Explanation: Jonathan Hutchinson suggested circumcision lowered the risk of syphilis based on observations of Jewish patients, not African patients.

Explanation: Benjamin Spock's influential book advocated for circumcision, contributing to a significant increase in its rates in the mid-20th century United States.

Explanation: Ancient Greek cultures generally abhorred circumcision, viewing it negatively and making life difficult for circumcised Jews within their society.

Explanation: The earliest known documentation of circumcision originates from ancient Egypt, not ancient Rome.

Explanation: Evidence suggests that circumcision in ancient Egypt may have been performed for hygienic reasons and was associated with purity and spiritual development.

Explanation: Roman emperors, such as Hadrian, prohibited Jewish circumcision as part of efforts to assimilate the Jewish population and prevent uprisings.

Explanation: While hygiene was a factor, theories linking circumcision to preventing syphilis (Hutchinson) and germ theory principles were also primary drivers for its adoption in the Anglosphere.

Explanation: In 1855, Jonathan Hutchinson suggested that circumcision lowered the risk of syphilis, a notion that contributed to its increased adoption in the Anglosphere.

Explanation: Benjamin Spock's influential book advocated *for* circumcision, contributing to its adoption, not against it. Theories on hygiene, germ theory, and Hutchinson's observations were reasons for its historical adoption.

Explanation: The practice of circumcision is undertaken for various reasons, including preventive healthcare, religious obligations, and cultural traditions, not solely for religious purposes.

Explanation: While circumcision is a widely practiced tradition (sunnah) in Islam, it is not explicitly mandated in the Quran.

Explanation: Mandaeism strictly forbids circumcision, considering it an abhorrent practice associated with Judaism.

Explanation: The Catholic Church explicitly banned the practice of religious circumcision at the Council of Florence.

Explanation: In Judaism, circumcision (Brit Milah) is a central commandment performed on the eighth day of a male infant's life, symbolizing a covenant with God.

Explanation: The 'peri'ah' is part of the Jewish circumcision ritual itself, specifically the laying bare of the glans, ensuring the circumcision is complete and valid, not an alternative ceremony.

Explanation: Hindu scriptures prohibit interference with the genitals, thus forbidding circumcision for ritual purity.

Explanation: In Filipino culture, circumcision, known as 'tuli,' is widely regarded as a rite of passage marking a boy's transition into manhood and a more adult societal role.

Explanation: While circumcision is practiced by the Druze community, it holds cultural significance rather than specific religious importance within their faith.

Explanation: In the Philippines, 'tuli' refers to circumcision and can carry connotations of cowardice if one remains uncircumcised, highlighting its role as a rite of passage.

Explanation: Circumcision, known as 'khitan,' is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran but is widely considered a recommended tradition (sunnah) in Islam.

Explanation: The Catholic Church explicitly banned the practice of religious circumcision at the Council of Florence and maintains a neutral stance on non-religious circumcisions.

Explanation: 'Brit Shalom' is a Jewish naming ceremony for infants that specifically does not involve circumcision, serving as an alternative to Brit Milah.

Explanation: Sikhism criticizes and specifically bans circumcision, viewing it as an Islamic custom.

Explanation: While practiced culturally, circumcision holds no specific religious significance within the Druze faith.

Explanation: In Judaism, Brit Milah symbolizes the covenant established between God and Abraham's descendants.

Explanation: Mandaeism strictly forbids circumcision, viewing it as abhorrent and a sign associated with Judaism.

Explanation: In Filipino culture, 'tuli' refers to circumcision and serves as a rite of passage marking a boy's transition to manhood.

Explanation: The Catholic Church officially banned the practice of religious circumcision at the Council of Florence.

Explanation: Circumcision is practiced culturally by the Druze community but does not hold specific religious significance within their faith.

Explanation: In the Coptic, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, circumcision is an established practice that serves as a rite of passage for males.

Explanation: In some Australian Aboriginal communities, circumcision serves as a trial of bravery and self-control, marking a youth's transition into manhood.

Explanation: The Quran does not explicitly mention the practice of circumcision, although it is considered a recommended tradition (sunnah) in Islam, following Abraham's example.

Explanation: Meatal stenosis, a narrowing of the urethral opening, is identified as the most frequent long-term complication associated with circumcision.

Explanation: Circumcision is associated with a decreased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in male infants.

Explanation: Circumcision is contraindicated in infants with hypospadias or epispadias, as the foreskin may be necessary for potential reconstructive surgery.

Explanation: Circumcision is associated with a reduced prevalence of oncogenic HPV infection in men.

Explanation: Accumulated data suggest that circumcision does not have an adverse physiological effect on male sexual pleasure or function.

Explanation: The Gomco clamp and the Plastibell are among the common devices utilized for infant circumcision procedures in the United States.

Explanation: Pre-adolescent circumcision is believed to offer a protective effect against the development of penile cancer later in life.

Explanation: Circumcision is contraindicated in premature infants or those who are clinically unstable due to potential health risks associated with the procedure in such conditions.

Explanation: Studies indicate that male circumcision has no significant negative impact on male fertility.

Explanation: The primary risk factor for penile cancer is not being circumcised; rather, circumcision is associated with a reduced risk.

Explanation: The source suggests that male circumcision is associated with a decreased risk of cervical cancer in female partners.

Explanation: The Mogen clamp is one of the common devices utilized for infant circumcision procedures in the United States.

Explanation: Circumcision is contraindicated in infants with ambiguous genitalia, as the foreskin may be required for potential reconstructive surgery.

Explanation: Complication rates for circumcision are known to increase significantly with the age of the individual undergoing the procedure.

Explanation: Not being circumcised is identified as the primary risk factor for penile cancer, with pre-adolescent circumcision offering protection.

Explanation: Meatal stenosis is identified as the most common long-term complication following circumcision.

Explanation: Complication rates for circumcision are noted to increase significantly with the age of the individual undergoing the procedure.

Explanation: Circumcision is contraindicated in infants with ambiguous genitalia and premature infants, as the foreskin may be needed for surgery or the infant may be clinically unstable.

Explanation: The common devices mentioned for infant circumcision in the USA are the Gomco clamp, the Plastibell, and the Mogen clamp. A Bell clamp is not listed.

Explanation: Male circumcision prior to heterosexual contact is consistently associated with a decreased risk of cervical cancer among female partners.

Explanation: The source indicates that not being circumcised is the primary risk factor for penile cancer.

Explanation: While reduced risks of HIV transmission, penile cancer, and urinary tract infections are mentioned, reduced risk of prostate cancer is not listed as a health benefit associated with circumcision in the provided source.

Explanation: According to the source, not being circumcised is identified as the primary risk factor for penile cancer.

Explanation: Studies indicate that circumcision has no adverse physiological effect on male sexual pleasure, function, desire, or fertility.

Explanation: The WHO recommends voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high HIV rates, not low HIV rates.

Explanation: Non-religious routine circumcision is illegal in South Africa.

Explanation: The WHO recommends VMMC primarily for HIV prevention in areas with high HIV prevalence, not low prevalence.

Explanation: Studies suggest that circumcision programs in Africa are cost-effective and potentially cost-saving due to their significant role in reducing HIV transmission.

Explanation: Major medical organizations worldwide have varied stances, with many acknowledging health benefits, and none universally condemn the practice.

Explanation: Multiple randomized controlled trials conducted in Africa provided strong evidence for the effectiveness of circumcision in preventing HIV transmission.

Explanation: The WHO recommends voluntary medical male circumcision as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high HIV rates.

Explanation: European, Australian, and New Zealand medical organizations generally find the health benefits of elective infant circumcision insufficient to justify the procedure in developed countries, unlike some American organizations.

Explanation: Major health organizations promoted male circumcision for HIV prevention in Africa based on evidence from three randomized controlled trials demonstrating significant risk reduction.

Explanation: The primary reason cited for the WHO's recommendation of VMMC is to prevent sexually transmitted infections, most notably HIV.

Explanation: The term 'circumcision' is derived from the Latin term 'circumcidere,' which translates to 'to cut around.'

Explanation: Phimosis, defined as the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis, is one of the medical conditions for which circumcision can be recommended as a treatment.

Explanation: Physiological phimosis, which is considered normal in newborns, typically resolves naturally as the individual matures.

Explanation: Refractory balanoposthitis, an inflammation of the glans and foreskin, is one of the conditions for which circumcision may be recommended as a treatment.

Explanation: The source defines circumcision as a surgical procedure involving the removal of the foreskin from the human penis, noting that it is commonly performed for preventive healthcare, religious, or cultural reasons.

Explanation: The primary reasons listed for performing circumcision are preventive healthcare, religious obligations, and cultural practice; aesthetic preference is not mentioned as a primary reason.

Explanation: Phimosis is the medical condition characterized by the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis.

Explanation: Refractory balanoposthitis is listed as a medical condition that can be treated with circumcision.

Explanation: The word 'circumcision' originates from the Latin term 'circumcidere,' which means 'to cut around'.

Explanation: Besides phimosis, the source suggests that circumcision may help treat chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).