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Claustrophobia is characterized as an anxiety disorder, specifically involving an intense fear of confined spaces, frequently precipitating panic attacks in response to triggering stimuli.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately defines claustrophobia as an anxiety disorder related to confined spaces, often leading to panic attacks.
Claustrophobia is primarily characterized by a fear of open, vast spaces and is classified as a dissociative disorder.
Answer: False
Explanation: Claustrophobia is fundamentally a fear of confined spaces, not open ones, and is classified as an anxiety disorder, not a dissociative disorder.
Situations such as elevators, windowless rooms, and even tight-necked clothing can serve as triggers for claustrophobia due to the inherent sensation of confinement they represent.
Answer: True
Explanation: The statement correctly identifies common triggers for claustrophobia, which are situations that evoke a feeling of being confined or restricted.
Claustrophobia is exclusively triggered by large, open environments like stadiums or deserts, never by small enclosed spaces.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement is incorrect; claustrophobia is fundamentally associated with a fear of small, enclosed spaces, not large, open environments.
The term "claustrophobia" is etymologically derived from the Latin word "claustrum," signifying "a shut-in place," combined with the Greek word "phobos," meaning "fear."
Answer: True
Explanation: This accurately reflects the etymological origins of the term 'claustrophobia,' combining Latin and Greek roots related to enclosure and fear.
The term "claustrophobia" originates from the Greek words "kleistos" (closed) and "agora" (marketplace), suggesting a fear of closed marketplaces.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'claustrophobia' is derived from the Latin 'claustrum' (shut-in place) and Greek 'phobos' (fear), not from 'kleistos' and 'agora'.
A core symptom of claustrophobia is the fear of suffocation, which can be elicited by thoughts or the presence of confined spaces such as MRI machines or caves.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately identifies the fear of suffocation as a primary symptom and provides relevant examples of triggering environments.
The primary symptom of claustrophobia is an irrational fear of heights, often leading to panic when exposed to elevated places.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary symptom of claustrophobia is the fear of suffocation or confinement, not a fear of heights (which is acrophobia).
Experts often identify the fear of suffocation and the fear of restriction as two distinct components within claustrophobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly notes the common distinction made between the fear of suffocation and the fear of restriction within the context of claustrophobia.
What is the definition and typical medical classification of claustrophobia?
Answer: An anxiety related to confined spaces, classified as an anxiety disorder.
Explanation: Claustrophobia is defined as an intense fear or anxiety related to confined spaces and is medically classified as an anxiety disorder.
Which of the following is NOT typically listed as a common trigger for claustrophobia?
Answer: Open-air concerts
Explanation: Open-air concerts involve expansive spaces and are not typically triggers for claustrophobia, which is associated with confined environments.
The term "claustrophobia" is derived from which combination of roots?
Answer: Latin 'claustrum' (a shut-in place) and Greek 'phobos' (fear)
Explanation: The term 'claustrophobia' originates from the Latin 'claustrum' (meaning 'a shut-in place') and the Greek 'phobos' (meaning 'fear').
What is identified as the primary symptom associated with claustrophobia?
Answer: Fear of suffocation.
Explanation: The primary symptom commonly associated with claustrophobia is the fear of suffocation.
What two distinct components are often identified within claustrophobia?
Answer: Fear of suffocation and fear of restriction.
Explanation: Claustrophobia is frequently conceptualized as comprising two distinct components: the fear of suffocation and the fear of restriction.
Claustrophobia can develop through classical conditioning when confinement becomes associated with danger, often stemming from a significant past experience, even a single one.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the role of classical conditioning and the potential impact of single traumatic events in the development of claustrophobia.
Claustrophobia develops exclusively through genetic inheritance and cannot be acquired via learned associations like classical conditioning.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that claustrophobia can be acquired through learned associations, such as classical conditioning, and is not exclusively genetic.
Lars-Göran Öst's experiment indicated that most participants with claustrophobia reported acquiring their phobia through a conditioning experience.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reflects the findings of Öst's experiment regarding the acquisition of claustrophobia through conditioning.
Lars-Göran Öst's experiment concluded that claustrophobia is primarily an innate condition with no link to past conditioning experiences.
Answer: False
Explanation: Öst's experiment indicated that most participants acquired their phobia through conditioning experiences, contradicting the idea that it is primarily innate.
Common conditioning experiences cited as potential precursors to claustrophobia include being locked in a dark room, getting stuck in fence bars, or being left alone in a vehicle.
Answer: True
Explanation: These examples accurately represent common conditioning events that can contribute to the development of claustrophobia.
Common conditioning experiences leading to claustrophobia involve public speaking failures or social rejection scenarios.
Answer: False
Explanation: Conditioning experiences for claustrophobia typically involve physical confinement or entrapment, not social or performance-related failures.
John A. Speyrer proposed that birth trauma, a potentially harrowing experience for infants, could be a contributing factor to the high frequency of claustrophobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This accurately reflects Speyrer's theory linking birth trauma to the development of claustrophobia.
John A. Speyrer suggested that claustrophobia is primarily caused by negative experiences during early childhood education, unrelated to birth.
Answer: False
Explanation: Speyrer's theory specifically points to birth trauma as a potential cause, not negative experiences in early childhood education.
"Information received" can contribute to claustrophobia when individuals learn to fear certain situations by observing others or witnessing their negative experiences.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes vicarious learning or 'information received' as a mechanism contributing to phobia development.
Claustrophobia caused by "information received" only occurs when an individual directly experiences a traumatic event themselves.
Answer: False
Explanation: The concept of 'information received' implies learning through observation or hearing about others' experiences, not necessarily direct personal trauma.
The concept of a "prepared phobia" suggests humans may be genetically predisposed to develop fears of things that were evolutionarily dangerous, such as entrapment.
Answer: True
Explanation: This accurately explains the 'prepared phobia' hypothesis, suggesting an evolutionary basis for certain fears.
The "prepared phobia" theory implies that all phobias are learned behaviors acquired solely through classical conditioning.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'prepared phobia' theory posits a genetic predisposition interacting with environmental factors, not that all phobias are solely learned through classical conditioning.
Erin Gersley points to characteristics such as wide distribution, early onset, and ease of acquisition as indicators that claustrophobia might be a prepared phobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly attributes these characteristics to Erin Gersley's arguments supporting the prepared phobia hypothesis for claustrophobia.
Erin Gersley believes claustrophobia is exclusively a modern psychological construct with no basis in evolutionary preparedness.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gersley's work suggests claustrophobia *may* be a prepared phobia, implying an evolutionary basis, contrary to this statement.
Claustrophobia could potentially be linked to a vestigial evolutionary survival mechanism, representing an easily awakened fear of entrapment.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement aligns with the evolutionary perspective suggesting claustrophobia may stem from an ancient survival mechanism related to entrapment.
The evolutionary theory suggests that fear of confinement is a recent development in human psychology, unrelated to survival.
Answer: False
Explanation: Evolutionary theories propose that fear of confinement is an ancient mechanism related to survival, not a recent development.
How does classical conditioning contribute to the development of claustrophobia?
Answer: By creating an association between confinement and danger, often from a past experience.
Explanation: Classical conditioning contributes to claustrophobia by establishing an association between confinement and perceived danger, frequently originating from a past adverse experience.
What was a key finding from Lars-Göran Öst's experiment regarding the origin of claustrophobia?
Answer: The majority of participants reported acquiring their phobia through a conditioning experience.
Explanation: Lars-Göran Öst's experiment revealed that most participants attributed the origin of their claustrophobia to a conditioning experience.
Which of the following is an example of a conditioning experience that could lead to claustrophobia, according to the source?
Answer: Getting stuck with one's head in fence bars.
Explanation: Getting stuck in fence bars is cited as a common conditioning experience that can lead to the development of claustrophobia.
What specific event did John A. Speyrer theorize might contribute to the high frequency of claustrophobia?
Answer: Traumatic events during birth.
Explanation: John A. Speyrer theorized that birth trauma could be a significant factor contributing to the prevalence of claustrophobia.
How can "information received" contribute to the development of claustrophobia?
Answer: By learning to fear confined spaces through observing parents or peers, or witnessing others' negative experiences.
Explanation: "Information received" contributes to claustrophobia via vicarious learning, where individuals develop fears by observing or hearing about others' negative experiences with confined spaces.
What does the concept of a "prepared phobia" suggest about claustrophobia?
Answer: It suggests humans may be genetically predisposed to develop fears of evolutionarily dangerous things, like entrapment.
Explanation: The 'prepared phobia' concept posits a genetic predisposition, making humans more susceptible to developing fears of stimuli that posed threats to survival in ancestral environments, such as entrapment.
According to Erin Gersley, which characteristic suggests claustrophobia might be a prepared phobia?
Answer: Its wide distribution and early onset.
Explanation: Erin Gersley identifies characteristics like wide distribution and early onset as indicators supporting the hypothesis that claustrophobia may be a prepared phobia.
How might claustrophobia be linked to an evolutionary survival mechanism?
Answer: It could be a dormant, easily awakened fear of entrapment and suffocation crucial for survival in ancestral environments.
Explanation: Claustrophobia may be linked to an evolutionary survival mechanism, potentially representing a dormant fear of entrapment and suffocation that was vital for ancestral survival.
The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning and initiating the fight-or-flight response, which is relevant to the physiological reactions observed in claustrophobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies the amygdala's crucial function in fear processing and its relevance to the physiological responses experienced in phobic conditions like claustrophobia.
The amygdala is primarily responsible for processing long-term memories and has no direct role in triggering fear or the fight-or-flight response.
Answer: False
Explanation: The amygdala's primary role in fear processing and initiating the fight-or-flight response contradicts this statement; it is not primarily involved in long-term memory storage.
Connections within the anterior nuclei of the amygdala influence physiological responses such as heart rate and breathing, potentially contributing to the symptoms experienced during a panic attack in claustrophobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes how the amygdala's internal structure modulates physiological responses relevant to panic attacks in claustrophobia.
Fumi Hayano's research suggested a potential link between panic disorders and a smaller right amygdala, specifically noting a reduction in the corticomedial nuclear group.
Answer: True
Explanation: This accurately summarizes the findings of Fumi Hayano's study regarding amygdala size in panic disorder patients.
Fumi Hayano's study found that patients with panic disorders consistently exhibited an enlarged right amygdala compared to control groups.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hayano's study indicated a *smaller* right amygdala in patients with panic disorders, not an enlarged one.
A smaller amygdala size might impair the processing of aversive stimuli, potentially leading to overreactions to confinement in individuals with panic disorders or claustrophobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly posits that reduced amygdala size could lead to impaired threat processing and subsequent overreactions, as seen in panic disorders and claustrophobia.
Enlarged amygdala size is linked to impaired processing of stimuli, causing individuals with panic disorders to underreact to threatening situations like confinement.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source links *smaller* amygdala size to impaired processing and potential overreactions, not enlarged size leading to underreactions.
What is the primary function of the amygdala mentioned in relation to fear?
Answer: Conditioning fear and generating the fight-or-flight response.
Explanation: The amygdala is critically involved in fear conditioning and initiating the fight-or-flight response.
How does the amygdala's internal structure contribute to physiological responses during a panic attack?
Answer: It influences respiratory rate, adrenaline release, and heart rate.
Explanation: The anterior nuclei of the amygdala influence key physiological responses such as respiratory rate, adrenaline release, and heart rate, which are characteristic of panic attacks.
What did Fumi Hayano's study suggest about the amygdala in patients with panic disorders?
Answer: Patients had a smaller right amygdala, specifically in the corticomedial nuclear group.
Explanation: Fumi Hayano's research indicated that patients with panic disorders exhibited a smaller right amygdala, particularly within the corticomedial nuclear group.
According to the source, how might a reduced amygdala size relate to panic disorder and claustrophobia?
Answer: It can interfere with normal processing, causing overreactions to stimuli like confinement.
Explanation: A reduced amygdala size may impair the processing of aversive stimuli, potentially leading to abnormal reactions and overreactions to situations like confinement in individuals with panic disorders or claustrophobia.
Estimates indicate that severe claustrophobia affects between 5% and 10% of the global population, with only a minority of affected individuals seeking treatment.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reflects the reported prevalence and treatment-seeking rates for severe claustrophobia.
Approximately 50% of the global population suffers from severe claustrophobia, and the majority actively seek treatment.
Answer: False
Explanation: The prevalence cited (50%) and the treatment-seeking rate (majority) are inaccurate according to the source material, which indicates 5-10% prevalence and low treatment rates.
The onset of signs and symptoms associated with claustrophobia typically occurs during childhood or adolescence.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies childhood or adolescence as the typical period for the manifestation of claustrophobic symptoms.
The signs and symptoms of claustrophobia are most commonly observed to begin in late adulthood, typically after the age of 60.
Answer: False
Explanation: The typical onset of claustrophobia is during childhood or adolescence, not late adulthood.
Claustrophobia is typically diagnosed through a consultation concerning anxiety-related conditions and is sometimes confused with cleithrophobia, which is an irrational fear of being trapped.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the diagnostic process for claustrophobia and its potential confusion with cleithrophobia.
Claustrophobia is diagnosed primarily through genetic testing and is never confused with other specific phobias.
Answer: False
Explanation: Diagnosis is typically clinical, not genetic testing, and confusion with other phobias like cleithrophobia can occur.
A key criterion for diagnosing specific phobias, including claustrophobia, is that the phobia must significantly impede daily life for at least six months.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies the duration and impact criterion essential for diagnosing specific phobias.
For a diagnosis of claustrophobia, the fear must be considered rational and proportionate to the actual danger posed by confined spaces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Phobias are characterized by irrational and excessive fears that are disproportionate to the actual danger.
The "Scale" method for diagnosing claustrophobia, developed in 1979, involves interpreting patient files and scientific articles and currently consists of 20 questions.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the 'Scale' method, its development timeframe, and its nature as an interpretive tool.
The "Questionnaire" method, developed by Rachman and Taylor in 1993, was designed to assess the patient's general knowledge of psychology.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Rachman and Taylor questionnaire was designed to distinguish symptoms related to the fear of suffocation, not general psychological knowledge.
What does the source indicate about the prevalence and treatment of severe claustrophobia globally?
Answer: Affects 5-10% of the population, but only a small fraction receive treatment.
Explanation: The source estimates that severe claustrophobia affects 5-10% of the global population, with a low percentage of affected individuals seeking treatment.
During which life stages do the signs and symptoms of claustrophobia typically begin to appear?
Answer: During childhood or adolescence.
Explanation: The onset of claustrophobic symptoms is typically observed during childhood or adolescence.
How is claustrophobia typically diagnosed, and what other condition is it sometimes confused with?
Answer: Diagnosed through a consultation about anxiety; sometimes confused with cleithrophobia (fear of being trapped).
Explanation: Claustrophobia is typically diagnosed via clinical consultation regarding anxiety symptoms and can be confused with cleithrophobia, the fear of being trapped.
Which of the following is an essential criterion for diagnosing specific phobias like claustrophobia?
Answer: The phobia must significantly impede daily life for at least six months.
Explanation: A critical diagnostic criterion for specific phobias is that the condition must cause significant impairment in daily functioning for a minimum duration of six months.
What is the "Scale" method for diagnosing claustrophobia, developed in 1979?
Answer: A method involving interpreting patient files and articles, consisting of 20 questions.
Explanation: The 'Scale' method, developed in 1979, is an interpretive diagnostic tool based on patient files and scientific literature, comprising 20 questions.
What was the specific purpose of the "Questionnaire" method developed by Rachman and Taylor in 1993?
Answer: To distinguish symptoms of claustrophobia stemming specifically from the fear of suffocation.
Explanation: The Rachman and Taylor questionnaire was designed to differentiate claustrophobic symptoms specifically related to the fear of suffocation.
Cognitive therapy is considered suitable for claustrophobia because it addresses distorted thoughts and misconceptions about the potential negative outcomes of confined spaces.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly explains the rationale for using cognitive therapy, focusing on modifying maladaptive cognitions related to feared situations.
The primary goal of cognitive therapy for claustrophobia is to convince the patient that confined spaces are inherently dangerous and should always be avoided.
Answer: False
Explanation: The goal of cognitive therapy is to challenge and alter distorted thoughts, helping patients recognize that confined spaces are often not inherently dangerous, thereby reducing avoidance.
S.J. Rachman's study indicated that cognitive therapy reduced fear and negative thoughts in claustrophobic patients by approximately 30%.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reports the approximate effectiveness of cognitive therapy as found in Rachman's study.
*In vivo* exposure therapy involves patients confronting their feared situations directly, starting with less intense scenarios and progressing to more severe ones.
Answer: True
Explanation: This accurately describes the graduated exposure methodology inherent in *in vivo* exposure therapy.
The effectiveness of *in vivo* exposure therapy in S.J. Rachman's study was found to be less significant than interoceptive exposure.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rachman's study indicated that *in vivo* exposure was significantly *more* effective than interoceptive exposure in reducing fear and negative thoughts.
Interoceptive exposure aims to recreate internal physical sensations associated with anxiety in a controlled setting.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly defines interoceptive exposure as a technique focused on inducing and managing internal anxiety-related sensations.
In S.J. Rachman's 1992 study, interoceptive exposure showed effectiveness comparable to *in vivo* exposure in reducing fear and negative thoughts.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rachman's 1992 study found interoceptive exposure to be less effective (approx. 25% reduction) compared to *in vivo* exposure (approx. 75% reduction).
Psychoeducation, counter-conditioning, and breathing re-training are considered other effective treatments for claustrophobia besides cognitive and exposure therapies.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly lists additional therapeutic modalities recognized for their efficacy in treating claustrophobia.
Medications commonly prescribed for claustrophobia include antidepressants and beta-blockers to help manage anxiety symptoms.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately identifies common pharmacological interventions used for managing claustrophobia symptoms.
Why is cognitive therapy considered a suitable treatment for claustrophobia?
Answer: It focuses on modifying distorted thoughts and misconceptions about the feared situation's negative outcomes.
Explanation: Cognitive therapy is suitable because it targets and modifies the distorted thoughts and misconceptions that underpin the fear response in claustrophobia.
What is the primary goal of cognitive therapy when treating claustrophobia?
Answer: To alter the patient's distorted thoughts or misconceptions about confined spaces.
Explanation: The primary objective of cognitive therapy is to modify the patient's irrational or distorted beliefs about confined spaces, thereby reducing anxiety and avoidance behaviors.
What was the approximate effectiveness of cognitive therapy in reducing fear and negative thoughts for claustrophobic patients, according to S.J. Rachman's study?
Answer: Approximately 30% reduction.
Explanation: S.J. Rachman's study indicated that cognitive therapy resulted in an approximate 30% reduction in fear and negative thoughts among claustrophobic patients.
How does *in vivo* exposure therapy work to treat claustrophobia?
Answer: Patients are gradually and directly exposed to feared situations or stimuli.
Explanation: *In vivo* exposure therapy involves the direct, gradual confrontation of feared situations or stimuli in a controlled manner to reduce avoidance and anxiety.
According to S.J. Rachman's research, how effective was *in vivo* exposure therapy in reducing fear and negative thoughts for claustrophobic patients?
Answer: It significantly reduced fear and negative thoughts by nearly 75%.
Explanation: Rachman's research indicated that *in vivo* exposure therapy achieved a significant reduction of nearly 75% in fear and negative thoughts for claustrophobic patients.
What is interoceptive exposure, and how does it differ from *in vivo* exposure?
Answer: It recreates internal physical sensations of anxiety in a controlled setting, differing from direct exposure.
Explanation: Interoceptive exposure focuses on inducing and managing internal physical sensations associated with anxiety in a controlled environment, distinguishing it from *in vivo* exposure, which involves direct confrontation with external feared stimuli.
In S.J. Rachman's 1992 study, what was the approximate reduction in fear and negative thoughts achieved by interoceptive exposure?
Answer: About 25%
Explanation: In Rachman's 1992 study, interoceptive exposure resulted in an approximate 25% reduction in fear and negative thoughts.
Besides cognitive therapy and exposure methods, what other treatments are considered effective for claustrophobia?
Answer: Psychoeducation, counter-conditioning, and breathing re-training.
Explanation: Psychoeducation, counter-conditioning, and breathing re-training are recognized as effective complementary treatments for claustrophobia, alongside cognitive and exposure therapies.
What types of medications are commonly prescribed for claustrophobia?
Answer: Antidepressants and beta-blockers.
Explanation: Antidepressants and beta-blockers are commonly prescribed medications used to manage the anxiety symptoms associated with claustrophobia.
MRI scans, which necessitate remaining still within a narrow tube, can precipitate claustrophobia and potentially contribute to its onset in susceptible individuals.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies MRI procedures as potential triggers for claustrophobia and notes their role in potentially initiating the condition.
MRI procedures are generally considered safe for individuals with claustrophobia and do not typically trigger anxiety or the phobia itself.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to this statement, MRI procedures are known to trigger anxiety and claustrophobia in many individuals.
Estimates suggest that between 4% and 20% of patients might refuse an MRI scan due to claustrophobia or fear of suffocation.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement provides a statistically supported estimate of MRI refusal rates due to claustrophobia.
A study on MRI patients concluded that anxiety during the scan was primarily linked to fear of loud noises, not claustrophobia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The study concluded that anxiety during MRI scans was primarily connected to claustrophobia, not the noise level.
The study involving MRI patients recommended using the Claustrophobic Questionnaire to screen patients before the procedure.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reflects a key recommendation derived from the study on MRI patients and claustrophobia.
Virtual reality (VR) distraction, such as in SnowWorld, was used effectively in a study to help patients manage anxiety during mock MRI scans.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly describes the application and effectiveness of VR distraction in managing anxiety during simulated MRI procedures.
In a VR study, music distraction proved more effective than immersive VR distraction for patients with claustrophobia during mock MRI scans.
Answer: False
Explanation: The study indicated that immersive VR distraction was more effective than music distraction for managing anxiety during mock MRI scans.
A case study involving VR showed improvement for a patient with claustrophobia and fear of storms after undergoing VR sessions in simulated house and elevator environments.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately summarizes the findings of a VR case study involving a patient with multiple phobias, including claustrophobia.
How can MRI procedures impact individuals with claustrophobia?
Answer: They can trigger pre-existing claustrophobia or lead to the onset of the condition.
Explanation: MRI procedures, due to the confined space, can trigger existing claustrophobia or contribute to its development in susceptible individuals.
What percentage of patients might refuse an MRI scan due to claustrophobia or fear of suffocation?
Answer: Between 4% and 20%
Explanation: Estimates suggest that approximately 4% to 20% of patients may refuse MRI scans due to claustrophobia or related fears.
What did the study on MRI patients conclude about the primary cause of anxiety during the scan?
Answer: The primary component of anxiety was most closely connected to claustrophobia.
Explanation: The study concluded that anxiety experienced during MRI scans was predominantly linked to claustrophobia, as indicated by high scores on the Claustrophobic Questionnaire.
What recommendation was made based on the study of claustrophobia and MRI procedures?
Answer: The Claustrophobic Questionnaire should be used to screen patients before an MRI.
Explanation: Based on the findings, the study recommended employing the Claustrophobic Questionnaire or a similar diagnostic tool for screening patients prior to MRI procedures.
How was virtual reality (VR) used in a study to help patients with claustrophobia during mock MRI scans?
Answer: VR distraction (e.g., SnowWorld) immersed patients in a virtual world to reduce anxiety.
Explanation: In a study, VR distraction, such as the SnowWorld environment, immersed patients in a virtual setting to help manage anxiety during mock MRI scans.
What were the comparative results of VR distraction versus music distraction in the VR study?
Answer: Immersive VR distraction was more effective than music distraction.
Explanation: The VR study indicated that immersive VR distraction was more effective in reducing anxiety compared to music distraction during mock MRI scans.
Describe the case study involving VR for a patient with multiple phobias.
Answer: The patient underwent VR sessions in simulated house and elevator environments, reducing fear of enclosed spaces.
Explanation: A case study detailed how VR sessions in simulated environments, such as houses and elevators, successfully reduced a patient's fear of enclosed spaces.
According to S.J. Rachman's study, ten years post-rescue, six out of ten miners who had been trapped underground developed phobias related to confining situations.
Answer: True
Explanation: This accurately reflects the findings of S.J. Rachman's study on the long-term psychological impact on miners after a traumatic entrapment.
S.J. Rachman's study on trapped miners found that only the leader showed no lasting psychological effects, while all other survivors developed severe claustrophobia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rachman's study indicated that six out of ten miners developed phobias, not all survivors, and it specifically noted the leader as the one showing no noticeable symptoms.
Rachman describes prepared phobias as being easily acquired, selective, stable, biologically significant, and likely non-cognitive.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately lists the characteristics of prepared phobias as described by Rachman.
According to Rachman, prepared phobias are typically difficult to acquire and primarily learned through conscious, deliberate thought processes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rachman characterizes prepared phobias as easily acquired and likely non-cognitive, contradicting the idea of conscious, deliberate learning.
A study attempting to differentiate fear components excluded patients who couldn't complete their MRI scans, potentially limiting the conclusions about severe claustrophobia.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately identifies a methodological limitation in a study concerning fear components, specifically the exclusion of severely affected individuals.
A study at the University of Texas at Austin found that students feared suffocation significantly more than entrapment.
Answer: False
Explanation: The University of Texas at Austin study found that students feared entrapment significantly more than suffocation.
The study comparing probability ratings aimed to determine if claustrophobic individuals perceive claustrophobic events as more likely to happen compared to controls.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the objective of the probability ratings study.
The probability ratings study found no difference in perceived likelihood of events between claustrophobic individuals and controls.
Answer: False
Explanation: The study found a significant difference, with claustrophobic individuals assigning higher likelihood ratings to claustrophobic events.
A potential flaw in the probability ratings study is that the diagnosed claustrophobic participants might have biased beliefs about the likelihood of events.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies a potential confounding factor in the probability ratings study related to the pre-existing beliefs of diagnosed participants.
The "See also" section lists Agoraphobia, Anxiety disorder, List of phobias, Panic attack, and Premature burial as related topics.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately lists the related topics provided in the 'See also' section.
One key source cited in the bibliography is "Psychology: the Science of Behavior, 7th ed." by Neil R. Carlson et al., published in 2010.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies a cited source from the bibliography.
S.J. Rachman's work referenced in the bibliography concerning claustrophobia is titled "Claustrophobia" and was published in 1997.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately identifies Rachman's referenced work on claustrophobia, including its title and publication year.
The article includes links to external resources such as authority control databases like the Library of Congress and classification codes like ICD-10.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly describes the types of external resources linked within the article.
What was a significant outcome for miners studied by S.J. Rachman after being trapped underground?
Answer: Six out of ten studied miners developed phobias related to confining situations.
Explanation: S.J. Rachman's study found that six out of ten miners studied ten years after being trapped underground developed phobias related to confining situations.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prepared phobias as described by Rachman?
Answer: Primarily cognitive in nature.
Explanation: Rachman describes prepared phobias as easily acquired, selective, stable, biologically significant, and likely non-cognitive, meaning they are not primarily based on conscious thought processes.
What limitation might affect the conclusions drawn from the study on fear components in MRI patients?
Answer: It excluded patients who were unable to complete their MRI scans due to severe claustrophobia.
Explanation: The study's exclusion of patients unable to complete MRI scans due to severe claustrophobia represents a limitation that could potentially skew the findings regarding fear components.
What did a study at the University of Texas at Austin find regarding students' fears of entrapment versus suffocation?
Answer: Students feared entrapment significantly more than suffocation.
Explanation: A study conducted at the University of Texas at Austin revealed that students expressed significantly greater fear of entrapment compared to suffocation.
What was the goal of the study comparing probability ratings between claustrophobic individuals and controls?
Answer: To determine if claustrophobic individuals perceive claustrophobic events as more likely to happen compared to controls.
Explanation: The study aimed to ascertain whether individuals diagnosed with claustrophobia assign a higher probability to the occurrence of claustrophobic events compared to a control group.
What potential flaw exists in the probability ratings study?
Answer: The claustrophobic participants were already diagnosed, potentially biasing their beliefs.
Explanation: A potential flaw identified in the probability ratings study is that the pre-existing diagnosis of claustrophobia among participants could introduce bias into their assessment of event likelihood.
What related conditions or topics are listed in the "See also" section of the Claustrophobia article?
Answer: Agoraphobia, Anxiety disorder, List of phobias, Panic attack, Premature burial
Explanation: The 'See also' section lists Agoraphobia, Anxiety disorder, List of phobias, Panic attack, and Premature burial as related topics.
What is the title and publisher of the work by S.J. Rachman referenced in the bibliography concerning claustrophobia?
Answer: Claustrophobia, published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. in 1997.
Explanation: The bibliography references S.J. Rachman's work titled 'Claustrophobia,' published in 'Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment' by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. in 1997.
What types of external resources are linked from the Claustrophobia article?
Answer: Authority control databases (e.g., Library of Congress) and classification codes (e.g., ICD-10).
Explanation: The article provides links to external resources including authority control databases (like the Library of Congress) and medical classification codes (such as ICD-10).