition to solid shot, were documented to fire projectiles such as arrows and rudimentary forms of grapeshot.
What was the key advantage of 'corned' powder over finely ground powder in the 16th century?
Answer: It allowed for quicker and more uniform ignition.
Explanation: Corned powder, consisting of coarse grains with air pockets, facilitated faster and more consistent ignition of the entire charge compared to finely ground powder, leading to improved cannon performance.
The invention of the limber in the 15th century significantly enhanced the mobility of cannons.
Answer: True
Explanation: The limber, along with wheeled carriages and trunnions, became common in the late 15th century, greatly improving the maneuverability and effectiveness of cannons as field artillery.
European cannons reached their 'classic form' around 1480, and this design remained unchanged until the mid-18th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: While European cannons achieved a 'classic form' around 1480, the design remained relatively consistent with minor changes, rather than entirely unchanged, until the mid-18th century.
Trunnions and wheeled gun carriages became common in the late 15th century, enhancing cannon mobility.
Answer: True
Explanation: The widespread adoption of trunnions and wheeled gun carriages in the late 15th century significantly improved the mobility of cannons, making them more effective as field artillery.
Rifling, introduced in the 19th century, involves spiral grooves inside the barrel to stabilize projectiles and improve accuracy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Rifling, characterized by spiral grooves within the barrel, imparts gyroscopic stability to projectiles, significantly enhancing accuracy and range, and became increasingly prevalent in the 19th century.
The carronade was a long, heavy naval gun designed to fire solid shot at extreme ranges.
Answer: False
Explanation: The carronade was a shorter, lighter naval gun known for its ease of handling and its intended effect of creating deadly wooden splinters upon impact, rather than being designed for extreme range solid shot.
The 12-pounder Napoleon cannon, widely used in the American Civil War, was known for its short range and light construction.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 12-pounder Napoleon cannon was renowned for its sturdiness, reliability, firepower, and flexibility, possessing a considerable range for its time, rather than being known for short range and light construction.
The carronade disappeared from Royal Navy service in the 1850s due to the development of superior steel cannon technology.
Answer: True
Explanation: The advent of superior wrought-iron-jacketed steel cannons, developed by figures like William Armstrong, rendered the carronade obsolete, leading to its withdrawal from Royal Navy service in the 1850s.
Early European cannons were generally larger and more powerful than the later 'classic form' cannons.
Answer: False
Explanation: Early cannons varied greatly, but the 'classic form' that emerged around 1480 was characterized by being longer, lighter, and more accurate, indicating an evolution towards greater efficiency and power rather than the reverse.
Which technological innovation significantly improved cannon maneuverability and effectiveness as field artillery after 1453?
Answer: The introduction of the limber
Explanation: The introduction of the limber, along with wheeled gun carriages and trunnions, significantly enhanced cannon mobility, making them more practical and effective as field artillery pieces.
Around what year did European cannons achieve their 'classic form,' characterized by being longer, lighter, and more accurate?
Answer: 1480
Explanation: European cannons reached their 'classic form,' marked by improvements in length, weight, and accuracy, around the year 1480.
Which of the following advancements, along with wheeled carriages and limbers, significantly improved cannon mobility in the late 15th century?
Answer: The widespread adoption of trunnions
Explanation: The widespread adoption of trunnions, alongside wheeled carriages and limbers, in the late 15th century greatly enhanced the mobility and maneuverability of cannons.
What was the unique intended effect of the carronade's lower muzzle velocity in naval warfare?
Answer: To create more deadly wooden splinters upon impact.
Explanation: The carronade's lower muzzle velocity was intentionally designed to maximize the fragmentation of wooden ship hulls upon impact, creating numerous deadly splinters.
The 12-pounder Napoleon cannon, popular in the mid-19th century, was particularly noted for its:
Answer: Sturdiness, reliability, and flexibility.
Explanation: The 12-pounder Napoleon cannon was highly regarded for its robust construction, dependability, versatile performance, and effective firepower, making it a favored piece of artillery.
The earliest confirmed extant cannon with a production date inscription is the Wuwei Bronze Cannon, dated to 1227.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to the source material, the earliest confirmed extant cannon with a production date inscription is the Xanadu Gun, dated to 1298. While the Wuwei Bronze Cannon (1227) is an early example, it is not identified as the earliest with an inscription.
True cannons in East Asia likely evolved directly from early metal-barreled firearms.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text indicates that cannons in East Asia likely evolved from fire-lances, where metal barrels gradually replaced earlier materials like paper or bamboo.
During the Mongol invasion of Java in 1293, weapons referred to as 'pao' were introduced, which definitively included trebuchets and cannons.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the exact nature of the 'pao' weapons introduced during the Mongol invasion of Java is uncertain, possibly including trebuchets, cannons, or rockets, rather than definitively including both trebuchets and cannons.
During the siege of Breteuil in 1346, cannons were primarily used defensively to launch fire onto advancing siege equipment.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts suggest that during sieges like Breteuil, cannons were employed defensively to project fire onto enemy siege equipment, such as siege towers, contributing to their destruction.
Historian Ahmad Y. al-Hassan disputes the Mamluk use of cannon at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that historian Ahmad Y. al-Hassan supports the claim of Mamluk cannon use at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, referring to it as potentially the 'first cannon in history,' rather than disputing it.
The Ottoman Empire utilized cannons extensively, notably employing Hungarian-made bombards to capture Constantinople in 1453.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Ottoman Empire's effective use of large bombards, reportedly Hungarian-made, was crucial in the successful siege and capture of Constantinople in 1453.
The Dardanelles Guns, created in 1464, were small cannons designed for rapid firing.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dardanelles Guns, created in 1464, were large bronze bombards, not small cannons designed for rapid firing. They were notable for their immense size and construction.
Cannons were introduced to the Majapahit Empire in 1293, and by 1325 AD, they were commonly used throughout Java.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cannons were introduced to the Majapahit Empire during the Mongol invasion of Java in 1293, and by 1325 AD, their use had become common across Java.
Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi led the Adal Sultanate in introducing cannon warfare to North Africa.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi led the Adal Sultanate in introducing cannon warfare to the African continent, not specifically limited to North Africa.
Napoleon Bonaparte famously used massed artillery batteries and grapeshot to decisively win battles and quell uprisings.
Answer: True
Explanation: Napoleon Bonaparte effectively employed massed artillery and tactics involving grapeshot, notably during the 13 Vendémiaire uprising, demonstrating the decisive impact of cannon fire in achieving military objectives.
The 'whiff of grapeshot' incident involved Napoleon using grapeshot to disperse a mob during the French Revolution in 1795.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'whiff of grapeshot' refers to Napoleon Bonaparte's decisive use of artillery firing grapeshot to quell a royalist uprising in Paris on 13 Vendémiaire (October 5, 1795), effectively ending the threat.
Spiking a cannon involves filling its bore with sand to disable it.
Answer: False
Explanation: Spiking a cannon involved plugging its touch hole with an iron spike to render it unusable, not filling the bore with sand.
The Paris Gun, used by Germany in WWI, was notable for its extremely long range, exceeding 122 kilometers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The German Paris Gun deployed during World War I was indeed remarkable for its extreme range, capable of firing shells over 122 kilometers.
Trench warfare in World War I increased the demand for standard guns due to their effectiveness in direct fire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Trench warfare in World War I increased the demand for howitzers, as their indirect fire capability was better suited for targeting enemy positions within trenches, compared to the direct fire effectiveness of standard guns.
Quaker guns were real cannons painted black to deceive the enemy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Quaker guns were typically decoys, often constructed from logs or poles painted black, rather than actual cannons, used to mislead opponents about defensive strength.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's '1812 Overture' is known for incorporating cannon sounds.
Answer: True
Explanation: Tchaikovsky's '1812 Overture' famously includes the sound of cannons, contributing to its dramatic and historical thematic representation.
The term 'cannon fodder' originated from a cynical view of soldiers being expendable against artillery, a concept noted by William Shakespeare.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'cannon fodder' emerged around 1814, reflecting the perception of soldiers as expendable resources in the face of artillery. A similar concept of 'food for powder' was noted by Shakespeare.
The advent of cannons rendered Greek fire obsolete, particularly after the fall of Constantinople.
Answer: True
Explanation: The development and increasing effectiveness of gunpowder artillery, especially cannons capable of breaching fortifications, significantly diminished the strategic importance and use of Greek fire, particularly following the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
The 'siege train' refers to the artillery used by the Confederate army during the defense of Charleston.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'siege train' is used in the context of Confederate artillery employed during the defense of Charleston, as indicated by a journal entry from that period.
What is the earliest confirmed extant cannon with a production date inscription mentioned in the text?
Answer: The Xanadu Gun (1298)
Explanation: The source identifies the Xanadu Gun, dated to 1298, as the earliest confirmed extant cannon bearing a production date inscription.
How did cannons likely evolve from earlier gunpowder weapons in East Asia, according to the provided text?
Answer: From fire-lances with metal barrels replacing earlier materials.
Explanation: The text suggests that cannons in East Asia evolved from fire-lances, which were weapons combining a gunpowder tube with a polearm. The transition involved replacing the original paper or bamboo barrels with metal.
What was the debated nature of the 'pao' weapons introduced during the Mongol invasion of Java in 1293?
Answer: Their exact form is uncertain, possibly including trebuchets, cannons, or rockets.
Explanation: The historical records regarding the 'pao' weapons from the Mongol invasion of Java are ambiguous, suggesting they might have encompassed various gunpowder devices, including trebuchets, cannons, or rockets, rather than being definitively identified as one specific type.
How were cannons primarily used defensively during sieges like the one at Breteuil in 1346?
Answer: To launch fire onto advancing siege equipment.
Explanation: During defensive actions in sieges, cannons were often employed to project fire, likely incendiary mixtures, onto enemy siege equipment, aiming to destroy it before it could assault the fortifications.
Which battle involved the Mamluk army reportedly using cannon against the Mongols in 1260, although the date is disputed by some historians?
Answer: Battle of Ain Jalut
Explanation: The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 is cited as a potential instance of Mamluk cannon usage against the Mongols, although the historical accuracy of this early date is debated among scholars.
What were the Dardanelles Guns, created in 1464 for the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Large bronze bombards cast in two sections.
Explanation: The Dardanelles Guns, constructed in 1464, were massive bronze bombards, notable for being cast in two sections that screwed together, signifying a significant feat of Ottoman artillery engineering.
Cannons were introduced to the Majapahit Empire during which event?
Answer: The Mongol invasion of Java in 1293.
Explanation: The introduction of cannons to the Majapahit Empire is associated with the Mongol invasion of Java, which occurred in 1293.
Who led the Adal Sultanate in introducing cannon warfare to the African continent?
Answer: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
Explanation: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, leader of the Adal Sultanate, is credited with introducing cannon warfare to the African continent during the Adal-Abyssinian War.
Napoleon Bonaparte's use of artillery during the 13 Vendémiaire uprising in Paris demonstrated:
Answer: The decisive impact of cannon fire.
Explanation: Napoleon's deployment of artillery, particularly using grapeshot during the 13 Vendémiaire uprising, highlighted the decisive role and overwhelming impact that cannon fire could have in quelling opposition and securing victory.
The act of 'spiking' a cannon was performed to:
Answer: Disable the cannon by plugging its touch hole.
Explanation: Spiking a cannon involved inserting a spike into the touch hole, effectively disabling the weapon and preventing its immediate use by enemy forces if captured or abandoned.
Which World War I German gun was capable of firing shells over 122 kilometers?
Answer: The Paris Gun
Explanation: The Paris Gun, utilized by Germany during World War I, achieved remarkable distances, firing shells exceeding 122 kilometers.
How did trench warfare in World War I influence the demand for specific types of artillery?
Answer: It made howitzers more suitable for hitting targets within trenches.
Explanation: The conditions of trench warfare favored howitzers due to their ability to lob shells indirectly into enemy trenches, a capability often more effective than the direct fire of standard guns in that environment.
Modern military terminology distinguishes 'guns' from 'howitzers' based on muzzle velocity and trajectory, with guns typically having higher velocity and flatter trajectories.
Answer: True
Explanation: In contemporary military parlance, 'guns' generally denote artillery with high muzzle velocity and flat trajectories suitable for direct fire, contrasting with howitzers and mortars which typically have lower velocities and lob shells indirectly.
The GAU-8/A Avenger is a 30mm rotary cannon mounted on the A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft.
Answer: True
Explanation: The GAU-8/A Avenger is indeed a formidable 30mm Gatling-type rotary cannon, famously integrated into the armament of the A-10 Thunderbolt II ground-attack aircraft.