Explanation: The term 'Cockney' first appeared in 1362 in William Langland's *Piers Plowman*, where it meant 'a small, misshapen egg,' derived from Middle English for 'a cock's egg.'

Explanation: The mythical land of luxury, Cockaigne, which appeared under spellings like 'Cocknay' and 'Cockney,' became humorously associated with London, the English capital, thus influencing the term.

Explanation: By 1520, 'Cockney' was used as a pejorative (negative) term by rural Englishmen to describe what they considered effeminate town-dwellers.

Explanation: The association with the Bow Bells area was established much earlier, by 1600, and was noted by writer Fynes Moryson in 1617.

Explanation: In 1617, John Minsheu's dictionary defined a Cockney in this restricted sense as 'one born within the sound of Bow bell, that is in the City of London.'

Explanation: The earliest recorded use of the term 'Cockney' is from 1362 in William Langland's *Piers Plowman*.

Explanation: When first recorded in 1362, 'Cockney' meant 'a small, misshapen egg,' derived from the Middle English for 'a cock's egg.'

Explanation: The source states that by 1520, 'Cockney' was used by rural Englishmen as a pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers.

Explanation: The source indicates that by 1600, the meaning of 'Cockney' had become particularly associated with the Bow Bells area.

Explanation: While Cockney is a dialect associated with working-class Londoners, it also serves as a demonym for a person from the East End or, traditionally, someone born within earshot of Bow Bells.

Explanation: A 'Cockney sparrow' refers to the archetype of a cheerful and talkative Cockney individual, the opposite of shy and reserved.

Explanation: The 'Cockney diaspora' refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to areas both outside London within the UK (such as new towns) and to other countries.

Explanation: 'Mockney' refers to a fake Cockney accent, though it can also be used as a self-deprecatory label by later generations of the Cockney diaspora.

Explanation: When London was mostly confined to the walled City, the term 'Cockney' applied to all Londoners, a usage that continued into the 19th century before becoming more specific.

Explanation: The audible range of the Bow Bells, carried by prevailing winds, correlates with the East End, leading to the two terms being used interchangeably to represent Cockney identity.

Explanation: The source lists Hackney and Shoreditch, among others like Bethnal Green and Stepney, as traditional core districts of the East End.

Explanation: The 'Cockney's Feast,' later the Stepney Feast, was held annually in the 17th and 18th centuries to raise money for apprenticing Stepney boys in maritime trades.

Explanation: The significance of St Mary-le-Bow is that being born within earshot of its bells became the traditional definition of a Cockney, reflecting an era when the term applied to all Londoners.

Explanation: The audible range is carried further to the east due to the low-lying eastern terrain and the prevailing west-south-west wind.

Explanation: A 2012 study indicated that under typical 19th-century conditions, the bells' sound could reach as far east as Clapton, Bow, and Stratford.

Explanation: Studies suggest the legend is credible, as the bells could have been heard from Highgate Hill on infrequent days when the wind blew from the south.

Explanation: The bells were destroyed in the Blitz in 1941 and fell silent from 1940. They were not replaced until 1961, creating a 21-year period where no one could be born within their earshot.

Explanation: The modern challenge is the opposite: the area is no longer residential and lacks maternity wards, meaning very few people are born within the bells' audible range.

Explanation: The promotion celebrated a Cockney identity based on territory rather than dialect, featuring the Bow Bells and including areas in suburban East London.

Explanation: The source primarily defines Cockney as both a dialect of English spoken in London, particularly by the working class, and as a demonym for someone from the East End or born within earshot of Bow Bells.

Explanation: A 'Cockney sparrow' is a term that refers to the archetype of a cheerful and talkative Cockney person.

Explanation: The 'Cockney diaspora' refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to areas outside London, such as new towns, and their descendants who maintain an identification with London.

Explanation: 'Mockney' refers to a fake or affected Cockney accent, but it can also be used as a self-deprecatory term by descendants of the Cockney diaspora.

Explanation: As London expanded beyond the old walled City, the definition of 'Cockney' narrowed from applying to all Londoners to being associated with specific areas like the East End or those born within earshot of Bow Bells.

Explanation: The source lists Bethnal Green, Shoreditch, and Stepney as core East End districts. Westminster is in the West End of London.

Explanation: The 'Cockney's Feast' (later Stepney Feast) was held in the 17th and 18th centuries to raise money for apprenticing local boys in maritime trades.

Explanation: A 2012 study indicated that due to modern noise pollution, the Bow Bells can now only be heard as far as Shoreditch, a much smaller range than in the 19th century.

Explanation: The legend states that Dick Whittington heard the Bow Bells from 4.5 miles away at Highgate Hill.

Explanation: The bells were destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz and had been silenced from June 1940 as part of anti-invasion preparations. They were not replaced until 1961.

Explanation: Modern challenges to the literal definition include the fact that the area around St Mary-le-Bow is no longer residential, has no maternity wards, and suffers from significant noise pollution.

Explanation: Cockney is a non-rhotic accent, meaning the 'r' sound is not pronounced after a vowel.

Explanation: The source states that Cockney vocabulary includes borrowings from Yiddish (e.g., 'kosher') and Romani (e.g., 'wonga').

Explanation: In his 1859 *Slang Dictionary*, John Camden Hotten specifically noted the costermongers of London's East End for 'their use of a peculiar slang language.'

Explanation: Cockney is a non-rhotic accent, which means the 'r' sound is not pronounced after a vowel.

Explanation: T-glottalisation is a key feature of Cockney, where the glottal stop is used as an allophone of /t/ in various positions, including after a stressed syllable.

Explanation: The feature of T-glottalisation in Cockney provides a useful example for explaining how to pronounce the glottal stop, a common sound in Semitic languages.

Explanation: In Cockney *th*-fronting, the voiceless /θ/ (as in 'thin') becomes /f/, and the voiced /ð/ (as in 'they') becomes /v/.

Explanation: *Yod*-coalescence is the process where sounds like /t/ or /d/ merge with a following /j/ sound to create affricates, such as pronouncing 'tune' as 'choon'.

Explanation: H-dropping is a feature where the /h/ sound at the beginning of words is omitted, not pronounced.

Explanation: L-vocalisation is a phonetic process where the 'dark L' sound at the end of a syllable is replaced by a vowel-like sound, like /u/ or /w/.

Explanation: Cockney grammar is characterized by using 'me' instead of 'my' for possession (e.g., 'That's me book') and the common use of double negatives.

Explanation: The source explicitly mentions *th*-fronting as a characteristic pronunciation feature of Cockney speech.

Explanation: The source states that Cockney vocabulary includes borrowings from Yiddish and Romani languages.

Explanation: John Camden Hotten's 1859 *Slang Dictionary* noted that the costermongers of London's East End were characterized by 'their use of a peculiar slang language.'

Explanation: A non-rhotic accent, such as Cockney, is one where the 'r' sound is not pronounced when it follows a vowel.

Explanation: Cockney uses a broad open back unrounded vowel for words like 'bath' and 'grass,' a feature that originated in London in the 16th-17th centuries and is also found in Received Pronunciation.

Explanation: While T-glottalisation is most common, glottal stops can also occur, though less frequently, for the /k/ and /p/ sounds.

Explanation: In an intervocalic position (between vowels), the /t/ sound in Cockney may be flapped, which involves a quick tap of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.

Explanation: *Th*-fronting involves the voiceless dental fricative /θ/ becoming a voiceless labiodental fricative /f/, so 'thin' is pronounced like 'fin'.

Explanation: In informal Cockney, the alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ are often omitted in non-prevocalic environments (i.e., when not followed by a vowel).

Explanation: L-vocalisation is a process where the 'dark L' sound (at the end of a syllable) is replaced by a vowel-like sound, often resembling /u/ or /w/.

Explanation: The source identifies the use of double negatives (e.g., 'I didn't see nuffink') as a characteristic grammatical feature of Cockney.

Explanation: Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation. It is Multicultural London English (MLE) that is, to some extent, replacing Cockney, though MLE retains significant Cockney influence.

Explanation: The 1964 study found that Leytonstone's dialect was very similar to that of Bethnal Green, but some features still distinguished it from Cockney.

Explanation: Linguistic research indicates that some aspects of the Cockney accent are declining in multicultural areas of London, being displaced by Multicultural London English (MLE).

Explanation: In July 2010, sociolinguist Paul Kerswill predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years, not 50.

Explanation: The Becontree estate was built to rehouse poor East Enders, who typically retained their Cockney dialect, thus spreading it to a previously rural area of Essex.

Explanation: Refugees from London during World War II continued to speak Cockney in their new homes, which contributed to the dialect's spread, rather than limiting it.

Explanation: In 1909, the London County Council regarded the Cockney mode of speech as 'a modern corruption without legitimate credentials' and unworthy of the capital city.

Explanation: In the 1950s, only Received Pronunciation (RP) was heard on the BBC, except in entertainment programs. Cockney and other regional accents were not featured.

Explanation: Studies indicate that the heavy use of South East England accents on television and radio, particularly in popular shows like *EastEnders*, may have contributed to the spread of Cockney English.

Explanation: Due to its increasing influence, some sources predict that many features of the Cockney accent may become standard in the future.

Explanation: Studies suggest that working-class adolescents in Glasgow have begun to adopt certain aspects of Cockney, such as *TH*-fronting, which has infiltrated the traditional Glasgow patter.

Explanation: Estuary English gained public prominence following an article by David Rosewarne published in the *Times Educational Supplement* in October 1984.

Explanation: Phonetician John C. Wells stated that Joanna Przedlacka's research 'demolished the claim that EE was a single entity,' concluding instead that various sound changes are spreading independently.

Explanation: MLE is a newer multiethnolect that is displacing Cockney in some areas, but it has been influenced by Cockney, retaining features like the glottal stop and double negatives.

Explanation: The 1964 study found Leytonstone's dialect to be very similar to Cockney as spoken in Bethnal Green, but with some remaining distinguishing features.

Explanation: The source identifies the glottal stop, double negatives, and the vocalisation of the dark L as Cockney features that have influenced Multicultural London English.

Explanation: In 2010, sociolinguist Paul Kerswill predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years, to be replaced by Multicultural London English (MLE).

Explanation: Linguistic historian Alexander John Ellis noted in 1890 that the Cockney dialect itself developed due to the influence of the Essex dialect on London speech.

Explanation: The Becontree estate was built to rehouse poor East Enders, who then retained their Cockney dialect, which was influential in spreading the accent to a previously rural part of Essex.

Explanation: During World War II, many refugees left London due to bombing but continued to speak Cockney in their new homes, which contributed to the dialect's spread.

Explanation: In 1909, a conference by the London County Council regarded the Cockney mode of speech as 'a modern corruption without legitimate credentials' and 'unworthy' of London.

Explanation: While only Received Pronunciation (RP) was heard on the BBC in the 1950s (outside of entertainment), various accents, including Cockney, are commonly heard today, indicating a significant shift in acceptance.

Explanation: Studies suggest that the heavy use of South East England accents in popular media, especially soap operas like *EastEnders*, may have caused the spread of Cockney English since the 1960s.

Explanation: The source claims that Cockney is becoming increasingly influential, and some predict that many of its features may become standard in the future.

Explanation: Studies suggest that working-class adolescents in Glasgow have started to adopt Cockney features like *TH*-fronting, which has begun to infiltrate the traditional Glasgow patter.

Explanation: Estuary English is described as an intermediate accent, representing London pronunciations that are slightly closer to Received Pronunciation (RP) than Cockney is.

Explanation: Estuary English first gained public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the *Times Educational Supplement* in October 1984.

Explanation: The source lists both Adele and Amy Winehouse among the notable musicians identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source lists both Charlie Chaplin and Michael Caine among the notable actors and comedians identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source lists both David Beckham and Harry Kane among the notable footballers and sports personalities identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source mentions that some of Ken Loach's early films set in London, including *Cathy Come Home*, feature genuine dialect speakers, including Cockney.

Explanation: The film *Bronco Bullfrog* was released with the tagline 'Cockney Youth – With English Subtitles' due to the strong dialect making it difficult for some audiences to understand.

Explanation: The video games mentioned as centering around Cockney gangster culture are *The Getaway* and *Blood & Truth*, not *Grand Theft Auto V*.

Explanation: The source lists Adele, from Tottenham, as a notable musician identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source lists Danny Dyer, from Custom House, as a notable broadcaster and television presenter identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source lists Michael Caine, from Rotherhithe, as a notable actor identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source lists David Beckham, from Leytonstone, as a notable footballer identified as Cockney.

Explanation: The source mentions *Cathy Come Home* as one of Ken Loach's early films that featured genuine dialect speakers, including Cockney.

Explanation: The source lists the musical *Oliver!* as a notable work known for featuring Cockney accents or themes.

Explanation: The source mentions the video games *The Getaway* and *Blood & Truth* as centering around Cockney gangster culture.

Explanation: In *Downton Abbey: A New Era*, the character Myrna Dalgleish, a silent film actress, has a Cockney accent that is considered unsuitable for the new 'talking films'.