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AO Komseverput, the precursor to Glavsevmorput, was initially established by the Bolsheviks in 1919.
Answer: False
Explanation: AO Komseverput was initially established by the Kolchak government in 1919, not the Bolsheviks. It was later nationalized by the Bolsheviks.
The reorganization of AO Komseverput into VO Glavkomseverput occurred in May 1931, preceding the establishment of the Glavsevmorput office.
Answer: True
Explanation: AO Komseverput was indeed reorganized into VO Glavkomseverput in May 1931, and the Glavsevmorput office was established later, in December 1932.
VO Glavkomseverput employed a workforce of 35,000 men across the Arctic and mainland cities.
Answer: True
Explanation: VO Glavkomseverput maintained a substantial workforce of 35,000 men, deployed across the Arctic region and in various mainland cities, including Moscow.
The Glavsevmorput office was established in December 1932 and absorbed VO Glavkomseverput in May 1933.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Glavsevmorput office was established in December 1932, and subsequently, it absorbed VO Glavkomseverput in May 1933, consolidating its authority.
What was the precursor organization to Glavsevmorput?
Answer: AO Komseverput
Explanation: AO Komseverput served as the precursor organization to Glavsevmorput, undergoing several reorganizations before the latter's establishment.
What was the initial political affiliation of AO Komseverput?
Answer: Kolchak government
Explanation: AO Komseverput was initially established by the Kolchak government in 1919, prior to its nationalization by the Bolsheviks.
How many men did VO Glavkomseverput employ across the Arctic and mainland cities?
Answer: A substantial workforce of 35,000 men
Explanation: VO Glavkomseverput employed a significant workforce, totaling 35,000 men, distributed across the Arctic region and various mainland cities.
In what month and year was the Glavsevmorput office established, which later absorbed VO Glavkomseverput?
Answer: December 1932
Explanation: The Glavsevmorput office was established in December 1932, subsequently absorbing VO Glavkomseverput in May 1933.
The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, also known as Glavsevmorput, was a Soviet government organization established in January 1932 to manage the maritime Northern Sea Route and exploit resources in the far north.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, known as Glavsevmorput, was indeed a Soviet government organization established in January 1932 with a broad mandate to manage the Northern Sea Route and exploit Arctic resources.
Ivan Papanin was the first overall manager of Glavsevmorput, appointed due to his extensive experience with the Arctic Institute.
Answer: False
Explanation: Otto Schmidt, not Ivan Papanin, was appointed as the first overall manager of Glavsevmorput, leveraging his prior experience with the Arctic Institute.
Aviaarktika was Glavsevmorput's dedicated Polar Air service, responsible for aviation operations in the Arctic region, and was led by Mark Shevelev.
Answer: True
Explanation: Aviaarktika functioned as Glavsevmorput's specialized Polar Air service, overseeing Arctic aviation activities under the leadership of Mark Shevelev.
Glavsevmorput's initial responsibilities were limited strictly to managing Arctic shipping, without involvement in resource exploitation or coordination of supplies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Glavsevmorput's initial responsibilities extended beyond mere Arctic shipping to include exploiting resources across the far north and coordinating supplies and transport.
The rapid expansion of Glavsevmorput's Moscow offices was immediately recognized as problematic due to the disastrous shipping season of 1934.
Answer: False
Explanation: The rapid expansion of Glavsevmorput's Moscow offices was initially masked by successful shipping seasons from 1934 to 1936, not immediately recognized as problematic due to a 1934 disaster.
The Arctic Institute, initially known as VAI, was managed by Otto Schmidt before he became the first director of Glavsevmorput.
Answer: True
Explanation: Otto Schmidt, the first director of Glavsevmorput, previously managed the Arctic Institute, which was known as VAI and later AANII, demonstrating his expertise in Arctic affairs.
The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was also commonly known by its Russian acronyms, Glavsevmorput or GUSMP.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was indeed widely recognized by its Russian acronyms, Glavsevmorput or GUSMP.
The successful shipping seasons of 1934 to 1936 highlighted the organizational issues within Glavsevmorput's Moscow offices.
Answer: False
Explanation: The successful shipping seasons from 1934 to 1936 actually masked, rather than highlighted, the underlying organizational issues within Glavsevmorput's rapidly expanding Moscow offices.
By what Russian acronyms was the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route commonly known?
Answer: Glavsevmorput or GUSMP
Explanation: The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was commonly known by its Russian acronyms, Glavsevmorput or GUSMP, derived from its full name.
When was the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route established?
Answer: January 1932
Explanation: The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was formally established in January 1932.
Who was appointed as the first overall manager of Glavsevmorput?
Answer: Otto Schmidt
Explanation: The renowned Arctic explorer Otto Schmidt was appointed as the first overall manager of Glavsevmorput.
What was Aviaarktika?
Answer: Glavsevmorput's own Polar Air service
Explanation: Aviaarktika was Glavsevmorput's dedicated Polar Air service, responsible for all aviation operations within the Arctic region under its purview.
Which of the following was NOT an initial broad responsibility of Glavsevmorput?
Answer: Managing the Soviet Ministry of Civil Aviation
Explanation: Glavsevmorput's initial broad responsibilities included Arctic shipping, resource exploitation, and coordinating supplies, but not managing the Soviet Ministry of Civil Aviation.
What specific power was Glavsevmorput granted to support its mission?
Answer: Authority to conduct extensive research
Explanation: Glavsevmorput was granted the authority to conduct extensive research, establish seaports, and engage in foreign trade to support its mission in the far north.
What initially masked the rapid expansion of Glavsevmorput's Moscow offices?
Answer: Successful shipping seasons from 1934 to 1936
Explanation: The rapid expansion of Glavsevmorput's Moscow offices was initially obscured by the successful shipping seasons that occurred between 1934 and 1936.
Before becoming the first director of Glavsevmorput, Otto Schmidt managed which organization?
Answer: The Arctic Institute (VAI/AANII)
Explanation: Prior to his directorship of Glavsevmorput, Otto Schmidt managed the Arctic Institute, known as VAI and later AANII, which provided him with extensive experience in polar research.
Who was the head of Glavsevmorput's Polar Air service, Aviaarktika?
Answer: Mark Shevelev
Explanation: Mark Shevelev was the head of Aviaarktika, Glavsevmorput's dedicated Polar Air service, overseeing its aviation operations in the Arctic.
The 1937 shipping season disaster for Glavsevmorput was primarily caused by a lack of suitable ships for Arctic conditions, rather than planning or weather.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1937 shipping disaster was attributed to a combination of unrealistic planning, adverse weather conditions, and general bad luck, in addition to many ships not being suitable for Arctic conditions.
During the 1937 disaster, twenty-five out of sixty-four dispatched ships became trapped in the Arctic winter, and one ship, the Rabochiy, sank.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1937 disaster resulted in twenty-five of sixty-four ships becoming trapped in the Arctic winter, and the ship 'Rabochiy' was indeed lost during this period.
The 1937 disaster for Glavsevmorput coincided with the Great Purge, leading to the arrest of at least 673 personnel in an NKVD operation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1937 disaster occurred concurrently with the Great Purge, resulting in the arrest of at least 673 Glavsevmorput personnel through an NKVD operation.
Otto Schmidt was arrested and executed following the 1937 disaster due to his leadership role.
Answer: False
Explanation: Otto Schmidt was demoted to scientific duties after the 1937 disaster and was spared from arrest, contrary to the fate of many other personnel.
What factors contributed to the disastrous 1937 shipping season for Glavsevmorput?
Answer: Unrealistic planning, adverse weather, and general bad luck
Explanation: The disastrous 1937 shipping season for Glavsevmorput was a confluence of unrealistic planning, adverse weather conditions, and general bad luck.
How many ships became trapped in the Arctic winter during the 1937 disaster?
Answer: Twenty-five out of sixty-four
Explanation: During the 1937 disaster, twenty-five of the sixty-four dispatched ships became trapped in the harsh Arctic winter conditions.
What broader political event coincided with the 1937 disaster and led to arrests within Glavsevmorput?
Answer: The Great Purge of 1936-1938
Explanation: The 1937 disaster for Glavsevmorput coincided with the Great Purge, a period of widespread political repression in the Soviet Union, leading to numerous arrests within the organization.
What happened to Otto Schmidt after the 1937 disaster?
Answer: He was demoted to scientific duties.
Explanation: Otto Schmidt, the first director of Glavsevmorput, was demoted to scientific duties after the 1937 disaster, though he avoided arrest.
What was the name of the ship that sank during the disastrous 1937 season?
Answer: Rabochiy
Explanation: During the catastrophic 1937 shipping season, the ship named 'Rabochiy' tragically sank.
Glavsevmorput was dissolved in 1953, leading to its functions being immediately distributed among various ministries.
Answer: False
Explanation: Glavsevmorput was dissolved in 1964, not 1953. In 1953, it was downgraded to a department within the Merchant Fleet ministry, and its functions were distributed upon its dissolution in 1964.
Following the 1937 disaster and purges, Glavsevmorput's land facilities were delegated to Gostorg, and foreign trade to Dalstroy.
Answer: False
Explanation: After the 1937 disaster and purges, Glavsevmorput's land facilities were delegated to Dalstroy, and its foreign trade functions were transferred to Gostorg.
Ivan Papanin took over the overall management of Glavsevmorput after Otto Schmidt's demotion.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following Otto Schmidt's demotion, Ivan Papanin, a prominent polar explorer, assumed the overall management of Glavsevmorput.
Ivan Papanin's first season as manager in 1939 was marked by continued operational difficulties and further ship losses.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ivan Papanin's inaugural season as manager in 1939 was notably successful, transforming the Northern Sea Route into a regular and functioning shipping line.
In 1953, Glavsevmorput was elevated from a department to a national ministry, increasing its autonomy.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1953, Glavsevmorput was downgraded from its status as a national ministry to a department within the Merchant Fleet ministry, thereby reducing its autonomy.
After its dissolution in 1964, Glavsevmorput's units were divided among three different Soviet ministries.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon its dissolution in 1964, Glavsevmorput's operational units were indeed distributed among three distinct Soviet ministries.
After its streamlining, Glavsevmorput's primary focus shifted to broader resource exploitation and development across the far north.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following its streamlining, Glavsevmorput's primary focus narrowed to exclusively maintaining the Northern Sea Route and its coastal shipping line, rather than expanding into broader resource exploitation.
After its streamlining, Glavsevmorput's auxiliary functions were delegated to other entities, allowing it to focus on maintaining the Northern Sea Route.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following its streamlining, Glavsevmorput's auxiliary functions were indeed delegated to other entities, enabling the organization to concentrate its efforts on the core mission of maintaining the Northern Sea Route.
After the 1937 disaster, to which entity were Glavsevmorput's land facilities delegated?
Answer: Dalstroy
Explanation: Following the 1937 disaster and subsequent purges, Glavsevmorput's land facilities were delegated to Dalstroy as part of a broader organizational streamlining.
Who took over the overall management of Glavsevmorput after Otto Schmidt's demotion?
Answer: Ivan Papanin
Explanation: Ivan Papanin, a distinguished polar explorer, assumed the overall management of Glavsevmorput subsequent to Otto Schmidt's demotion.
What change in status did Glavsevmorput experience in 1953?
Answer: It was downgraded to a department within the Merchant Fleet ministry.
Explanation: In 1953, Glavsevmorput's status was reduced from a national ministry to a department within the Merchant Fleet ministry, signifying a decrease in its organizational standing.
When was the Glavsevmorput department officially dissolved?
Answer: 1964
Explanation: The Glavsevmorput department was officially dissolved in 1964, marking the end of its existence as a distinct entity.
Which of the following ministries did NOT receive units from Glavsevmorput after its dissolution?
Answer: The Ministry of Defense
Explanation: After its dissolution, Glavsevmorput's units were distributed among the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet, the Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR, and the Soviet Ministry of Civil Aviation, but not the Ministry of Defense.
What was the primary focus of Glavsevmorput after its streamlining in the late 1930s?
Answer: Maintaining the Northern Sea Route and its coastal shipping line
Explanation: After its streamlining in the late 1930s, Glavsevmorput's primary focus was narrowed to the exclusive maintenance of the Northern Sea Route and its associated coastal shipping line.