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In bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals, the central nervous system (CNS) is primarily responsible for integrating information and coordinating bodily activity.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source defines the CNS as the system that integrates received information and coordinates the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals.
All multicellular animals, including sponges and diploblasts, possess a central nervous system for information integration and coordination.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source specifies that the CNS is a feature of bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals, explicitly excluding sponges and diploblasts.
The provided text discusses the central nervous systems of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals in equivalent detail.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material explicitly states that it discusses the vertebrate central nervous system, which is described as being radically distinct from that of other animals.
The retina, optic nerve, olfactory nerves, and olfactory epithelium are considered parts of the CNS in vertebrates because they connect directly to brain neurons without intermediate ganglia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that these specific sensory structures are classified as parts of the CNS in vertebrates due to their direct connection to brain neurons, lacking intermediate ganglia.
The olfactory epithelium is unique as the only central nervous tissue outside the meninges that directly contacts the environment, offering a potential pathway for therapeutic agents.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text highlights the olfactory epithelium's unique status as the only CNS tissue outside the meninges in direct environmental contact, which provides a potential route for therapeutic agents.
The central nervous system is composed of three major structures: the brain, the spinal cord, and the retina.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies the two major structures of the CNS as the brain and the spinal cord. While the retina is considered part of the CNS, it is not typically classified as a third major structural component on par with the brain and spinal cord.
The spinal cord is responsible for the majority of complex information processing, while the brain primarily manages spinal locomotion and reflexes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states the opposite: the brain is the primary processing center that handles complex information, while the spinal cord has some processing capabilities like managing reflexes and spinal locomotion.
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS) in bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals?
Answer: To integrate received information and coordinate body activity
Explanation: The source defines the primary role of the CNS as integrating received information and coordinating and influencing the activity of all parts of the body.
Which of the following sensory structures are considered parts of the CNS in vertebrates due to their direct connection to brain neurons?
Answer: Retina, optic nerve, olfactory nerves, and olfactory epithelium
Explanation: The source identifies the retina, optic nerve, olfactory nerves, and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS because they connect directly to brain neurons without intermediate ganglia.
What unique characteristic of the olfactory epithelium makes it significant for therapeutic purposes?
Answer: It is the only central nervous tissue outside the meninges in direct contact with the environment.
Explanation: The text highlights that the olfactory epithelium is the only CNS tissue outside the meninges in direct contact with the environment, providing a potential pathway for therapeutic agents.
What are the two major structures that constitute the central nervous system?
Answer: The brain and the spinal cord
Explanation: The source explicitly states that the central nervous system consists of two major structures: the brain and the spinal cord.
What is the main functional role of the brain within the nervous system?
Answer: To serve as the major functional unit and primary processing center
Explanation: The text identifies the brain as the major functional unit and primary processing center of the nervous system, handling the majority of complex information processing.
In vertebrates, the brain is housed within the cranial cavity of the skull and the spinal cord within the spinal canal of the vertebrae, with both structures enclosed by the meninges.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that in vertebrates, the brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord by the vertebrae, and both are enclosed within the meninges.
The primary function of the meninges is to provide structural support to the brain and spinal cord, preventing physical damage.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the meninges provide a crucial barrier to chemicals dissolved in the blood, protecting the brain from neurotoxins, rather than providing primary structural support.
Cerebrospinal fluid bathes the brain and spinal cord within the meninges, replacing the typical intracellular fluid found in bilateral animals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that cerebrospinal fluid replaces the extracellular fluid, not the intracellular fluid, that is typically found outside the cells of bilateral animals.
Neuroglia are non-nervous supporting cells that fill the space between neurons in the CNS, with their name derived from the Greek word for 'glue'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text defines neuroglia (or glia) as supporting non-nervous cells filling interneuronal space, noting that the term 'glia' is Greek for 'glue'.
White matter is primarily composed of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers, while gray matter consists of axons and oligodendrocytes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the opposite: white matter is composed of axons and oligodendrocytes, while gray matter consists of neurons and unmyelinated fibers.
Microglia are specialized macrophages that constitute part of the brain's immune system and are involved in metabolite clearance.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text describes microglia as specialized macrophages that are part of the brain's immune system and also function in clearing metabolites.
Following an injury to the CNS, astrocytes proliferate in a process called gliosis, which results in the formation of neuronal scar tissue lacking functional neurons.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that upon CNS injury, astrocytes proliferate, leading to gliosis, which is described as a form of neuronal scar tissue without functional neurons.
The major regions of the brain, including the cerebrum and brainstem, have an internal cortex of gray matter that covers a surface layer of white matter tracts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source describes the opposite arrangement: the brain has a surface cortex of gray matter, with white matter forming tracts and commissures internally.
In the nervous system, Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS, while oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the PNS.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states the opposite: oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS, and Schwann cells myelinate axons in the PNS.
How are the brain and spinal cord physically protected in vertebrates?
Answer: Within the meninges, skull, and vertebrae
Explanation: The source states that the brain is housed in the skull, the spinal cord in the vertebrae, and both are enclosed within the meninges for protection.
What is a crucial protective role of the meninges in the vertebrate central nervous system?
Answer: To provide a barrier against blood-dissolved chemicals and neurotoxins
Explanation: The text highlights that the meninges provide a crucial barrier to chemicals dissolved in the blood, thereby protecting the brain from most neurotoxins.
What fluid bathes the brain and spinal cord within the meninges, and what does it replace?
Answer: Cerebrospinal fluid, replacing extracellular fluid
Explanation: The source specifies that cerebrospinal fluid bathes the brain and spinal cord, replacing the extracellular fluid typically found outside the cells of all bilateral animals.
What is the general role of neuroglia within the CNS?
Answer: To act as supporting non-nervous cells filling interneuronal space
Explanation: Neuroglia, or glia, are defined as supporting non-nervous cells that fill the interneuronal space within the CNS, with their name deriving from the Greek word for 'glue'.
What are the primary microscopic components of white matter in the CNS?
Answer: Axons and oligodendrocytes
Explanation: The text microscopically defines white matter as being composed of axons and oligodendrocytes, distinguishing it from gray matter.
Which type of glial cell acts as a scaffold for neuroblasts during the process of neurogenesis?
Answer: Bergmann glia
Explanation: The source identifies Bergmann glia as the specific type of glial cell that functions as scaffolding for neuroblasts during neurogenesis.
What condition, characterized by neuronal scar tissue, results from the proliferation of astrocytes following a CNS injury?
Answer: Gliosis
Explanation: The text states that upon CNS injury, astrocytes proliferate, leading to a condition called gliosis, which is a form of neuronal scar tissue.
How is the vertebrate brain structurally organized with respect to gray and white matter?
Answer: Gray matter forms the surface cortex, with internal white matter tracts and subcortical gray nuclei.
Explanation: The source describes the brain as having a surface cortex of gray matter, with white matter forming tracts and commissures internally, along with subcortical nuclei of gray matter.
What is the primary difference in myelination between the central and peripheral nervous systems?
Answer: Oligodendrocytes myelinate CNS axons, while Schwann cells myelinate PNS axons.
Explanation: The text clearly states that the primary difference lies in the cells responsible: oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS, while Schwann cells perform this function in the PNS.
How do Schwann cells typically myelinate axons compared to oligodendrocytes?
Answer: Schwann cells typically myelinate a single axon, while oligodendrocytes usually myelinate several axons.
Explanation: The source explains that a Schwann cell typically myelinates a single axon, whereas an oligodendrocyte usually myelinates several axons by extending projections of its cell membrane.
The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum and extends through the vertebral canal, typically ending at the third or fourth lumbar vertebra.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the spinal cord typically terminates roughly level with the first or second lumbar vertebra, not the third or fourth.
Spinal nerves transmit only efferent motor signals from the CNS to the muscles, without carrying any sensory information.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text states that spinal nerves transmit both efferent motor signals from the CNS and afferent sensory signals from the periphery to the CNS.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that project from the brain stem, some of which form plexuses like the brachial and sacral plexuses.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that 31 spinal nerves project from the brain stem and that some of these nerves form plexuses, such as the brachial and sacral plexuses.
Information from the spinal cord is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex for processing, completely bypassing the thalamus.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that information from the spinal cord reaches the thalamus before being relayed to the cerebral cortex for further processing.
Cranial nerves are classified as peripheral nerves located in the head and neck region, with 12 pairs synapsing on the CNS.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text defines cranial nerves as 12 pairs of peripheral nerves in the head and neck region that synapse either directly or through intermediaries on the CNS.
The brainstem is composed of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies the three components of the brainstem as the medulla, the pons, and the midbrain, not the cerebellum.
Nuclei within the medulla are involved in critical regulatory functions, including control of blood pressure, breathing, balance, taste, and hearing.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text confirms that the medulla's nuclei are involved in regulating functions such as blood pressure, breathing, balance, taste, hearing, and control of facial and neck muscles.
The pontine nuclei in the pons are exclusively responsible for transmitting information between the cerebellum and the spinal cord.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the pontine nuclei transmit information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex, not the spinal cord.
The midbrain contains nuclei that link parts of the motor system and also includes components of the visual and auditory systems, such as mechanisms for automatic eye movements.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text confirms that the midbrain links parts of the motor system (cerebellum, basal ganglia, cerebral hemispheres) and contains parts of the visual and auditory systems, including control of automatic eye movements.
The brainstem's primary role includes providing pathways for motor and autonomic control of the face and neck via cranial nerves and influencing autonomic control of the body.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source describes the brainstem's broad role as providing entry/exit pathways for motor and autonomic control of the face and neck, with significant involvement in the autonomic control of the body.
The reticular formation, a group of nuclei in the brainstem, is primarily involved in regulating sleep cycles and dream activity.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the reticular formation is primarily involved in regulating arousal and alertness, not sleep cycles or dreaming.
The cerebellum's functions include controlling posture, coordinating movements, adapting to newly learned movements, and processing sensory and balance information.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text confirms that the cerebellum is responsible for controlling posture, coordinating movements, adapting to learned movements, and processing sensory, motor, and balance information.
Despite holding more neurons than the cerebrum, the cerebellum is less understood due to its complex array of different neuron types.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the cerebellum is more extensively understood than other brain structures precisely because it contains fewer types of different neurons, which simplifies its study.
The thalamus acts as a linkage between incoming pathways from the peripheral nervous system and the optic nerve to the cerebral hemispheres, sorting information for the neocortex.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text describes the thalamus as a linkage for incoming pathways (including the optic nerve but not the olfactory nerve) to the cerebral hemispheres and notes its role in sorting information destined for the neocortex.
The hypothalamus is primarily involved in higher-order cognitive functions such as language processing and abstract thought.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the hypothalamus is involved in primitive emotions like hunger and thirst, motivation, and controlling hormone secretion, not higher-order cognitive functions.
The cerebral hemispheres, which include the cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus, control functions such as emotion, memory, perception, and motor control.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text confirms that the cerebral hemispheres, formed by these structures, control a large portion of brain functions including emotion, memory, perception, motor functions, and cognitive capabilities.
The corpus callosum is a structure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres, thereby preventing direct communication between them.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication and coordination between them, rather than separating them.
Within the cerebrum, the hippocampus is involved in storing memories, the amygdala in processing emotion, and the basal ganglia in coordinating voluntary movement.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text explicitly assigns these roles: the hippocampus for memory storage, the amygdala for emotion perception and communication, and the basal ganglia for coordinating voluntary movement.
Where does the spinal cord typically terminate in the human body?
Answer: Roughly level with the first or second lumbar vertebra
Explanation: The source indicates that the spinal cord, which is continuous with the brain, typically terminates at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
What types of signals do spinal nerves transmit between the spinal cord and the body?
Answer: Both efferent motor and afferent sensory signals
Explanation: The text clarifies that spinal nerves allow for the transmission of both efferent motor signals (from the CNS) and afferent sensory signals (to the CNS).
How many pairs of spinal nerves project from the brain stem?
Answer: 31
Explanation: The source states that a total of 31 spinal nerves project from the brain stem.
What is the typical pathway for information relay from the spinal cord to the brain for processing?
Answer: Through spinal tracts to the thalamus and then the cerebral cortex
Explanation: The text describes the pathway as information moving up the spinal cord through spinal tracts, reaching the thalamus, and ultimately being relayed to the cerebral cortex.
What are cranial nerves, and where are they primarily located?
Answer: Peripheral nerves in the head and neck region
Explanation: The source defines cranial nerves as peripheral nerves that exist in the head and neck region, with 12 pairs synapsing on the CNS.
Which of the following are the three main components of the brainstem?
Answer: Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Explanation: The source explicitly states that the brainstem consists of the medulla, the pons, and the midbrain.
Which set of regulatory functions is associated with the medulla's nuclei?
Answer: Controlling blood pressure, breathing, balance, taste, and muscle control in face/neck
Explanation: The text lists the functions of the medulla's nuclei as controlling blood pressure, breathing, balance, taste, hearing, and muscles in the face and neck.
What is the function of the pontine nuclei located in the pons?
Answer: Transmitting information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex
Explanation: The source specifies that the pontine nuclei in the pons are responsible for transmitting information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex.
What systems and functions are associated with the midbrain?
Answer: Motor system links, visual and auditory systems, and automatic eye movements
Explanation: The text describes the midbrain as containing nuclei that link parts of the motor system, as well as parts of the visual and auditory systems, including mechanisms for automatic eye movements.
What is the primary function of the reticular formation in the brainstem?
Answer: Regulating arousal and alertness
Explanation: The source identifies the reticular formation, a group of nuclei in the brainstem, as being primarily involved in regulating arousal and alertness.
Which of the following is NOT a main function of the cerebellum?
Answer: Initiating primitive emotions like hunger and thirst
Explanation: The source lists controlling posture, coordinating movements, and adapting to learned movements as functions of the cerebellum. Initiating primitive emotions is a function of the hypothalamus.
Why is the cerebellum considered well-understood despite containing more neurons than the cerebrum?
Answer: It contains fewer types of different neurons, simplifying its study.
Explanation: The text explains that although the cerebellum has more neurons than the cerebrum, it is more extensively understood because it contains fewer types of neurons, which simplifies its study.
What are the two notable structures of the diencephalon?
Answer: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Explanation: The source identifies the thalamus and the hypothalamus as the two notable structures of the diencephalon.
Beyond sensory relay, what other functions is the thalamus involved in?
Answer: Connecting the cerebellum and basal ganglia with the cerebrum, and wakefulness/consciousness
Explanation: The text notes that the thalamus also connects the cerebellum and basal ganglia with the cerebrum and is involved in wakefulness and consciousness.
Which of the following is a key function regulated by the hypothalamus?
Answer: Primitive emotions like hunger and thirst, and controlling pituitary hormone secretion
Explanation: The source states that the hypothalamus is involved in functions related to primitive emotions like hunger and thirst, and it controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland.
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
Answer: To connect the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication
Explanation: The text defines the corpus callosum as a significant structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication and coordination between them.
What are the specific roles of the hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia within the cerebrum?
Answer: Hippocampus for memory, amygdala for emotion, basal ganglia for movement coordination
Explanation: The source specifies that the hippocampus is involved in memory storage, the amygdala in emotion, and the basal ganglia in coordinating voluntary movement.
During early vertebrate development, the neural plate forms a longitudinal groove, and its elevated ridges meet to form the neural tube in a process called neurulation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text describes this exact process, where the neural plate's groove deepens and the neural folds elevate and meet to form the closed neural tube, defining it as neurulation.
The anterior portion of the neural tube differentiates into the spinal cord, while the posterior portion develops into the brain.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source specifies the opposite arrangement: the anterior (rostral) portion of the neural tube differentiates into the brain, and the posterior (caudal) portion forms the spinal cord.
The three initial brain vesicles that differentiate from the anterior neural tube are the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies the three initial brain vesicles as the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). The telencephalon and diencephalon are later subdivisions of the prosencephalon.
By the sixth week in a human embryo, the prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon and diencephalon, and the rhombencephalon divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text confirms this developmental timeline, stating that by six weeks in the human embryo, the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon subdivide into these respective structures.
The telencephalon differentiates into the striatum, hippocampus, and neocortex, while its cavity develops into the first and second ventricles.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that as a vertebrate grows, the telencephalon differentiates into these structures, and its cavity becomes the lateral (first and second) ventricles.
The diencephalon develops to form the subthalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus, and its cavity becomes the fourth ventricle.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the diencephalon does form the specified structures, its cavity develops into the third ventricle, not the fourth. The fourth ventricle develops from the cavities of the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
What is the process called when the neural plate's ridges elevate and meet to form a closed neural tube during early vertebrate development?
Answer: Neurulation
Explanation: The text explicitly defines the process of the neural folds elevating and meeting to form the neural tube as neurulation.
From which parts of the neural tube do the brain and spinal cord respectively originate?
Answer: The anterior portion forms the brain, and the posterior forms the spinal cord.
Explanation: The source states that the anterior (rostral) portion of the neural tube differentiates into the brain, while the posterior (caudal) portion forms the spinal cord.
What are the three initial brain vesicles that differentiate from the anterior neural tube?
Answer: Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
Explanation: The text identifies the three initial brain vesicles as the prosencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
Which structures and cavities develop from the telencephalon as a vertebrate grows?
Answer: Striatum, hippocampus, neocortex, and the first and second ventricles
Explanation: The source states that the telencephalon differentiates into structures like the striatum, hippocampus, and neocortex, and its internal cavity becomes the first and second (lateral) ventricles.
Only arthropods, cephalopods, and vertebrates are identified as possessing a true brain, while other groups such as onychophorans and gastropods have precursor structures.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text states that only arthropods, cephalopods, and vertebrates possess a true brain, and notes the existence of precursor structures in onychophorans, gastropods, and lancelets.
The central nervous system of chordates is distinct because it is positioned dorsally in the body, above the gut and notochord.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source highlights the dorsal placement of the CNS (above the gut and notochord/spine) as a unique characteristic of chordates compared to other animals.
A major evolutionary trend in the vertebrate CNS is progressive telencephalisation, where the telencephalon expands to constitute most of the CNS volume in mammals.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text describes progressive telencephalisation as the major evolutionary trend, noting the growth of the telencephalon from an appendix in reptiles to the dominant CNS structure in mammals.
The neocortex, which is involved in higher thinking, is a unique brain structure found only in birds and mammals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that mammals are the only vertebrates to possess the neocortex.
The neocortex of monotremes and marsupials exhibits extensive convolutions, similar to that of most placental mammals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text specifies that the neocortex of monotremes and marsupials lacks the convolutions (gyri and sulci) found in the neocortex of most placental mammals.
The size and complexity of the neocortex have generally decreased over time in placental mammals, with humans having a less convoluted neocortex than rats.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the opposite trend: the size and complexity of the neocortex have increased over time in placental mammals. Humans exhibit extensive convolutions, while rats lack them.
Planarians, a type of flatworm, are recognized for having the simplest, most clearly defined delineation between a central and peripheral nervous system.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text notes that planarians (phylum Platyhelminthes) have the simplest, clearly defined delineation of a nervous system into a CNS and a PNS.
In planarians, the central nervous system consists of two fused anterior ganglia, which function as a primitive brain, and longitudinal nerve cords.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the CNS in planarians is formed by their primitive brains (two fused anterior ganglia) and longitudinal nerve cords.
Arthropods possess inhibitory motor neurons, a characteristic that is attributed to their relatively large body size.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that arthropods have inhibitory motor neurons due to their relatively small size, not large size.
Which of the following animal groups are explicitly stated to possess a 'true brain'?
Answer: Arthropods, Cephalopods, and Vertebrates
Explanation: The source material explicitly identifies arthropods, cephalopods, and vertebrates as possessing a true brain, while noting that other groups like onychophorans have precursor structures.
What is the major evolutionary trend observed in the vertebrate CNS regarding the telencephalon?
Answer: A progressive telencephalisation, where the telencephalon grows to make up most of the CNS volume in mammals.
Explanation: The text describes the major evolutionary trend as a progressive telencephalisation, where the telencephalon grows significantly to become the largest part of the CNS in mammals.
What unique brain structure, involved in higher thinking, do mammals possess that other vertebrates do not?
Answer: The neocortex
Explanation: The source identifies the neocortex as an evolutionarily recent part of the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals and is involved in higher thinking.
How does the neocortex of monotremes and marsupials differ from that of most placental mammals?
Answer: It lacks the convolutions (gyri and sulci) found in most placental mammals.
Explanation: The text specifies that the neocortex of monotremes and marsupials is distinct because it lacks the convolutions (gyri and sulci) that characterize the neocortex of most placental mammals.
Which flatworms are noted for having the simplest, clearly defined delineation between a central and peripheral nervous system?
Answer: Planarians
Explanation: The text identifies Planarians, a member of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), as having the simplest, clearly defined CNS and PNS delineation.
What constitutes the central nervous system in planarians?
Answer: Two fused anterior ganglia (primitive brains) and longitudinal nerve cords.
Explanation: The source describes the planarian CNS as being formed by their primitive brains, which consist of two fused anterior ganglia, and their longitudinal nerve cords.
What unique characteristic do arthropods possess regarding their motor neurons, and to what is it attributed?
Answer: They have inhibitory motor neurons due to their relatively small size.
Explanation: The text states that arthropods, unlike vertebrates, have inhibitory motor neurons, and this characteristic is attributed to their relatively small size.
Malignant cancers of the central nervous system can have very high mortality rates, with symptoms varying based on the tumor's characteristics and location.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that CNS cancers can cause severe illness, have high mortality rates if malignant, and produce varied symptoms depending on tumor size, growth rate, and location.
Specialty professional organizations recommend routine neurological imaging of the brain as a general screening procedure for all adults.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that specialty professional organizations recommend neurological imaging only be performed to answer a specific clinical question, not as a routine screening procedure.
Which of the following is NOT a common category of diseases and conditions that affect the central nervous system?
Answer: Musculoskeletal injuries (e.g., sprains)
Explanation: The source lists infections, early-onset neurological disorders, and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases as categories affecting the CNS. Musculoskeletal injuries are not listed as a primary CNS disease category.
What range of symptoms can arise from central nervous system tumors?
Answer: Alterations in motor control, hearing loss, headaches, and changes in cognitive/autonomic functioning
Explanation: The text indicates that symptoms of CNS tumors are varied and can include changes in motor control, hearing, cognitive ability, and autonomic functioning, as well as headaches.
What is the recommendation from specialty professional organizations regarding neurological imaging of the brain?
Answer: It should only be performed to answer a specific clinical question.
Explanation: The source states that specialty professional organizations recommend that neurological imaging of the brain should not be a routine screening procedure but should only be performed to answer a specific clinical question.