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A request for additional citations is classified as coercive only when the author has initially omitted relevant foundational work.
Answer: False
Explanation: A request is considered coercive when it mandates citations without justification of relevance or necessity, irrespective of whether foundational work was initially omitted.
The 'Leukemia' journal example illustrates a situation where an editor requested citations based solely on the author's expertise in the field.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Leukemia' journal example demonstrates an editor demanding citations to their own journal, irrespective of the author's expertise or the relevance of the requested citations.
What is the primary unethical practice described as coercive citation in academic publishing?
Answer: Demanding authors include citations from the editor's journal, potentially irrelevant, for publication acceptance.
Explanation: Coercive citation is characterized by editors or referees pressuring authors to cite articles from the editor's journal, often without clear relevance, as a condition for publication.
How does coercive citation subvert the standard peer review process?
Answer: By using the threat of rejection to force the inclusion of specific, often irrelevant, citations from the journal itself.
Explanation: Coercive citation corrupts peer review by leveraging the threat of rejection to compel authors to include citations from the journal, thereby undermining the process's integrity.
Which condition suggests a citation request might be coercive?
Answer: The request provides no reason why the manuscript lacks citations and specifically demands citing the editor's journal.
Explanation: A request is likely coercive if it lacks justification for the citation demand and specifically directs the author to cite articles from the editor's journal.
The example involving the journal 'Leukemia' illustrates which aspect of coercive citation?
Answer: A direct demand from an editor to increase citations to their journal, regardless of relevance.
Explanation: The 'Leukemia' journal case exemplifies coercive citation through an explicit demand from the editor for increased citations to their journal, highlighting the practice's direct and often irrelevant nature.
The 'Leukemia' journal example is significant because it shows:
Answer: A clear instance of an editor demanding citations to their journal as a condition for publication.
Explanation: The 'Leukemia' journal case serves as a concrete example of coercive citation, demonstrating an editor explicitly conditioning publication on the inclusion of citations to their journal.
Coercive citation is considered an ethically accepted practice within academic publishing, employed to enhance manuscript quality during the peer review process.
Answer: False
Explanation: Coercive citation is widely regarded as an unethical practice in academic publishing, fundamentally subverting the principles of peer review rather than ensuring manuscript quality.
The primary objective underpinning coercive citation is the enhancement of scientific rigor in published research.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principal motivation behind coercive citation is the artificial inflation of a journal's impact factor, not the enhancement of scientific rigor.
A survey conducted in 2012 indicated that more than half of the surveyed academics had encountered coercive citation practices.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2012 survey revealed that approximately 20% of respondents had experienced coercive citation, not over half.
According to a 2012 study, coercive citation was found to be most prevalent in psychology and sociology disciplines.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2012 study indicated that coercive citation was most prevalent in business disciplines, followed by economics, and was less prevalent in psychology and sociology.
Coercive citation, if detected, poses minimal risk to a journal's reputation, primarily affecting only the impact factor metric.
Answer: False
Explanation: Discovery of coercive citation practices can significantly damage a journal's reputation and lead to exclusion from citation reports, posing substantial risks beyond just the impact factor.
Journals published by university presses are more frequently associated with coercive citation tactics than those from commercial publishers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research indicates that commercial, for-profit publishers are more frequently implicated in coercive citation practices compared to university presses.
Elsevier was identified as a publisher whose journals were implicated in coercive citation practices.
Answer: True
Explanation: A study identified Elsevier as a commercial publisher with multiple journals exhibiting coercive citation practices.
Lower-ranked academic journals are more likely to engage in coercive citation to improve their standing.
Answer: False
Explanation: Studies suggest that higher-ranked journals are paradoxically more likely to engage in coercive citation, potentially to maintain their prestige.
Coercive citation requests primarily target senior researchers with extensive publication records.
Answer: False
Explanation: Coercive citation predominantly targets younger researchers with less established careers and papers with fewer authors, who may be perceived as more vulnerable to such demands.
Authors from English-speaking countries are more frequently subjected to coercive citation requests than authors from other linguistic backgrounds.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research indicates that authors from non-English speaking countries are more likely to be targeted for coercive citation requests.
Coercive citation primarily targets papers with a large number of authors to ensure broader compliance.
Answer: False
Explanation: Coercive citation typically targets authors of papers with fewer authors, often early-career researchers, who may be more susceptible to editorial pressure.
According to the source material, what is the main motivation behind engaging in coercive citation?
Answer: To artificially inflate a journal's impact factor and enhance its prestige.
Explanation: The primary objective of coercive citation is to artificially increase a journal's impact factor, thereby enhancing its perceived prestige and standing within the academic community.
What did a 2012 survey reveal about the prevalence of coercive citation incidents?
Answer: Approximately 20% of respondents reported experiencing such incidents.
Explanation: The 2012 survey indicated that approximately 20% of surveyed academics had experienced incidents of coercive citation.
In which academic disciplines was coercive citation found to be most prevalent according to the 2012 study?
Answer: Business Disciplines (e.g., marketing, management)
Explanation: The 2012 study identified business disciplines, such as marketing and management, as having the highest prevalence of coercive citation among the surveyed fields.
What is a significant risk for journals found to be engaging in coercive citation?
Answer: Damage to their reputation and potential exclusion from citation reports.
Explanation: Journals engaging in coercive citation face severe reputational damage and potential exclusion from key citation databases, undermining their credibility.
Which type of publisher is research indicating is more likely to employ coercive citation tactics?
Answer: Commercial, for-profit publishers
Explanation: Research suggests that commercial, for-profit publishers are more frequently associated with the implementation of coercive citation tactics compared to other types of academic publishers.
Which major commercial publisher was identified as having multiple top-offending journals in a study on coercive citation?
Answer: Elsevier
Explanation: Elsevier was identified in a study as the publisher of five of the top ten journals implicated in coercive citation practices.
What surprising correlation has been observed regarding journal rankings and coercive citation?
Answer: Highly ranked journals are more likely to engage in coercive citation.
Explanation: Studies indicate a correlation where highly ranked journals exhibit a greater propensity for engaging in coercive citation practices, possibly to maintain their status.
Who are the primary targets identified for coercive citation requests?
Answer: Younger researchers with less senior ranks and papers with fewer authors.
Explanation: Coercive citation requests predominantly target junior researchers and papers with fewer authors, presumed to be more vulnerable to such pressures.
According to the study, authors from which linguistic background are more likely to be targeted for coercive citation?
Answer: Authors from non-English speaking countries.
Explanation: The study found that authors from non-English speaking countries were disproportionately targeted for coercive citation requests.
The impact factor (IF) is a metric designed to quantify the average number of citations received by a journal's articles within a specific time frame.
Answer: True
Explanation: The impact factor (IF) measures the average frequency with which articles in a journal have been cited in a particular period, serving as a key bibliometric indicator.
Journals such as Nature and Science exhibit low impact factors, signifying limited influence within their respective fields.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prestigious journals like Nature and Science possess high impact factors, reflecting their significant influence and citation rates within the academic community.
A significant criticism of impact factors is their susceptibility to manipulation by editors aiming to artificially enhance journal prestige.
Answer: True
Explanation: The potential for editors to manipulate citation counts, thereby inflating a journal's impact factor, is a primary concern raised by critics of this metric.
What does the Impact Factor (IF) of a journal measure?
Answer: The average number of times articles in the journal are cited within a specific period.
Explanation: The Impact Factor (IF) quantifies the average citation frequency for articles published in a journal over a defined period, serving as a measure of its citation impact.
Which of the following is a major criticism leveled against journal impact factors?
Answer: They can be artificially inflated by editors through manipulative practices.
Explanation: A significant criticism is that journal impact factors are vulnerable to manipulation, such as through coercive citation, which artificially inflates the metric.
The Leiden Manifesto encourages the exclusive use of journal impact factors for assessing researcher performance.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Leiden Manifesto advocates for responsible research evaluation and cautions against the over-reliance on simplistic metrics like journal impact factors.
The Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC) aims to restrict access to citation data to prevent manipulation.
Answer: False
Explanation: I4OC promotes the open sharing of structured citation data, facilitating transparency and analysis rather than restricting access.
The 'Ingelfinger rule' directly addresses the practice of editors demanding citations from their own journals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Ingelfinger rule pertains to policies regarding prior publication of research, not directly to editors demanding citations.
The 'least publishable unit' (LPU) concept encourages researchers to consolidate findings into comprehensive publications, thereby reducing citation pressures.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'least publishable unit' (LPU) concept refers to the practice of dividing research into the smallest possible publication units, potentially increasing publication counts rather than reducing citation pressures.
The 'serials crisis' refers to the declining quality of articles submitted to academic journals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'serials crisis' primarily concerns the escalating cost of journal subscriptions, making them increasingly unaffordable for libraries and institutions.
What is the general stance of initiatives like DORA and the Leiden Manifesto regarding journal impact factors?
Answer: They caution against the over-reliance on simplistic metrics like impact factors and promote responsible evaluation.
Explanation: Initiatives such as DORA and the Leiden Manifesto emphasize responsible research assessment, advising caution against the excessive reliance on journal impact factors and advocating for more nuanced evaluation methods.
What is the purpose of the Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC)?
Answer: To promote the open sharing of structured citation data for better analysis.
Explanation: The Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC) aims to facilitate the open availability of citation data, enabling more transparent analysis and potentially aiding in the identification of citation manipulation.
What is the 'least publishable unit' (LPU) practice related to?
Answer: Dividing research findings into the smallest possible pieces to maximize the number of publications.
Explanation: The 'least publishable unit' (LPU) refers to the practice of fragmenting research results into the smallest publishable components, often to increase the quantity of publications.
The 'serials crisis' in academic publishing primarily refers to:
Answer: The increasing cost of journal subscriptions, making them unaffordable for libraries.
Explanation: The 'serials crisis' denotes the escalating costs of academic journal subscriptions, which pose significant financial challenges for libraries and limit access to scholarly resources.