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Carbon monoxide is considered isoelectronic with molecular oxygen (O₂) based on the criterion of possessing an equivalent number of electrons.
Answer: False
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is isoelectronic with the cyanide anion (CN⁻) and molecular nitrogen (N₂), not molecular oxygen (O₂).
The molar mass of carbon monoxide is approximately 28.010 g/mol, a value that renders it slightly less dense than air.
Answer: True
Explanation: The molar mass of carbon monoxide is approximately 28.010 g/mol, which is slightly less than the average molar mass of air, making it slightly less dense.
Carbon monoxide exhibits a very low boiling point, remaining a solid well below room temperature.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide has a very low boiling point (-191.5 °C), meaning it exists as a gas under standard room conditions and remains solid only at extremely low temperatures.
Carbon monoxide exhibits limited solubility in water but dissolves readily in organic solvents such as chloroform.
Answer: False
Explanation: Carbon monoxide has limited solubility in water and also exhibits limited solubility in many organic solvents like chloroform; it is more soluble in specific polar organic solvents.
The bond between carbon and oxygen in carbon monoxide is a single covalent bond, which contributes to its instability.
Answer: False
Explanation: The bond between carbon and oxygen in carbon monoxide is a strong triple covalent bond, contributing to its stability.
The carbon-oxygen bond length in carbon monoxide is notably shorter than typical carbon-oxygen double bonds.
Answer: False
Explanation: The carbon-oxygen bond length in carbon monoxide (112.8 pm) is shorter than typical carbon-oxygen double bonds (e.g., 120.8 pm in formaldehyde), reflecting the strength of the triple bond.
Carbon monoxide possesses a small dipole moment, directed from the less electronegative carbon atom towards the more electronegative oxygen atom.
Answer: False
Explanation: Carbon monoxide has a small dipole moment (0.122 D) that points from the slightly negative carbon atom towards the slightly positive oxygen atom, contrary to what might be expected based solely on electronegativity differences.
The predominant resonance structure of carbon monoxide features a triple bond, accompanied by formal charges of +1 on carbon and -1 on oxygen.
Answer: True
Explanation: The most significant resonance structure for carbon monoxide involves a triple bond with formal charges of +1 on carbon and -1 on oxygen, alongside a structure with neutral formal charges and a double bond.
The triple bond in carbon monoxide is exceptionally strong, rendering it highly stable and resistant to dissociation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The triple bond in carbon monoxide possesses a high bond-dissociation energy, contributing significantly to the molecule's inherent stability.
The high bond-dissociation energy of carbon monoxide signifies a strong triple bond, rendering it stable and not easily dissociable.
Answer: True
Explanation: The substantial bond-dissociation energy of carbon monoxide is indicative of its robust triple bond, contributing to its molecular stability.
The dipole moment of carbon monoxide points from the slightly negative carbon atom towards the slightly positive oxygen atom.
Answer: False
Explanation: The dipole moment of carbon monoxide, although small, is directed from the slightly negative carbon atom towards the slightly positive oxygen atom.
Identify the chemical formula for carbon monoxide and its fundamental physical characteristics.
Answer: CO; a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
Explanation: The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is CO. Its basic physical properties include being poisonous, flammable, colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
Carbon monoxide is isoelectronic with which of the following species?
Answer: Cyanide anion (CN⁻) and molecular nitrogen (N₂).
Explanation: Carbon monoxide (CO) has 14 valence electrons, making it isoelectronic with molecular nitrogen (N₂, 14 valence electrons) and the cyanide anion (CN⁻, 2+12=14 valence electrons).
What is the approximate molar mass of carbon monoxide?
Answer: 28.01 g/mol
Explanation: The molar mass of carbon monoxide (CO) is calculated by summing the atomic masses of carbon (approximately 12.01 g/mol) and oxygen (approximately 16.00 g/mol), resulting in approximately 28.01 g/mol.
At what temperature does carbon monoxide boil?
Answer: -191.5 °C
Explanation: Carbon monoxide has a boiling point of -191.5 °C (81.6 K), indicating it is a gas under standard ambient conditions.
Which of the following solvents is NOT listed as one in which carbon monoxide dissolves?
Answer: Ammonia (NH₃)
Explanation: Carbon monoxide exhibits solubility in various organic solvents like chloroform and ethanol, as well as in acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide, but its solubility in ammonia is not typically highlighted as significant.
What type of bond exists between carbon and oxygen in carbon monoxide?
Answer: A triple covalent bond.
Explanation: The bond between carbon and oxygen in carbon monoxide is a triple covalent bond, comprising one sigma and two pi bonds, which contributes to its high bond strength.
How does the carbon-oxygen bond length in carbon monoxide compare to that in molecular nitrogen (N₂)?
Answer: The CO bond length is comparable to the N₂ bond length.
Explanation: The carbon-oxygen bond length in carbon monoxide (112.8 pm) is very similar to the nitrogen-nitrogen bond length in molecular nitrogen (109.76 pm), reflecting the similar triple bond character in both molecules.
What is the approximate dipole moment of carbon monoxide, and in which direction does it point?
Answer: Small dipole moment (0.122 D), pointing from C to O.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide possesses a small dipole moment of approximately 0.122 Debye, directed from the carbon atom towards the oxygen atom.
Which resonance structure is considered the most important contributor for carbon monoxide?
Answer: [C≡O]⁺⁻ (triple bond with formal charges)
Explanation: While multiple resonance structures exist, the structure featuring a triple bond with formal charges of +1 on carbon and -1 on oxygen is a significant contributor, alongside a structure with a double bond and neutral formal charges.
What is the significance of carbon monoxide's high bond-dissociation energy?
Answer: It signifies a very strong triple bond, contributing to molecular stability.
Explanation: The high bond-dissociation energy of carbon monoxide is a direct consequence of its strong triple bond, which imparts significant stability to the molecule.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas possessing both poisonous and flammable characteristics, further defined by its lack of color, odor, and taste.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies carbon monoxide as a gas that is both poisonous and flammable, and notes its lack of color, odor, and taste.
Chronic exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide can precipitate neurological issues, including lethargy and headaches.
Answer: True
Explanation: Beyond acute poisoning, prolonged exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide can result in chronic neurological effects such as persistent headaches and lethargy.
The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) classifies carbon monoxide with pictograms denoting flammability, toxicity, and health hazards, assigning it the signal word 'Danger'.
Answer: True
Explanation: GHS labeling for carbon monoxide includes hazard pictograms for flammability, toxicity, and health risks, accompanied by the signal word 'Danger' and specific hazard statements.
NIOSH recommends a Time-Weighted Average (TWA) exposure limit for carbon monoxide of 35 ppm.
Answer: True
Explanation: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for carbon monoxide as a Time-Weighted Average (TWA) of 35 ppm.
The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) value for carbon monoxide is established at 1200 ppm.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IDLH concentration for carbon monoxide, representing a level posing an immediate threat to life or health, is set at 1200 ppm.
Carbon monoxide is classified under GHS with the signal word 'Danger' and indicates significant hazards beyond simple irritation.
Answer: True
Explanation: GHS classification for carbon monoxide includes the signal word 'Danger', reflecting its severe hazards such as extreme flammability and toxicity.
The NIOSH specifies a Ceiling limit (C) for carbon monoxide exposure of 200 ppm, indicating a level that should not be exceeded at any time.
Answer: True
Explanation: NIOSH has established a Ceiling (C) exposure limit for carbon monoxide at 200 ppm, signifying a concentration that must not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
How is carbon monoxide classified in terms of its potential hazards?
Answer: Poisonous and flammable.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is classified as both a poisonous (toxic) and flammable gas, representing significant risks in various environments.
What impact does carbon monoxide have on indoor air quality and health?
Answer: It is considered one of the most acutely toxic indoor contaminants, causing fatal poisonings.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is a major indoor air pollutant and a leading cause of fatal poisoning, posing acute toxic risks even at relatively low concentrations.
Why is carbon monoxide nicknamed 'whitedamp' in mining?
Answer: Because it is a poisonous gas that is odorless and colorless, posing an unseen threat.
Explanation: The term 'whitedamp' refers to carbon monoxide's insidious nature as a poisonous, odorless, and colorless gas, making its presence undetectable without specialized equipment and posing a severe risk in mines.
According to GHS labeling, what is the signal word for carbon monoxide?
Answer: Danger
Explanation: Under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), carbon monoxide is assigned the signal word 'Danger' due to its significant hazards.
What is the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for carbon monoxide as a Time-Weighted Average (TWA)?
Answer: 35 ppm (40 mg/m³)
Explanation: NIOSH recommends a Time-Weighted Average (TWA) exposure limit of 35 ppm (40 mg/m³) for carbon monoxide over a standard 8-hour workday.
What is the IDLH value for carbon monoxide?
Answer: 1200 ppm
Explanation: The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration for carbon monoxide is established at 1200 ppm, representing a level from which individuals could escape without irreversible health effects.
The statement that carbon monoxide is denser than air, causing it to accumulate primarily near the ceiling in poorly ventilated areas, is accurate.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement is false. Carbon monoxide is slightly less dense than air and would therefore tend to accumulate near the floor, not the ceiling, in poorly ventilated areas.
Carbon monoxide constitutes a major component of Earth's atmosphere, typically present at concentrations approximating 80% by volume.
Answer: False
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is present in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts, typically around 80 parts per billion (ppb), not 80% by volume.
Atmospheric carbon monoxide originates from natural sources such as forest fires and volcanic activity.
Answer: True
Explanation: Natural sources contributing to atmospheric carbon monoxide include forest fires, volcanic activity, and the photochemical degradation of plant matter.
Carbon monoxide does not directly contribute to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is not a direct greenhouse gas; however, it indirectly influences global warming by increasing the atmospheric concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone.
Carbon monoxide serves as a useful tracer for pollutant plumes due to its long atmospheric lifetime and widespread emission from numerous sources.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide's relatively long atmospheric lifetime and its emission from diverse sources make it an effective tracer for tracking pollutant plumes.
In the interstellar medium, carbon monoxide is the second most abundant diatomic molecule, playing a crucial role in identifying star-forming regions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is the second most abundant diatomic molecule in the interstellar medium after hydrogen, and its spectral lines are vital for mapping molecular clouds where stars form.
On Venus, carbon monoxide is primarily formed from the photodissociation of carbon dioxide by ultraviolet radiation.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the upper atmosphere of Venus, carbon monoxide is generated through the breakdown of carbon dioxide molecules by high-energy ultraviolet radiation.
Solid carbon monoxide constitutes a significant component of Halley's Comet, comprising approximately 15% of its volatile ices.
Answer: True
Explanation: Analysis indicates that carbon monoxide is a notable constituent of Halley's Comet, estimated to make up about 15% of its volatile ice composition.
Vehicle exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide pollution in urban environments.
Answer: True
Explanation: In urban settings, the exhaust from internal combustion engines, primarily vehicles, represents a primary source of carbon monoxide emissions.
Carbon monoxide contributes to the formation of smog through reactions involving nitrogen oxides and sunlight.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide participates in photochemical reactions within the atmosphere, contributing to the generation of ground-level ozone and thus smog formation.
In developed countries, faulty appliances are the main source of indoor carbon monoxide, while in developing countries, biomass fuel combustion is the primary cause.
Answer: True
Explanation: The primary sources of indoor carbon monoxide differ geographically: developed nations often attribute it to malfunctioning fuel-burning appliances, whereas developing nations frequently identify biomass fuel combustion and cigarette smoke as major contributors.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a common source of carbon monoxide emissions?
Answer: Complete combustion of natural gas.
Explanation: Complete combustion of natural gas yields primarily carbon dioxide and water, with minimal carbon monoxide. Incomplete combustion, however, is a significant source.
What is the typical concentration of carbon monoxide in Earth's atmosphere?
Answer: In trace amounts, typically around 80 parts per billion (ppb).
Explanation: Carbon monoxide exists in Earth's atmosphere at trace levels, generally around 80 parts per billion (ppb), maintained by a balance of sources and sinks.
How does carbon monoxide indirectly influence greenhouse gas concentrations?
Answer: By increasing the concentration of methane and tropospheric ozone.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide indirectly contributes to radiative forcing by reacting with hydroxyl radicals, thereby extending the atmospheric lifetime of methane, and by participating in reactions that form tropospheric ozone.
Why is carbon monoxide a useful tracer for pollutant plumes in the atmosphere?
Answer: It has a long atmospheric lifetime and is widely emitted.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide's persistence in the atmosphere and its emission from numerous sources allow it to serve as an effective tracer for tracking the transport and dispersion of other atmospheric pollutants.
What is the significance of carbon monoxide in the interstellar medium?
Answer: It is the second most abundant diatomic molecule and a tracer for molecular clouds.
Explanation: In interstellar space, carbon monoxide is the second most abundant diatomic molecule after H₂, and its strong dipole moment facilitates detection, making it a key indicator for locating molecular clouds.
How is carbon monoxide formed in the upper atmosphere of Venus?
Answer: By the photodissociation of carbon dioxide by UV radiation.
Explanation: The primary mechanism for carbon monoxide formation in Venus's upper atmosphere is the breakdown of carbon dioxide molecules initiated by ultraviolet radiation.
What percentage of the volatile component of Halley's Comet is estimated to be carbon monoxide?
Answer: Approximately 15%
Explanation: Estimates suggest that carbon monoxide constitutes approximately 15% of the volatile ices found in Halley's Comet.
In urban environments, what is the primary source of carbon monoxide pollution?
Answer: Exhaust from internal combustion engines (vehicles).
Explanation: The exhaust emissions from vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are the principal contributors to carbon monoxide pollution in urban areas.
Carbon monoxide plays a role in the formation of ground-level ozone through which process?
Answer: Photochemical reactions involving hydroxyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide participates in complex photochemical cycles in the troposphere, reacting with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and contributing to the production of ozone (O₃).
What are the main sources of indoor carbon monoxide in developed countries?
Answer: Faulty or poorly maintained fossil fuel-burning appliances.
Explanation: In developed nations, malfunctioning or improperly ventilated appliances that burn fossil fuels (e.g., furnaces, stoves, water heaters) are primary sources of indoor carbon monoxide.
When carbon monoxide acts as a ligand, it typically binds to metal atoms through the carbon atom, influencing its vibrational frequency.
Answer: True
Explanation: In coordination chemistry, carbon monoxide commonly binds to metal centers via its carbon atom, forming a sigma bond and accepting pi-back-donation, which affects its vibrational spectrum.
The Koch-Haaf reaction utilizes carbon monoxide in the conversion of alkenes into carboxylic acids.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Koch-Haaf reaction is a synthetic method that employs carbon monoxide and strong acids to convert alkenes into carboxylic acids.
Phosgene (COCl₂) is produced industrially via the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine gas over an activated carbon catalyst.
Answer: True
Explanation: The industrial synthesis of phosgene involves the catalytic reaction between carbon monoxide and chlorine gas, typically using activated carbon as the catalyst.
The Fischer-Tropsch process converts carbon monoxide into liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalytic method used to convert synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) into liquid hydrocarbons, primarily synthetic fuels.
Carbon monoxide has been historically utilized in metallurgy as a reducing agent for purifying metals from their ores.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historically, carbon monoxide has served as a crucial reducing agent in metallurgical processes, facilitating the extraction of pure metals from their oxide ores.
The use of carbon monoxide in meat packaging is controversial globally due to its ability to enhance color, potentially masking spoilage.
Answer: True
Explanation: While carbon monoxide can create an appealing red color in meat by forming carboxymyoglobin, this effect can mask spoilage, leading to regulatory restrictions and controversy regarding its use in food packaging.
The Boudouard reaction involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide through reaction with carbon at high temperatures.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Boudouard reaction describes the equilibrium between carbon dioxide, carbon, and carbon monoxide at elevated temperatures, favoring CO formation above 800°C.
Water gas is a mixture primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, produced by reacting steam with carbon.
Answer: True
Explanation: Water gas, a synthesis gas, is predominantly a mixture of hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO), generated by passing steam over incandescent carbon.
Carbon monoxide is employed in the Cativa process for the synthesis of acetic acid.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Cativa process, a variation of the Monsanto process, utilizes carbon monoxide as a key reactant in the industrial production of acetic acid.
Carbon monoxide's ability to form carboxymyoglobin imparts a stable, bright-red color to meat, which can mask spoilage and does not accurately indicate freshness.
Answer: True
Explanation: The formation of carboxymyoglobin by carbon monoxide in meat produces a stable red color that can misleadingly suggest freshness while potentially concealing spoilage.
The Fischer-Tropsch process involves the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, not its production from steam and carbon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Fischer-Tropsch process utilizes carbon monoxide as a reactant for hydrogenation, rather than being a method for producing carbon monoxide from steam and carbon (which describes water gas production).
Carbon monoxide is a key precursor in the production of polycarbonates and polyurethanes.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide is a vital intermediate in the synthesis of phosgene, which is subsequently used in the manufacture of polymers such as polycarbonates and polyurethanes.
What is a primary industrial application of carbon monoxide?
Answer: In the production of various bulk chemicals, including fuels and drugs.
Explanation: Carbon monoxide serves as a fundamental building block in numerous industrial chemical processes, contributing to the synthesis of fuels, pharmaceuticals, and other essential materials.
What is the Boudouard reaction?
Answer: The reaction of carbon dioxide with hot carbon to produce carbon monoxide.
Explanation: The Boudouard reaction is the process where carbon dioxide reacts with solid carbon at high temperatures to yield carbon monoxide: CO₂(g) + C(s) ⇌ 2 CO(g).
What is 'water gas,' and what is the chemical reaction for its production?
Answer: Hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
Explanation: Water gas is a mixture primarily composed of hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO), produced by the reaction of steam with incandescent carbon.
In which chemical process is carbon monoxide used to produce aldehydes?
Answer: Hydroformylation
Explanation: Hydroformylation, also known as the oxo process, utilizes carbon monoxide and hydrogen to convert alkenes into aldehydes.
What is the function of carboxymyoglobin in meat packaging, and why is it controversial?
Answer: It creates a stable bright-red color, potentially masking spoilage.
Explanation: Carboxymyoglobin formation stabilizes the red color of meat, which can be advantageous for appearance but controversial as it may obscure signs of spoilage.
Which of the following is a key intermediate produced industrially using carbon monoxide?
Answer: Phosgene
Explanation: Phosgene (COCl₂) is a critical industrial intermediate synthesized using carbon monoxide and chlorine, serving as a precursor for various polymers and chemicals.
In mammals, carbon monoxide functions exclusively as a toxic agent and possesses no endogenous signaling functions.
Answer: False
Explanation: In mammals, carbon monoxide acts as both a signaling molecule at low concentrations and a toxic agent at higher concentrations.
Endogenous carbon monoxide in the body is primarily a product of heme breakdown, not a primary agent for breaking down red blood cells.
Answer: True
Explanation: Endogenous carbon monoxide is generated primarily through the enzymatic catabolism of heme, a component derived from hemoglobin, rather than directly causing the breakdown of red blood cells.
The idiom 'canary in the coal mine' originates from the historical practice of using canaries to detect carbon monoxide, owing to their heightened sensitivity to the gas.
Answer: True
Explanation: The phrase 'canary in the coal mine' stems from the use of canaries in mines as early warning indicators for dangerous, odorless gases like carbon monoxide, due to their greater susceptibility.
Animal studies indicate that carbon monoxide possesses therapeutic potential, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory effects.
Answer: True
Explanation: Research in animal models suggests potential therapeutic applications for carbon monoxide, attributed to its observed anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties.
The primary pathway for endogenous carbon monoxide production involves the enzymatic breakdown of heme, not carbon dioxide.
Answer: True
Explanation: The principal route for endogenous carbon monoxide synthesis in the body is the catabolism of heme by the enzyme heme oxygenase.
Joseph Priestley is credited with the initial synthesis of carbon monoxide in 1772.
Answer: True
Explanation: The first documented synthesis of carbon monoxide is attributed to Joseph Priestley in the year 1772.
During the Holocaust, carbon monoxide was utilized by the Nazis in 'gas vans' and the Action T4 program for the extermination of victims.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carbon monoxide was infamously employed by the Nazi regime as a killing agent in mobile gas vans and within the framework of the Action T4 'euthanasia' program.
The formation of carbon monoxide in the body is primarily linked to the breakdown of heme, not lipids.
Answer: True
Explanation: Endogenous carbon monoxide production is predominantly associated with the metabolic breakdown of heme, a process catalyzed by heme oxygenase.
Galen, an ancient physician, did not synthesize carbon monoxide; Joseph Priestley is credited with its first synthesis.
Answer: True
Explanation: While ancient physicians like Galen speculated on air composition, the first documented synthesis of carbon monoxide is attributed to Joseph Priestley in 1772.
What dual role does carbon monoxide play biologically in mammals?
Answer: A signaling molecule at low concentrations and a toxin at high concentrations.
Explanation: Endogenously produced carbon monoxide acts as a signaling molecule (gasotransmitter) at physiological concentrations but becomes toxic at higher levels.
Which historical figure is credited with the first synthesis of carbon monoxide?
Answer: Joseph Priestley
Explanation: Joseph Priestley is recognized for the first documented synthesis of carbon monoxide in 1772.
What are the proposed therapeutic benefits of endogenous carbon monoxide suggested by animal studies?
Answer: Anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory effects.
Explanation: Animal studies have indicated that endogenous carbon monoxide may exert beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory actions and vasodilation.
The primary enzymatic pathway for the endogenous production of carbon monoxide in the body involves the breakdown of which molecule?
Answer: Heme
Explanation: Endogenous carbon monoxide is primarily generated through the enzymatic degradation of heme, a porphyrin ring structure found in hemoproteins like hemoglobin.