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In the context of international relations, a concession is typically defined as an arrangement wherein a State grants the exercise of certain rights or functions to a foreign private entity.
Answer: True
Explanation: A concession involves the transfer of the exercise of rights or functions from a state to a foreign private entity, which then operates under specific conditions, typically governed by the domestic law of the granting state.
International concessions are primarily regulated by international law.
Answer: False
Explanation: International concessions are predominantly governed by the domestic or municipal law of the state that grants the concession, rather than by international law.
An international lease involves the transfer of sovereignty over a territory to the lessee State for a defined period.
Answer: True
Explanation: A true international lease, often termed a 'political' lease, is characterized by the transfer of sovereignty over a territory to the lessee state for a specified duration.
A quasi-international lease typically involves less than a complete transfer of sovereignty over a territory to the lessee state, distinguishing it from a true international lease.
Answer: True
Explanation: While a true international lease entails the complete transfer of sovereignty for a defined period, a quasi-international lease involves arrangements where the transfer of sovereignty is less absolute or comprehensive.
In the context of international relations, what is the primary characteristic of a concession?
Answer: A transfer of the exercise of state rights or functions to a foreign private entity.
Explanation: A concession is fundamentally characterized by the state granting specific rights or functions to a foreign private entity, which then operates under privileged conditions.
How are international concessions primarily regulated, according to the provided text?
Answer: By the domestic or municipal law of the granting state.
Explanation: The regulation of international concessions predominantly falls under the domestic or municipal legal framework of the state that grants the concession, rather than international law.
What distinguishes a 'true' international lease from other leasing arrangements of territory?
Answer: It involves the complete transfer of sovereignty for a defined period.
Explanation: A true international lease is defined by the transfer of sovereignty over a territory to the lessee state for a specified duration, differentiating it from arrangements involving only administrative rights or perpetual leases.
The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin existed from 1901 to 1917, with claims officially surrendered in the early 1920s.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin was established in 1901 and ceased effective administration in 1917, with formal surrender of claims occurring in the early 1920s.
The New Territories of Hong Kong were leased by the UK from China for 99 years, starting in 1898, and were to be restored on July 1, 1997.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 99-year lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong by the United Kingdom from China, commencing in 1898, concluded with the restoration of the territory on July 1, 1997.
Gustav Overbeck initially acquired concessionary rights in North Borneo from entities including the American Trading Company and local Sultans, before transferring them to the North Borneo Chartered Company.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gustav Overbeck secured concessionary rights in North Borneo through agreements with the American Trading Company of Borneo and local rulers, subsequently transferring these rights to the North Borneo Chartered Company.
The British concession in Tianjin was granted on a perpetual lease basis and managed by a municipal council.
Answer: True
Explanation: The British concession in Tianjin was established under a perpetual lease agreement and administered by a municipal council, mirroring practices in other treaty ports.
Chinese concessions in Korea were abolished following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, leading to their unilateral withdrawal by Korea.
Answer: True
Explanation: After China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea, with Japanese backing, declared the existing Chinese concessions void, leading to their abolition.
The Dutch trading post in Japan was moved to Dejima in Nagasaki after the Shimabara Rebellion.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the Shimabara Rebellion, the Tokugawa shogunate mandated the relocation of the Dutch trading post from Hirado to the artificial island of Dejima in Nagasaki.
The French concession in Shanghai was formally returned to China by France in 1946 after being relinquished to a Japanese-sponsored government during World War II.
Answer: True
Explanation: During World War II, the French concession in Shanghai was transferred to a Japanese-sponsored administration, and France formally returned it to China in 1946.
France maintained concessions in Guangzhou (Canton), including on Shamian Island, from 1861 until their formal return to China in 1946.
Answer: True
Explanation: French concessions in Guangzhou, such as the one on Shamian Island, were established in 1861 and remained under French administration until 1946.
Germany's Kiautschou Bay concession, centered around Qingdao, was leased for 99 years but was canceled by the Republic of China in 1914, subsequently being occupied by Japan.
Answer: True
Explanation: The German lease of Kiautschou Bay for 99 years was terminated by the Republic of China in 1914, leading to Japanese occupation.
The Italian concession in Tianjin was relinquished to Nationalist China in 1947 after being administered by Italy's Consul.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Italian concession in Tianjin, administered by Italy's Consul, was formally returned to Nationalist Chinese authorities in 1947.
Japan held concessions in Tianjin and Hankou (China), and in Busan and Incheon (Korea).
Answer: True
Explanation: Japan established concessions in Tianjin and Hankou in China, and also in Busan and Incheon in Korea during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Portugal obtained permission to establish a settlement in Macau around 1552-1553 and leased it from the Chinese empire starting in 1670.
Answer: True
Explanation: Portugal's presence in Macau began with a settlement established circa 1552-1553, evolving into a lease from the Chinese empire starting in 1670.
Portuguese concessions in India primarily involved securing trading rights and capturing Goa in 1510.
Answer: True
Explanation: Portuguese engagement in India included securing trade routes and establishing dominance, notably through the capture of Goa in 1510.
The Portuguese were confined to Dejima island in 1636 and later banned entirely from Japan after the Shimabara Rebellion.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the Shimabara Rebellion, Portuguese presence in Japan was restricted to Dejima island from 1636, and their ships were subsequently prohibited from entering Japanese waters.
The Russian concession in Tianjin was established as one of the foreign concessions in the city.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Russian concession was among the various foreign concessions established within Tianjin during the late Qing Dynasty.
The Shanghai International Settlement was formed by the union of the American and British concessions in 1863 and dissolved after World War II.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Shanghai International Settlement originated from the amalgamation of the American and British concessions in 1863 and ceased to exist following the conclusion of World War II.
The Gulangyu International Settlement charter was signed in January 1902, and its Municipal Council was established in January 1903.
Answer: True
Explanation: The charter for the Gulangyu International Settlement was ratified in January 1902, with its governing Municipal Council formally constituted in January 1903.
The American concession in Shanghai, established in 1843, merged with the British concession in 1863 to form what?
Answer: The International Settlement of Shanghai
Explanation: The merger of the American and British concessions in Shanghai in 1863 created the International Settlement of Shanghai.
The British concession for the New Territories of Hong Kong was leased for 99 years starting in 1898. When was the UK obligated to restore these territories to China?
Answer: 1997
Explanation: The 99-year lease for the New Territories of Hong Kong was set to expire, obligating the UK to restore them to China on July 1, 1997.
Who initially acquired concessionary rights in North Borneo that were later transferred to the North Borneo Chartered Company?
Answer: Gustav Overbeck
Explanation: Gustav Overbeck was the individual who initially acquired concessionary rights in North Borneo, which were subsequently transferred to the North Borneo Chartered Company.
How did Chinese concessions in Korea end?
Answer: Korea unilaterally declared them void following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War.
Explanation: Following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea declared the Chinese concessions void, leading to their abolition.
Why were the Dutch compelled to move their trading post from Hirado to Dejima island in Nagasaki, Japan?
Answer: Due to the Shimabara Rebellion and Tokugawa shogunate policy.
Explanation: The Tokugawa shogunate mandated the relocation of the Dutch trading post to Dejima island in Nagasaki following the Shimabara Rebellion as part of its policy to control foreign influence.
During World War II, the French concession in Shanghai was relinquished to what entity?
Answer: A Japanese-sponsored puppet government
Explanation: During World War II, the French concession in Shanghai was transferred to a Japanese-sponsored puppet government.
The German concession in Qingdao (Kiautschou Bay) was leased for 99 years starting in March 1898. Who canceled this lease?
Answer: The Republic of China
Explanation: The Republic of China canceled the German lease for the Kiautschou Bay concession in 1914.
Which of the following was NOT a location of a Japanese concession mentioned in the source?
Answer: Wonsan
Explanation: According to the provided text, Japan held concessions in Tianjin and Hankou (China), and in Busan and Incheon (Korea). Wonsan is not listed as a Japanese concession location.
Portugal obtained permission to establish a settlement in Macau around 1552-1553. When did it evolve into a Portuguese colony?
Answer: In the mid-19th century
Explanation: The Portuguese settlement in Macau evolved into a Portuguese colony in the mid-19th century, after centuries of being leased from the Chinese empire.
What significant event marked the establishment of a major Portuguese presence in Portuguese India in 1510?
Answer: Portugal captured Goa from the Sultanate of Bijapur.
Explanation: The capture of Goa from the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1510 was a pivotal event that solidified Portugal's major presence in Portuguese India.
How was the Shanghai International Settlement formed?
Answer: By the union of the American and British concessions.
Explanation: The Shanghai International Settlement was established in 1863 through the amalgamation of the American and British concessions.
The Belgian concession in Santo Tomas, Guatemala, though granted in perpetuity, ultimately ceased operations due to financial difficulties and environmental challenges, rather than immediate success.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Belgian concession in Santo Tomas, Guatemala, faced insurmountable financial and climatic obstacles, leading to its premature cessation despite initial grants of perpetuity.
The Lado enclave concession involved Belgium leasing territory from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1894 to 1910.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Lado enclave, a territory administered by Belgium under King Leopold II, was leased from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan for the period of 1894 to 1910.
The Tati Concessions Land, a privately held concession, was situated in a region distinct from, though adjacent to, the Matabele kingdom.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Tati Concessions Land existed as a separate private concession, detached from the Matabele kingdom, within the broader geographical area.
Following World War I, France granted Canada perpetual use of land on Vimy Ridge for a memorial.
Answer: True
Explanation: France granted Canada perpetual rights to a parcel of land on Vimy Ridge for the construction and maintenance of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial.
The Madrid Protocol of 1885 formalized Spanish influence over the Sulu Archipelago, leading to Spain relinquishing claims to North Borneo to Great Britain.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Madrid Protocol of 1885 established Spanish influence in the Sulu Archipelago and resulted in Spain ceding its claims over North Borneo to Great Britain.
Spain established forts on Tidore by concession and conquered territories belonging to the Sultanate of Ternate, which was allied with the Portuguese.
Answer: True
Explanation: Spain's presence in the region included establishing forts on Tidore via concession and engaging in military actions against the Sultanate of Ternate, an ally of the Portuguese.
The Tangier International Zone was established under the Paris Convention of 1923, initially under joint administration by Spain, France, and the United Kingdom.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Paris Convention of 1923 established the Tangier International Zone, placing it under the initial joint administration of Spain, France, and the United Kingdom.
The Dobruja condominium was established following the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918, defining territory jointly recognized by Romania and Bulgaria.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Bucharest in 1918 led to the establishment of the Dobruja region as a condominium, jointly recognized by Romania and Bulgaria.
What event led to the cessation of Belgian colonization efforts in Santo Tomas, Guatemala?
Answer: Financial difficulties and the harsh climate.
Explanation: Belgian colonization efforts in Santo Tomas, Guatemala, were discontinued due to significant financial challenges and the adverse environmental conditions.
The Madrid Protocol of 1885 formalized Spanish influence over the Sulu Archipelago and led to Spain relinquishing claims to which territory?
Answer: North Borneo
Explanation: As part of the arrangements formalized by the Madrid Protocol of 1885, Spain relinquished its claims over North Borneo.
The Tangier International Zone was established under the Paris Convention of 1923. Which three countries were initially responsible for its joint administration?
Answer: Spain, France, and the United Kingdom
Explanation: The initial joint administration of the Tangier International Zone, established by the Paris Convention of 1923, involved Spain, France, and the United Kingdom.
What territory was established as a joint condominium following the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918, recognized by Romania and Bulgaria?
Answer: The Dobruja region
Explanation: The Dobruja region was established as a joint condominium recognized by Romania and Bulgaria following the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918.
The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base lease from Cuba is intended to be perpetual.
Answer: True
Explanation: The lease agreement for the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, established by treaties in 1903 and 1934, is structured as a perpetual lease, although its legitimacy is disputed by Cuba.
The Pituffik Space Base concession granted to the U.S. by Denmark is rent-free and grants the U.S. exclusive jurisdiction.
Answer: True
Explanation: Denmark granted the United States a rent-free and perpetual concession for the Pituffik Space Base in Greenland, which includes exclusive jurisdiction over the area.
The American Battle Monuments Commission administers cemeteries and monuments in numerous countries outside the United States.
Answer: True
Explanation: The American Battle Monuments Commission oversees cemeteries and memorials in various international locations, representing a form of administrative concessionary presence.
The Panama Canal Zone, under U.S. control following a 1903 treaty, was formally transferred back to full Panamanian control in 1999, subsequent to the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Panama Canal Zone's administration by the United States concluded in 1999, with its return to full Panamanian control formalized by the Torrijos-Carter Treaties signed in 1977.
The Corn Islands lease from Nicaragua to the United States was annulled and the islands were returned in 1970.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 99-year lease of the Corn Islands from Nicaragua to the United States, established by the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty, was subsequently annulled, with the islands returned to Nicaraguan control in 1970.
The American concession in Shanghai, established in 1843, merged with the British concession in 1863 to form the International Settlement.
Answer: True
Explanation: The American concession in Shanghai, established in 1843, was consolidated with the British concession in 1863, creating the Shanghai International Settlement.
Which of the following is an example of a current American concession or lease mentioned in the text?
Answer: The Pituffik Space Base
Explanation: The Pituffik Space Base in Greenland is cited as a current concession held by the United States, characterized by rent-free perpetual lease and exclusive jurisdiction.
What is the current status of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base lease according to the source?
Answer: It is leased perpetually under treaties from 1903 and 1934, but Cuba disputes the agreement.
Explanation: The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base lease is perpetual under existing treaties, but Cuba contests the validity of this agreement.
The concession for the Pituffik Space Base grants the United States what specific right over the area?
Answer: Exclusive jurisdiction
Explanation: The concession for the Pituffik Space Base grants the United States exclusive jurisdiction over the territory.
Which historical concession, involving the United States, lasted until 1999 when it was returned to full control of the original country?
Answer: The Panama Canal Zone
Explanation: The Panama Canal Zone, administered by the United States for much of the 20th century, was returned to full Panamanian control in 1999.
What was the outcome of the 99-year lease of the Corn Islands from Nicaragua to the United States?
Answer: The lease was annulled and the islands were returned to Nicaragua.
Explanation: The lease agreement for the Corn Islands was annulled, resulting in the return of the islands to Nicaragua.
The Hanko Peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union for 30 years to use as a naval base, starting with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940.
Answer: True
Explanation: Under the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, the Soviet Union leased the Hanko Peninsula from Finland for 30 years to serve as a naval base.
The Khmeimim Air Base in Syria is leased to Russia for 49 years, granting Russia extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Answer: True
Explanation: The lease agreement for the Khmeimim Air Base in Syria grants Russia extraterritorial jurisdiction for a duration of 49 years.
Russia agreed to lease 300,000 hectares of land to China for 50 years, starting in 2015, to provide funds amidst international sanctions.
Answer: True
Explanation: In response to international sanctions, Russia entered into an agreement to lease 300,000 hectares of land to China for 50 years, commencing in 2015.
The Hanko Peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union for 30 years. Under which treaty was this lease established?
Answer: The Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)
Explanation: The lease of the Hanko Peninsula to the Soviet Union was established by the Moscow Peace Treaty, which concluded the Winter War in 1940.
What is a key feature of the Russian lease for Khmeimim Air Base in Syria regarding jurisdiction?
Answer: Russian government holds extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Explanation: The lease agreement for the Khmeimim Air Base in Syria grants the Russian government extraterritorial jurisdiction over the base and its personnel.
The Russian land lease to China, agreed upon since 2015, has caused controversy and anxiety in Russia primarily due to concerns about:
Answer: A large influx of Chinese workers and potential demographic shifts.
Explanation: Concerns regarding a significant influx of Chinese workers and potential demographic shifts in the Transbaikal region have fueled controversy surrounding the Russian land lease to China.
The proposed Zangezur corridor lease mentioned involves a 99-year term under a 2025 peace agreement.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Zangezur corridor is described as a transport corridor in Armenia, proposed to be leased by the United States for 99 years, contingent upon the 2025 Armenia-Azerbaijan peace agreement.
Finland leases the Saimaa Canal from Russia for 50 years under treaties from 1963 and 2010.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Saimaa Canal is leased by Finland from Russia under agreements dating from 1963 and updated in 2010, with a lease term of 50 years.
Under what agreement is the proposed 99-year lease for the Zangezur corridor in Armenia stipulated?
Answer: The 2025 Armenia-Azerbaijan peace agreement
Explanation: The proposed 99-year lease for the Zangezur corridor is stipulated within the framework of the 2025 Armenia-Azerbaijan peace agreement.