Explanation: The defining characteristic of a client state is its limited autonomy; its foreign policy and military decisions are significantly influenced or dictated by a dominant power, rather than being completely independent.

Explanation: While nuances exist, terms like 'satellite state,' 'vassal state,' and 'puppet state' are often used interchangeably with 'client state' to describe a state subordinate to a more powerful entity.

Explanation: The act of paying tribute by a tributary state is a clear indicator of political subordination and acknowledgment of the dominant power's authority.

Explanation: A puppet state represents a more extreme form of client state, characterized by nominal independence but effective control by an outside power, often with its government installed and maintained by that power.

Explanation: The term 'satellite state,' often used synonymously with client state, evokes the image of a celestial body orbiting a larger one, signifying a state heavily influenced or controlled by a dominant power.

Explanation: While client states may possess internal governance, their limited autonomy in foreign policy and military matters fundamentally distinguishes them from fully sovereign nations.

Explanation: Federal states feature a constitutional division of powers, whereas client states are fundamentally subordinate to an external power, lacking genuine sovereignty and autonomy in key areas.

Explanation: Suzerainty describes the relationship where a suzerain state exercises political supremacy over a subordinate vassal state, which acknowledges this dominance.

Explanation: A buffer state's primary function is to prevent conflict between larger powers by acting as a neutral zone, not to actively engage in those conflicts.

Explanation: A puppet state is generally regarded as a more extreme form of client state, characterized by external installation and maintenance of its government, implying minimal genuine autonomy.

Explanation: Suzerainty describes a relationship where a suzerain state exercises political supremacy over a vassal state, which acknowledges this dominance and often owes allegiance or service.

Explanation: Ancient empires frequently utilized client states as an alternative or precursor to direct annexation. This allowed for the exertion of influence and extraction of resources without the full administrative burden of direct rule.

Explanation: Philip II of Macedon's formation of the League of Corinth served to unify the Greek city-states under his leadership, establishing them as client states subordinate to Macedonian authority.

Explanation: Republican Rome frequently employed client states as a strategic tool, often making defeated enemies into client states rather than directly annexing them, thereby extending Roman influence and control.

Explanation: Herod the Great exemplifies a client ruler whose authority was established and maintained through Roman political support, illustrating a method of client state formation distinct from simple military subjugation.

Explanation: The feudal system, with its intricate web of allegiances and obligations between lords and vassals, shares conceptual similarities with the hierarchical structures found in client state relationships, suggesting historical continuity rather than a complete departure.

Explanation: The Ottoman Empire maintained a complex system of governance that included both tributary states, which paid tribute, and vassal states, which owed allegiance and often military service, demonstrating a varied approach to subordinate entities.

Explanation: During the reigns of Augustus II and Augustus III, Poland-Lithuania was significantly influenced by Russia, often functioning as a de facto client state due to Russian backing of their rule.

Explanation: Philip II of Macedon's League of Corinth established Macedonian dominance over the Greek city-states, effectively rendering them subordinate client states within his sphere of influence.

Explanation: Tributary states within the Roman system were obligated to provide tribute and often military assistance, signifying their subordinate status and contribution to Roman power.

Explanation: Ancient empires, including Rome, frequently established client states from defeated territories, leveraging their influence and resources without the full administrative burden of direct rule.

Explanation: The League of Corinth was established by Philip II of Macedon to unify the Greek city-states under his hegemony, effectively transforming them into client states subservient to his authority.

Explanation: Herod the Great is cited as a prominent example of a client ruler whose position was secured through Roman political support, demonstrating a method of establishing client relationships beyond direct military subjugation.

Explanation: The text indicates a historical continuity between the hierarchical relationships inherent in client states and the structures of the medieval feudal system.

Explanation: The Khanate of Crimea was among the significant tributary and vassal states that paid allegiance and tribute to the Ottoman Empire.

Explanation: During the reigns of Augustus II and Augustus III, Poland-Lithuania experienced substantial Russian influence, often functioning as a client state due to Russian political backing.

Explanation: The 'sister republics' established by France during the Revolutionary Wars were primarily located in Europe, including territories in Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, rather than Asia.

Explanation: During Napoleon I's First French Empire, many of the earlier 'sister republics' were transformed into new kingdoms or states, such as the Kingdom of Italy or the Confederation of the Rhine, indicating evolution rather than dissolution.

Explanation: Established by Napoleon, the Confederation of the Rhine comprised numerous German states and functioned strategically as a buffer zone protecting French interests against its major eastern rivals, Prussia and Austria.

Explanation: The term 'Françafrique' denotes the sphere of influence France maintained over its former African colonies, characterized by ongoing economic and political ties, often viewed as a form of neocolonialism.

Explanation: Upon India's partition in 1947, Indian princely states were offered the choice to accede to India or Pakistan, or to remain independent; however, their practical independence was often limited, and many eventually acceded.

Explanation: Despite achieving nominal independence, both Egypt (1922) and Iraq (1932) continued to function as British client states due to the significant economic and military influence retained by Britain.

Explanation: Indirect rule was a British policy that involved governing through local rulers who acted as intermediaries, subordinate to British authority, rather than through direct British administrative control.

Explanation: Imperial Japan initially diminished Korea's status, transforming it into a client state before proceeding with direct annexation in the early 20th century.

Explanation: Manchukuo, established in Manchuria, functioned as a puppet state under the control of Imperial Japan throughout World War II.

Explanation: Japan's 'Twenty-One Demands' were intended to significantly increase Japanese control over China's political and economic affairs, effectively aiming to make China a client state, not to grant it greater autonomy.

Explanation: Although not directly occupied, Japan exerted significant influence over Macau during World War II by installing civilian advisors, effectively turning it into a de facto protectorate.

Explanation: 'Françafrique' encompasses a broader spectrum of influence, including economic ties and political maneuvering, rather than solely direct military control over former colonies.

Explanation: The 'sister republics' were primarily established during the French Revolutionary Wars, preceding Napoleon's rise to imperial power.

Explanation: Indian princely states, while nominally sovereign, operated under the British Empire's management of their external affairs and defense, aligning them with the characteristics of client states.

Explanation: The term 'neo-colony' suggests the continuation of economic and political dependence on a former colonial power, even after formal independence, rather than a complete severance of ties.

Explanation: Indirect rule involved local rulers operating under the ultimate authority and supervision of imperial officials, thus limiting their freedom from imperial oversight.

Explanation: Japan's Twenty-One Demands sought to establish significant Japanese control over China's affairs, effectively aiming to reduce China to a client state, not to promote its independence.

Explanation: The Cisalpine Republic was one of the 'sister republics' established by France during the Revolutionary Wars, which later evolved into different political entities under the First French Empire.

Explanation: The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon primarily to serve as a strategic buffer zone between France and its major European rivals, Prussia and Austria.

Explanation: 'Françafrique' specifically refers to the sphere of influence France historically exerted over its former colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Explanation: Indian princely states were considered nominally sovereign entities within the British Empire, possessing a degree of internal autonomy while their external affairs were managed by the British.

Explanation: Even after formal independence in 1922, Egypt remained under significant British economic and military influence, functioning effectively as a client state.

Explanation: Indirect rule entailed governing through existing local rulers who acted as clients of the British Crown, implementing British policies while retaining a degree of local authority.

Explanation: Imperial Japan progressively reduced Korea's sovereignty, transforming it into a client state before eventually implementing direct colonial rule.

Explanation: Manchukuo was established by Imperial Japan as a puppet state, serving its strategic and economic interests in Manchuria during World War II.

Explanation: The 'Twenty-One Demands' presented by Japan to China in 1915 were designed to establish significant Japanese control, effectively aiming to render China a client state.

Explanation: Austria-Hungary sought to establish Serbia as a client state to serve as a bulwark against Ottoman expansion in the Balkans, though this ambition was complicated by Russia's growing influence over Serbia.

Explanation: Russia viewed Serbia as strategically important and considered it a client state under its protection, particularly in the lead-up to World War I, playing a significant role in Balkan geopolitics.

Explanation: Russia's strategic ambitions in the Balkans extended beyond Serbia to include other states like Bulgaria and Montenegro, reflecting a broader objective of establishing regional dominance through client relationships.

Explanation: Both Great Britain and Austria-Hungary recognized Serbia's strong ties to Russia and perceived it as a Russian client state, which significantly influenced their diplomatic and strategic calculations in the region.

Explanation: In its pursuit of influence during World War I, Germany established several client states from occupied or allied territories, including the Kingdom of Poland and the Ukrainian State.

Explanation: Vichy France, established during World War II, functioned as a German client state, collaborating with the Axis powers, rather than an independent republic allied with the Allied forces.

Explanation: Member states of the Warsaw Pact were largely considered Soviet client states or 'satellite' states, heavily influenced by and dependent upon the Soviet Union, rather than equal partners.

Explanation: Beyond the formal Warsaw Pact, nations such as Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam were frequently identified as Soviet proxies due to their alignment and support from the Soviet Union.

Explanation: While the Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR held UN seats, a status typically reserved for sovereign states, they remained integral parts of the Soviet Union, functioning more as client entities within the larger Soviet structure.

Explanation: Vichy France, established during World War II, collaborated with the Axis powers, not the Allied powers.

Explanation: Austria-Hungary sought to establish Serbia as a client state primarily to counter the influence of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan region.

Explanation: After the 1903 May Coup, Serbia increasingly aligned itself with Russia, moving away from Austrian influence and becoming a key element in Russia's Balkan strategy.

Explanation: During World War I, Germany established several client states, including the Kingdom of Poland (1917-1918), to exert influence over occupied territories.

Explanation: Vichy France functioned as a German client state during World War II, collaborating with the Axis powers from its base in unoccupied France.

Explanation: The term 'satellite state' is predominantly associated with the Soviet Union's sphere of influence during the Cold War, referring to Eastern European nations under its dominance.

Explanation: The Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR held seats in the United Nations, a status usually accorded to sovereign states, despite remaining integral components of the Soviet Union.

Explanation: Under the Compact of Free Association, these Pacific island nations delegate defense and foreign policy to the U.S. and exhibit significant economic dependence, leading to their characterization as client states.

Explanation: Under the Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is responsible for the defense and foreign policy of the associated nations, but these nations retain self-governance, indicating a delegation of authority rather than full U.S. control.

Explanation: The Compact of Free Association establishes a unique relationship between the United States and several Pacific island nations, which are sometimes characterized as client states due to their dependence on U.S. defense and economic support.