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Central Catalan is primarily spoken across the entire province of Barcelona, the eastern half of Tarragona, and most of Girona, including its northern part.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Central Catalan is spoken across most of Girona, *excluding* its northern part, where it transitions into Northern Catalan.
Most Catalans perceive Central Catalan, especially when free of localisms, as the standard form of the language within Catalonia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that Central Catalan, particularly without localisms, is widely regarded as the standard form of the language within Catalonia.
The Central Catalan variety is exclusively used in academic texts and formal government documents, not in popular media.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Central Catalan variety is commonly utilized in the majority of written and audiovisual media, as well as in various learning materials, not exclusively in formal documents.
Which of the following provinces is NOT primarily where Central Catalan is spoken?
Answer: Lleida
Explanation: Central Catalan is primarily spoken in Barcelona, eastern Tarragona, and most of Girona, but not Lleida, which is associated with North-Western Catalan.
How is Central Catalan generally regarded by most Catalans?
Answer: As the standard form of the language within Catalonia.
Explanation: Most Catalans perceive Central Catalan, especially when free of localisms, as the standard form of the language within Catalonia.
In what contexts is the Central Catalan variety commonly utilized?
Answer: In the majority of written and audiovisual media, and learning materials.
Explanation: The Central Catalan variety is commonly used in most written and audiovisual media, as well as in educational resources for the language.
Central Catalan vowels are classified by their position in the mouth as Front, Central, and Back, and by the height of the tongue as Close, Close-mid, Open-mid, and Open.
Answer: True
Explanation: The phonology of Central Catalan classifies vowels based on both their position (Front, Central, Back) and tongue height (Close, Close-mid, Open-mid, Open).
The 'Close' vowels in Central Catalan phonology include the close front unrounded vowel /i/ and the close back rounded vowel /u/, both produced with the tongue high in the mouth.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Close' vowels in Central Catalan phonology are indeed /i/ and /u/, characterized by a high tongue position.
The mid central vowel /ə/ in Central Catalan is categorized as an 'Open' vowel, typically appearing in stressed syllables.
Answer: False
Explanation: The mid central vowel /ə/ is categorized as a 'Close-mid' vowel and typically appears in *unstressed* syllables, not stressed ones.
The 'Open-mid' vowels in Central Catalan are /ɛ/ (open-mid front unrounded) and /ɔ/ (open-mid back rounded), produced with the tongue slightly lower than for close-mid vowels.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Open-mid' vowels in Central Catalan are correctly identified as /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, produced with a tongue position slightly lower than for close-mid vowels.
The single 'Open' vowel in Central Catalan phonology is the open central unrounded vowel /a/, produced with the tongue positioned low and centrally.
Answer: True
Explanation: The open central unrounded vowel /a/ is indeed the sole 'Open' vowel in Central Catalan phonology, characterized by a low and central tongue position.
The IPA symbol /e/ represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel in Central Catalan.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol /e/ represents the *close-mid* front unrounded vowel, while /ɛ/ represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel in Central Catalan.
Which of the following is NOT a classification for vowels based on their position in the mouth in Central Catalan phonology?
Answer: High
Explanation: Vowels in Central Catalan are classified by position as Front, Central, and Back. 'High' refers to tongue height, not position in the mouth.
Which IPA symbol represents a 'Close' vowel in Central Catalan?
Answer: /u/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /u/ represents the close back rounded vowel, which is categorized as a 'Close' vowel in Central Catalan phonology.
What is the IPA symbol for the mid central vowel, often appearing in unstressed syllables, in Central Catalan?
Answer: /ə/
Explanation: The IPA symbol for the mid central vowel, often found in unstressed syllables in Central Catalan, is /ə/ (schwa).
Which pair of IPA symbols represents the 'Open-mid' vowels in Central Catalan?
Answer: /ɛ/ and /ɔ/
Explanation: The 'Open-mid' vowels in Central Catalan are represented by the IPA symbols /ɛ/ (open-mid front unrounded) and /ɔ/ (open-mid back rounded).
What is the single 'Open' vowel in Central Catalan phonology?
Answer: /a/
Explanation: The open central unrounded vowel /a/ is the only 'Open' vowel in Central Catalan phonology.
What is the IPA symbol for the close-mid front unrounded vowel in Central Catalan?
Answer: /e/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /e/ represents the close-mid front unrounded vowel in Central Catalan.
Central Catalan phonology includes only Nasal, Plosive, and Fricative consonants.
Answer: False
Explanation: Central Catalan phonology includes a broader range of consonant categories, specifically Nasal, Plosive, Affricate, Fricative, Rhotic, and Approximant.
The voiced bilabial nasal /m/ and the voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ are examples of labial consonants in Central Catalan.
Answer: True
Explanation: Both /m/ (voiced bilabial nasal) and /f/ (voiceless labiodental fricative) are correctly identified as labial consonants in Central Catalan, articulated using the lips.
The voiced alveolar trill /r/ and the voiced alveolar lateral approximant /l/ are classified as palatal consonants in Central Catalan.
Answer: False
Explanation: The voiced alveolar trill /r/ and the voiced alveolar lateral approximant /l/ are classified as dental/alveolar consonants, not palatal, in Central Catalan phonology.
The voiced palatal nasal /ɲ/ and the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ʃ/ are among the palatal consonants in Central Catalan phonology.
Answer: True
Explanation: Both /ɲ/ (voiced palatal nasal) and /t͡ʃ/ (voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate) are correctly identified as palatal consonants in Central Catalan phonology.
The voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ and the voiceless velar plosive /k/ are velar consonants in Central Catalan's phonological system.
Answer: True
Explanation: The voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ and the voiceless velar plosive /k/ are indeed classified as velar consonants in Central Catalan's phonological system.
The IPA symbol for the voiced velar nasal consonant in Central Catalan is /ŋ/, similar to the 'ng' in English 'sing'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol /ŋ/ correctly denotes the voiced velar nasal consonant in Central Catalan, which is phonetically similar to the 'ng' sound in English 'sing'.
The voiceless dental plosive in Central Catalan is represented by the IPA symbol /d/.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol /d/ represents the *voiced* dental plosive, whereas the voiceless dental plosive is represented by /t/.
The IPA symbol /t͡ʃ/ represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate in Central Catalan, similar to 'ch' in 'church'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol /t͡ʃ/ accurately represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate in Central Catalan, which is phonetically comparable to the 'ch' sound in English 'church'.
The voiced alveolar fricative in Central Catalan is represented by the IPA symbol /ʃ/.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol /ʃ/ represents the *voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative*, while the voiced alveolar fricative is represented by /z/.
The IPA symbol /r/ denotes the voiced alveolar trill in Central Catalan, similar to the 'rr' in Spanish 'perro'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol /r/ correctly denotes the voiced alveolar trill in Central Catalan, which is phonetically analogous to the 'rr' sound in Spanish 'perro'.
The pronunciation of 'català central' in Central Catalan is /kəˌtəˈla sənˈtɾal/ according to the IPA.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA transcription /kəˌtəˈla sənˈtɾal/ accurately represents the pronunciation of 'català central' in Central Catalan.
Which of the following is NOT a category of consonants included in Central Catalan phonology?
Answer: Click
Explanation: Central Catalan phonology includes Nasal, Plosive, Affricate, Fricative, Rhotic, and Approximant consonants, but not 'Click' consonants.
Which of the following is a voiced bilabial plosive consonant in Central Catalan?
Answer: /b/
Explanation: The voiced bilabial plosive consonant in Central Catalan is represented by the IPA symbol /b/.
Which IPA symbol represents the voiced alveolar lateral approximant in Central Catalan?
Answer: /l/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /l/ represents the voiced alveolar lateral approximant in Central Catalan.
What is the IPA symbol for the voiced palatal nasal consonant in Central Catalan?
Answer: /ɲ/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /ɲ/ represents the voiced palatal nasal consonant in Central Catalan.
Which of these is a velar consonant in Central Catalan's phonological system?
Answer: /k/
Explanation: The voiceless velar plosive /k/ is a velar consonant in Central Catalan's phonological system.
What is the IPA symbol for the voiced bilabial nasal consonant in Central Catalan?
Answer: /m/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /m/ represents the voiced bilabial nasal consonant in Central Catalan.
Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless velar plosive in Central Catalan?
Answer: /k/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /k/ represents the voiceless velar plosive in Central Catalan.
What is the IPA symbol for the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate in Central Catalan?
Answer: /d͡ʒ/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /d͡ʒ/ represents the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate in Central Catalan.
Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless labiodental fricative in Central Catalan?
Answer: /f/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /f/ represents the voiceless labiodental fricative in Central Catalan.
What is the IPA symbol for the voiced palatal lateral approximant in Central Catalan?
Answer: /ʎ/
Explanation: The IPA symbol /ʎ/ represents the voiced palatal lateral approximant in Central Catalan.
According to the IPA, what is the pronunciation of 'català central' in Central Catalan?
Answer: /kəˌtəˈla sənˈtɾal/
Explanation: The IPA transcription /kəˌtəˈla sənˈtɾal/ accurately represents the pronunciation of 'català central' in Central Catalan.
Empordanese Catalan is a subdialect of Northern Catalan spoken in the Empordà region.
Answer: False
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan is a subdialect of *Central Catalan*, not Northern Catalan, spoken in the Empordà region.
Joaquim Ruyra's 19th-century writings indicated that differences between Empordanese and Barcelonese dialects were once more pronounced, particularly regarding the *salat* definite article.
Answer: True
Explanation: Joaquim Ruyra's writings from the turn of the 19th century indeed highlighted more pronounced differences between Empordanese and Barcelonese dialects, especially concerning the *salat* definite article.
The *salat* definite article is a feature unique to Empordanese Catalan and is no longer found in any other Catalan varieties.
Answer: False
Explanation: While formerly common in Empordanese Catalan, the *salat* definite article remains a common feature in Balearic Catalan varieties today.
The Christian colonization of the Balearic Islands by settlers from the Empordà region led to shared linguistic features, including the *salat* definite article.
Answer: True
Explanation: The colonization of the Balearic Islands by settlers from the Empordà region directly resulted in shared linguistic features, such as the *salat* definite article, between Empordanese and Balearic dialects.
Empordanese Catalan uses *haig*, *faig*, *vaig* instead of *hai*, *fai*, *vai* for 'I have', 'I make', 'I go'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan actually uses *hai*, *fai*, *vai* instead of the standard *haig*, *faig*, *vaig*.
Empordanese Catalan features an inversion of weak personal pronouns, using *me*, *te*, *se* instead of the standard *em*, *et*, *es*.
Answer: True
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan indeed exhibits an inversion in the use of weak personal pronouns, preferring *me*, *te*, *se* over the standard *em*, *et*, *es*.
A notable difference in Empordanese Catalan is the use of a 3rd person subjunctive ending in *i* instead of *u*.
Answer: False
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan uses a 3rd person subjunctive ending in *u* instead of *i*, which is the opposite of the statement.
Some Empordanese Catalan synonyms like *capir* and *testa* show a closer similarity to modern Italian words than their Standard Catalan counterparts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan terms such as *capir* and *testa* indeed exhibit a closer etymological or phonetic resemblance to modern Italian words like *capire* and *testa* than their Standard Catalan equivalents.
Empordanese Catalan is a subdialect of which larger Catalan dialect?
Answer: Central Catalan
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan is identified as a distinctive subdialect of Central Catalan.
According to Joaquim Ruyra's writings, what was a notable difference between Empordanese and Barcelonese dialects in the 19th century?
Answer: The use of the *salat* definite article.
Explanation: Joaquim Ruyra's 19th-century writings specifically noted the more pronounced differences between Empordanese and Barcelonese dialects, particularly regarding the *salat* definite article.
Where is the 'salat' definite article still a common feature today?
Answer: In Balearic Catalan varieties.
Explanation: The 'salat' definite article, while formerly common in Empordanese Catalan, remains a common feature in Balearic Catalan varieties today.
The Christian colonization of the Balearic Islands primarily by settlers from the Empordà region resulted in what linguistic similarity?
Answer: Shared linguistic features, including the *salat* definite article.
Explanation: The colonization of the Balearic Islands by settlers from the Empordà region led to shared linguistic features, most notably the use of the *salat* definite article.
Which of the following is a lexical difference found in Empordanese Catalan compared to standard forms?
Answer: Using *con* for *quan* ('when').
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan uses *con* for *quan* ('when'), which is listed as a specific lexical difference from standard forms.
How do weak personal pronouns differ in Empordanese Catalan from the standard forms?
Answer: They feature an inversion, using *me*, *te*, *se* instead of *em*, *et*, *es*.
Explanation: Empordanese Catalan is characterized by an inversion of weak personal pronouns, utilizing *me*, *te*, *se* in place of the standard *em*, *et*, *es*.
What is a characteristic of the 3rd person subjunctive ending in Empordanese Catalan?
Answer: It uses '-u' instead of '-i'.
Explanation: A distinctive feature of Empordanese Catalan is the use of a 3rd person subjunctive ending in *u* rather than *i*.
Which Empordanese Catalan word shows a similarity to modern Italian 'testa'?
Answer: *testa*
Explanation: The Empordanese Catalan word *testa* for 'head' shows a clear similarity to the modern Italian word *testa*.
The provided text example of the Parable of the Prodigal Son is an excerpt from a 20th-century linguist.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text example of the Parable of the Prodigal Son is an excerpt from the works of Manuel Milà i Fontanals, a *19th-century* linguist.
Manuel Milà i Fontanals was a 19th-century linguist who extensively documented Catalan dialectal differences.
Answer: True
Explanation: Manuel Milà i Fontanals was a prominent 19th-century linguist known for his extensive documentation of Catalan dialectal variations.
The Central Catalan text example from the Parable of the Prodigal Son highlights variations such as *diners* instead of *cèntims* and *a on* instead of *on*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text example highlights variations such as *cèntims* instead of *diners* and *on* instead of *a on*, which is the opposite of the statement.
The article mentions only Algherese and Valencian as other Catalan dialects.
Answer: False
Explanation: The article mentions several other Catalan dialects and varieties beyond just Algherese and Valencian, including Northern Catalan, North-Western, and various Insular sub-dialects.
The *Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua* (AVL) and the *Institut d'Estudis Catalans* (IEC) are official organizations associated with Catalan and Valencian languages.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua* (AVL) and the *Institut d'Estudis Catalans* (IEC) are indeed listed as official organizations crucial for the standardization and promotion of Catalan and Valencian languages.
Catalan is classified as an Italo-Dalmatian language within the Romance language family.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catalan is classified as an Occitano-Romance language, a subgroup within the Western Romance branch, not an Italo-Dalmatian language.
The major branches of Romance languages include Eastern Romance, Italo-Western languages, and Southern Romance.
Answer: True
Explanation: The classification outlines Eastern Romance, Italo-Western languages (further subdivided), and Southern Romance as the major branches of the Romance language family.
From whose works is the Central Catalan text example of the Parable of the Prodigal Son extracted?
Answer: Manuel Milà i Fontanals
Explanation: The Central Catalan text example of the Parable of the Prodigal Son is extracted from the works of the 19th-century linguist Manuel Milà i Fontanals.
What was Manuel Milà i Fontanals's primary contribution to the study of Catalan?
Answer: He extensively documented Catalan dialectal differences.
Explanation: Manuel Milà i Fontanals's primary contribution was his extensive documentation and analysis of Catalan dialectal differences.
Which linguistic variation is highlighted in the Central Catalan text example from the Parable of the Prodigal Son?
Answer: Using *on* instead of *a on*.
Explanation: The Central Catalan text example from the Parable of the Prodigal Son highlights the variation of using *on* instead of *a on*.
Which of the following is NOT listed as another dialect or variety of Catalan in the article?
Answer: Andorran
Explanation: The article lists Algherese, Northern Catalan (Roussillonese), North-Western, Valencian, and Insular Catalan varieties, but 'Andorran' is not mentioned as a distinct dialect.
Which organization is NOT listed as an official body associated with the Catalan and Valencian languages?
Answer: Real Academia Española (RAE)
Explanation: The *Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua* (AVL), the *Institut d'Estudis Catalans* (IEC), and the *Institut* and *Fundació Ramon Llull* (IRL & FRL) are listed as official bodies, but the *Real Academia Española* (RAE) is not.
How is Catalan classified within the broader family of Romance languages?
Answer: As an Occitano-Romance language.
Explanation: Catalan is classified as an Occitano-Romance language, a subgroup of the Western Romance branch.