Explanation: The source defines Christian revival as a period of unusual blessing and activity within the Christian Church, which proponents view as a restoration after moral decline.

Explanation: The source states that proponents of Christian revival believe these events are instigated by God, not merely evangelistic campaigns.

Explanation: The concept of revival in Christian studies is derived from biblical narratives detailing periods of national decline and restoration in Israelite history, not primarily from New Testament narratives.

Explanation: The source identifies King Josiah as a notable figure who reinstituted the temple worship of Yahweh and destroyed pagan worship, marking a period of national revival.

Explanation: Proponents define Christian revival as a period of unusual blessing and activity within the Christian Church, viewed as a restoration to a vibrant and passionate relationship with God following moral decline.

Explanation: In Christian studies, the concept of revival is derived from biblical narratives detailing periods of national decline and restoration in the history of the Israelites.

Explanation: King Josiah is a notable biblical figure who reinstituted temple worship of Yahweh and actively destroyed pagan worship, marking a period of national revival.

Explanation: The source states that 17th-century Christian revivals drew inspiration from the Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, and the unwavering stance of the Covenanters.

Explanation: The uncompromising character of the Covenanters, who migrated to America, formed part of the mental framework that contributed to the American War of Independence and the Civil War.

Explanation: The 18th-century Age of Enlightenment produced a 'tertium quid' by blending proto-Romanticism (derived from the philosophy of Earl of Shaftesbury III) with Christian worship, not directly Rationalist philosophy.

Explanation: The source explicitly names John Wesley, Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield as leaders of the Methodist revival in England.

Explanation: Daniel Rowland, Howel Harris, and William Williams Pantycelyn were key figures in the Methodist revival in Wales, not England.

Explanation: The 'Cambuslang Work' was a smaller-scale revival that occurred in Scotland, specifically in the village of Cambuslang, during the 18th century.

Explanation: Methodist revivalist campaigns in 18th-century England were conducted with a careful strategy and stressed an evangelistic combination of 'Bible, cross, conversion, and activism'.

Explanation: Elie Halévy's thesis indeed proposed that politically conservative Methodism prevented a social revolution among the working class in England between 1790 and 1832.

Explanation: The uncompromising character of the Covenanters, who migrated to America, formed part of the mental framework that contributed to the American War of Independence and the Civil War.

Explanation: The 18th-century Age of Enlightenment produced a 'tertium quid' by blending proto-Romanticism with Christian worship, as described in the source.

Explanation: Methodist revivalist campaigns in 18th-century England stressed an evangelistic combination of 'Bible, cross, conversion, and activism'.

Explanation: Elie Halévy proposed that politically conservative Methodism prevented a social revolution among the working class in England between 1790 and 1832 by diverting their energies towards spiritual rather than temporal concerns.

Explanation: Alan Gilbert suggested that Methodism's perceived anti-radicalism has been misunderstood, proposing that the majority of Methodists were actually moderate radicals.

Explanation: Daniel Rowland, Howel Harris, and William Williams Pantycelyn were key figures in the Methodist revival in Wales during the 18th century.

Explanation: Many Christian revivals in the 17th century drew inspiration from the unwavering stance of the Covenanters in 17th-century Scotland and Ulster.

Explanation: Eric Hobsbawm questioned Halévy's thesis, arguing that Methodism was not large enough to have prevented a revolution.

Explanation: American society experienced 'Awakenings' in both the 18th and 19th centuries, specifically around the years 1727, 1792, 1830, 1857, and 1882.

Explanation: The First Great Awakening primarily focused on individuals who were already church members, aiming to change their rituals, piety, and self-awareness, unlike the Second Great Awakening which targeted non-believers.

Explanation: The source explicitly states that a significant social impact of the First Great Awakening was bringing Christianity to enslaved Americans.

Explanation: The First Great Awakening indeed incited rancor and division between traditionalists and revivalists, with George Whitefield's rejection of Anglican teachings serving as a prime example.

Explanation: The democratic features of the First Great Awakening had a major impact in shaping and strengthening larger denominations like Congregational, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, and German Reformed, in addition to smaller ones like Baptists and Methodists.

Explanation: The Second Great Awakening was characterized by renewed personal salvation experiences in revival meetings, not primarily intellectual discourse.

Explanation: The source explicitly lists Charles Grandison Finney as a major leader of the Second Great Awakening.

Explanation: Charles Finney viewed revival not as a miracle but as a change of mindset, ultimately a matter of an individual's free will.

Explanation: The renewed interest in religion during the Second Great Awakening in New England inspired a wave of social activism, most notably abolitionism.

Explanation: The source states that the Churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) arose from the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement.

Explanation: The Scottish camp meeting was introduced to America during the Second Great Awakening, not the First.

Explanation: John Wesley was a key figure in the Methodist revival in 18th-century England, while Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher, and Barton Stone were leaders of the Second Great Awakening in America.

Explanation: In New England, the renewed interest in religion during the Second Great Awakening inspired a wave of social activism, most notably abolitionism.

Explanation: The First Great Awakening was characterized by powerful preaching that instilled a deep sense of personal guilt and the experience of salvation through Christ in existing church members.

Explanation: Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom viewed the First Great Awakening as part of a 'great international Protestant upheaval' that also gave rise to Pietism in Germany and the Evangelical Revival and Methodism in England.

Explanation: The First Great Awakening incited rancor and division between traditionalists, who advocated for ritual and doctrine, and revivalists, who often disregarded or actively contradicted established doctrine.

Explanation: The First Great Awakening primarily focused on individuals who were already church members, whereas the Second Great Awakening aimed to reach non-believers.

Explanation: The First Great Awakening was a groundbreaking event in New England that challenged established religious authority.

Explanation: Charles Finney viewed revival not as a miracle but as a change of mindset, fundamentally a matter of an individual's free will.

Explanation: The Churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) arose from the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement during the Second Great Awakening.

Explanation: The identified 'Awakenings' in American society during the 18th and 19th centuries occurred around 1727, 1792, 1830, 1857, and 1882. 1900 is not listed.

Explanation: The democratic features of the First Great Awakening had a major impact in shaping and strengthening the Congregational, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, and German Reformed denominations, as well as smaller Baptist and Methodist denominations.

Explanation: The Scottish camp meeting was introduced as a new form of religious expression to America during the Second Great Awakening.

Explanation: The Hungarian Baptist Church emerged from a revival movement in Transylvania primarily spearheaded by uneducated laymen, not educated theologians.

Explanation: Thomas Chalmers, after initially opposing evangelicalism, became an evangelical and led the Disruption of 1843, which resulted in the formation of the Free Church of Scotland.

Explanation: The Plymouth Brethren movement began in the 19th century stemming from disillusionment with denominationalism and clerical hierarchy, not a desire for stronger denominational ties.

Explanation: The Oxford Movement aimed to renew the Church of England by reviving certain Roman Catholic doctrines and rituals, thereby distinguishing itself from evangelical enthusiasm, not distancing itself from Roman Catholic doctrines.

Explanation: The Great Awakening of 1858–59 in Australia primarily benefited the Methodist Church, which experienced a 72% growth, though other denominations including Anglicans also benefited.

Explanation: The source states that the Grundtvigian and Home Mission revival movements arose in Denmark after 1860, reshaping the religious landscape and influencing Danish immigrants to America.

Explanation: The source explicitly names Gisle Johnson as the initiator of the Johnsonian Revivals within Norwegian Orthodox Lutheranism.

Explanation: The lasting importance of Hans Nielsen Hauge's revivals in Norway was threefold: they introduced revivalism, established lay preaching, and instituted conventicles (non-sanctioned congregational gatherings).

Explanation: Le Réveil was a significant revival of Protestant Christianity along conservative evangelical lines, not liberal theological lines.

Explanation: The source identifies Johann Georg Hamann as a leader in the German-speaking European evangelical movement, Erweckung.

Explanation: The source states that the Le Réveil movement inspired the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva in 1863.

Explanation: Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788), a Lutheran, was a prominent leader in the German-speaking European evangelical movement known as Erweckung.

Explanation: The Le Réveil movement inspired the International Committee of the Red Cross, established in Geneva in 1863 by followers of the movement.

Explanation: In the Netherlands, Le Réveil was politically influential and led to the formation of anti-revolutionary and Christian historical political parties towards the end of the 19th century.

Explanation: The Plymouth Brethren movement stemmed from disillusionment with denominationalism and clerical hierarchy within established churches.

Explanation: The Hungarian Baptist Church emerged from a revival movement primarily spearheaded by uneducated laymen, referred to as 'peasant prophets'.

Explanation: Thomas Chalmers led the Disruption of 1843, which resulted in the formation of the Free Church of Scotland.

Explanation: The Oxford Movement aimed to renew the Church of England by reviving certain Roman Catholic doctrines and rituals, thereby distinguishing itself from evangelical enthusiasm.

Explanation: After 1860, the Grundtvigian and Home Mission revival movements arose in Denmark, reshaping the religious landscape and influencing Danish immigrants to America.

Explanation: Le Réveil was a significant revival of Protestant Christianity along conservative evangelical lines.

Explanation: The 19th-century revivalist movement in Britain undertook special initiatives to attract children, among other groups, to achieve universal appeal.

Explanation: The Great Awakening of 1858–59 in Australia was primarily fostered by the Methodist Church, which experienced a staggering 72% growth.

Explanation: Stuart Piggin's 1988 work suggested that the role of revivalism and the shifts between emphasizing personal holiness and social concerns should be considered when periodizing the history of the evangelical movement in Australia.

Explanation: Gisle Johnson initiated the Johnsonian Revivals within Norwegian Orthodox Lutheranism.

Explanation: The Johnsonian Revivals expanded pietistic emphases in Norway by promoting lay preaching, Bible study, and Christian literature distribution, and by addressing impoverished conditions.

Explanation: The 1906 Azusa Street Revival is explicitly listed as a notable Christian revival of the 20th century in the provided source.

Explanation: The source confirms that the Third Great Awakening began in 1857 in Canada and subsequently spread throughout the English-speaking world.

Explanation: The source states that businessman Jeremiah Lanphier initiated a series of prayer meetings in New York on September 21, 1857, which are considered the beginning of the 1857–1860 revival in America.

Explanation: Charles Finney estimated that no less than 50,000 conversions occurred weekly during the winter of 1857–58 revival, not 5,000.

Explanation: The source confirms that the 1859 Ulster Revival is generally regarded to have originated from a weekly prayer meeting started in 1857 by four young Irishmen in the village of Connor.

Explanation: The third Great Awakening (1904 onwards) had its roots in the holiness movement that developed in the late 19th century, not the rationalist movement.

Explanation: The source explicitly states that the modern Pentecostal movement was born in 1906 at Azusa Street in Los Angeles.

Explanation: Unlike earlier religious revivals that largely centered on powerful preaching, the 1904–05 Welsh revival primarily relied on music and paranormal phenomena, such as the visions experienced by Evan Roberts.

Explanation: The Pyongyang Great Revival began in 1907 when Korean Protestantism was relatively nascent, having been established for barely 20 years, not over 50 years.

Explanation: Businessman Jeremiah Lanphier initiated a series of prayer meetings in New York on September 21, 1857, which are considered the beginning of the 1857–1860 revival in America.

Explanation: The origin of the 1859 Ulster Revival is generally attributed to a weekly prayer meeting started in 1857 by four young Irishmen in the village of Connor, near Ballymena.

Explanation: The 1906 Azusa Street Revival is listed as a notable Christian revival of the 20th century in the provided source.

Explanation: William Booth, a founder of the Salvation Army, is listed as a significant figure associated with the Third Great Awakening.

Explanation: By early 1858, newspapers reported that over 6,000 people were attending various prayer meetings in New York.

Explanation: Charles Finney estimated that no less than 50,000 conversions occurred weekly during the winter of 1857–58 revival.

Explanation: The source confirms that American evangelist Billy Graham's Crusades had a significant impact on Australian Churches in the 1950s.

Explanation: The source states that the Hebrides Revival began after octogenarian sisters Peggy and Christine Smith initiated consistent prayer and became convinced of an imminent revival.

Explanation: The source confirms that the 2023 Asbury revival involved students at Asbury College in Kentucky, United States.

Explanation: The Hebrides Revival began after octogenarian sisters Peggy and Christine Smith initiated consistent prayer and became convinced that a revival was imminent, leading them to call for church leaders to pray.

Explanation: Duncan Campbell described about a dozen men and women lying prostrate on the floor, speechless, as a supernatural event at the beginning of the Hebrides Revival.

Explanation: The 2023 Asbury revival, involving students at Asbury College in Kentucky, is identified as a notable Christian revival that occurred in February 2023.

Explanation: American evangelist Billy Graham's Crusades had a significant impact on Australian Churches in the 1950s.