Explanation: This statement is false. Traditional American conservatism is characterized by a commitment to individualism, capitalism, and a belief in limited, rather than strong, centralized federal authority.

Explanation: This statement is false. American conservatism historically rejected ideals such as landed nobility and hereditary monarchy, distinguishing itself from European traditions.

Explanation: This statement is false. American conservatives typically view individual liberty as a primary principle within the framework of democracy, not secondary to the collective good.

Explanation: This statement is true. The U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are foundational to American conservatism, emphasizing republicanism and classical liberal ideals.

Explanation: This statement is false. American classical liberalism was more willing to support government intervention, such as tariffs and subsidies, compared to its European counterpart.

Explanation: This statement is false. Many conservatives believe Christianity and Western civilization are inextricably linked, with culture arising from faith.

Explanation: This statement is true. American conservatives often promote American exceptionalism, the idea that the U.S. has a unique duty to lead globally in spreading democracy and free markets.

Explanation: This statement is false. The 'City upon a Hill' metaphor signifies the conservative belief that America has a unique role and purpose, exempt from the historical forces that have impacted other nations.

Explanation: Traditional American conservatism is defined by a commitment to individualism, capitalism, and limited federal governmental power, alongside republicanism and classical liberal ideals.

Explanation: Following the American Revolution, American conservatism historically rejected core European conservative ideals such as landed nobility, hereditary monarchy, and established churches.

Explanation: American conservatives typically view individual liberty, within the bounds of conservative values, as the fundamental trait of democracy, emphasizing a balance between federal and state authority.

Explanation: American classical liberalism was more willing to support government intervention, such as tariffs and subsidies for producers, compared to European classical liberalism, which was more rigidly opposed to intervention.

Explanation: The 'City upon a Hill' metaphor signifies the conservative belief that America is a unique nation with a special role and purpose, intended to serve as an example to the world.

Explanation: Support for labor unions is not listed as a core tenet of traditional American conservatism; individualism, capitalism, and limited government are central principles.

Explanation: Many conservatives believe Christianity and Western civilization are inextricably linked, with culture arising from religious faith and declining when that faith decays.

Explanation: American exceptionalism, as promoted by conservatives, suggests that the United States has a unique duty to lead the world in spreading democracy and free markets, stemming from its unique role and purpose.

Explanation: Socialism is not listed as a value associated with American exceptionalism by conservatives; values such as liberty, individualism, and laissez-faire capitalism are emphasized.

Explanation: This statement is false. Russell Kirk viewed the American Revolution as a conservative reaction rooted in English tradition against royal innovation.

Explanation: This statement is true. Ross Douthat argues that conservatism should defend fundamental human goods and traditional institutions against liberal ideas taken to extremes.

Explanation: This statement is false. Russell Kirk's canons emphasize faith in custom and prescription, and recognition that innovation must be tied to tradition and prudence, not rapid innovation or rejection of tradition.

Explanation: This statement is false. William Howard Taft championed independent judges as arbiters of the Constitution, contrasting with Theodore Roosevelt's idea that popular votes should overturn court decisions.

Explanation: This statement is true. Clinton Rossiter defined conservatism by the rule of the upper class, skepticism of popular government, and opposition to movements challenging their power.

Explanation: Louis Hartz argued that American conservatism was influenced by the Lockean consensus, a philosophical tradition emphasizing individual rights and limited government, which contributed to socialism's failure to establish itself in the U.S.

Explanation: Russell Kirk posited that the American Revolution was primarily a conservative reaction, deeply rooted in the English political tradition, against perceived royal innovation.

Explanation: Clinton Rossiter defined conservatism historically by skepticism of popular government and opposition to movements challenging the power of the upper class.

Explanation: Clinton Rossiter identified figures such as John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and Theodore Roosevelt as 'Giants of American Conservatism'.

Explanation: William Howard Taft championed independent judges as arbiters of the Constitution, contrasting with Theodore Roosevelt's advocacy for popular votes to overturn court decisions.

Explanation: This statement is true. The Christian right significantly supports American conservatism by interpreting Christian values and moral absolutism, influencing social stances.

Explanation: This statement is false. Constitutional conservatism is primarily concerned with interpreting the Constitution based on its original intent and principles, not adapting it to modern social changes.

Explanation: This statement is true. Fiscal conservatism is characterized by an emphasis on low taxes and restrained government spending.

Explanation: This statement is true. Libertarian conservatism often fuses fiscal conservatism with libertarianism, leading to socially liberal positions on issues such as abortion and gay marriage.

Explanation: This statement is false. National conservatism emphasizes national and cultural identity and strict law and order, while neoconservatism prioritizes promoting democracy abroad through assertive foreign policy.

Explanation: This statement is true. Social conservatives, especially Christian conservatives, often perceive traditional moral values as threatened by secularism and moral relativism.

Explanation: This statement is false. Judicial originalism interprets the Constitution based on its meaning at the time of adoption, not contemporary societal values.

Explanation: This statement is false. Neoconservatives advocate for an interventionist foreign policy, contrasting with a focus on domestic cultural issues.

Explanation: This statement is true. Christian conservatives often believe the U.S. was founded as a Christian nation and advocate for restricting abortion and other policies aligned with their moral values.

Explanation: This statement is true. Originalism interprets the Constitution based on its meaning at the time of adoption, and Justice Clarence Thomas is associated with this judicial philosophy.

Explanation: Constitutional conservatism is strongly associated with judicial originalism, the philosophy of interpreting the Constitution based on its meaning at the time of adoption.

Explanation: Libertarian conservatism fuses fiscal conservatism with libertarianism, often characterized by a strict interpretation of the Constitution and sometimes holding socially liberal positions.

Explanation: National conservatism concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity, whereas neoconservatism advocates for a more assertive, interventionist foreign policy aimed at promoting democracy abroad.

Explanation: Paleoconservatism is characterized by an emphasis on immigration restrictions and a non-interventionist foreign policy, distinguishing it from other conservative factions.

Explanation: This statement is true. Conservatives tend to be more strongly opposed to communism and labor unions than liberals and social democrats.

Explanation: This statement is generally false. Conservatives typically oppose strong government intervention in social issues like healthcare and environmental protection, favoring limited government roles.

Explanation: This statement is false. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians advocate for low taxes, restrained government spending, and free markets, not increased spending and higher taxes.

Explanation: This statement is false. Cultural conservatives often support a 'melting pot' model of assimilation, emphasizing integration into a common American culture, rather than a 'salad bowl' approach.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservatives have historically used the term 'Socialist' as a rhetorical weapon against political opponents, often associating it with government overreach and central planning.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservatives often argue that humanities curricula should teach eternal truths and resist being tailored solely to diversity and identity politics.

Explanation: This statement is true. Conservatives typically condemn 'judicial activism,' believing judges should interpret law rather than create policy.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservatives generally oppose affirmative action, arguing for colorblind policies based on individual achievement rather than group identity.

Explanation: This statement is true. Conservative stances on environmentalism often include skepticism regarding anthropogenic climate change and opposition to stringent regulations perceived as harmful to the economy.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservatives generally support strong law and order policies and often oppose movements like Black Lives Matter, viewing police officers critically.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservatives generally oppose the welfare state, believing government dependency hinders self-reliance.

Explanation: This statement is true. Many conservatives advocate for protectionism to safeguard American jobs and businesses from foreign competition.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservatives generally hold an unfavorable view of immigration, with a particular emphasis on opposing illegal immigration.

Explanation: Conservatives tend to favor economic liberalism, are generally pro-business and pro-capitalism, and are more strongly opposed to communism and labor unions than liberals and social democrats.

Explanation: Apart from some right-libertarians, American conservatives tend to favor strong government action in national defense and law enforcement, while opposing government intervention in social issues like healthcare and the environment.

Explanation: Conservatives generally argue against affirmative action, contending that policies should be colorblind and based on individual merit rather than group identity, viewing it as 'reverse discrimination'.

Explanation: Many conservatives express skepticism regarding anthropogenic climate change and oppose stringent environmental regulations, arguing they can harm the economy, while favoring deregulation.

Explanation: Conservatives generally view the welfare state as a system that hinders self-reliance and fosters dependence, advocating for a smaller government role and private charitable assistance.

Explanation: A common conservative argument is that the humanities curriculum should focus on teaching eternal truths and resist being tailored solely to diversity and identity politics.

Explanation: Conservatives generally support strong law and order policies, including long jail terms for repeat offenders and the death penalty, and often oppose criminal justice reform movements.

Explanation: Conservatives generally hold an unfavorable view of immigration, with a particular emphasis on opposing illegal immigration.

Explanation: Some conservatives advocate for protectionism, arguing that free trade benefits other countries at the expense of American workers and supporting government intervention to safeguard American jobs and businesses.

Explanation: The 'salad bowl' approach suggests that various cultures can coexist while retaining their distinct identities, contrasting with the conservative 'melting pot' model, which favors immigrants integrating into a common, English-speaking American culture.

Explanation: Conservatives generally support strong law and order policies, including robust enforcement and penalties. They favor strong government action in national defense and law enforcement, while often opposing extensive government intervention in other social issues.

Explanation: This statement is false. Recent trends show a move towards national conservatism and protectionism, rather than globalist integration.

Explanation: This statement is false. An organized conservative movement with a distinct ideology did not emerge until at least the 1950s.

Explanation: This statement is false. The conservative coalition primarily aimed to influence congressional policy, often by limiting federal power, rather than increasing it.

Explanation: This statement is false. Organizations like the American Legion have historically emphasized anti-Soviet foreign policy and skepticism towards international bodies.

Explanation: This statement is true. The Supreme Court's 1960s decisions on school prayer led to the alienation of many evangelicals, contributing to their shift towards the religious right.

Explanation: This statement is false. The 'Three Leg Stool' coalition comprised fiscal conservatives, war hawks, and social conservatives, not progressive social reformers.

Explanation: This statement is false. Gallup polling data indicates that the percentage of American voters identifying as conservative has remained relatively stable over time, with some fluctuations.

Explanation: This statement is true. The South and the Great Plains are generally considered conservative strongholds in the United States.

Explanation: This statement is false. The resurgence of talk radio in the late 1980s provided conservatives with a powerful and effective platform to spread their message.

Explanation: This statement is false. Conservative confidence in science and academia has generally declined since the 1990s.

Explanation: This statement is false. The 'diploma divide' suggests Democrats increasingly draw support from highly educated voters, while Republicans draw support from voters without college degrees.

Explanation: This statement is false. The 'new fusionism' blends traditional conservative ideology with right-wing populist themes, not progressive social themes.

Explanation: Recent shifts in American conservatism have led to an increased focus on national conservatism, protectionism, and cultural conservatism, moving away from globalist integration.

Explanation: An organized conservative movement with an identifiable ideology did not emerge until at least the 1950s in the United States.

Explanation: The 'conservative coalition' in the U.S. Congress, prominent from 1937, typically involved Southern Democrats and other conservatives who aimed to influence congressional policy.

Explanation: Post-WWII, the American Legion increasingly focused on anti-Soviet foreign policy and expressed skepticism towards international bodies, influencing conservative thought in these areas.

Explanation: The Supreme Court's 1960s decisions banning school prayer led to the alienation of many evangelicals, pushing them towards the religious right and making them strong supporters of Ronald Reagan.

Explanation: The 'Three Leg Stool' coalition during the Reagan era comprised fiscal conservatives, war hawks (national security conservatives), and social conservatives, forming the base of American conservatism.

Explanation: The 'new fusionism' in contemporary American conservatism blends traditional ideology with right-wing populist themes and nationalistic sentiments.

Explanation: The 'diploma divide' refers to increasing political polarization based on educational attainment, with Democrats attracting more highly educated voters and Republicans drawing more support from those without college degrees.

Explanation: Since the 1990s, conservative confidence in higher education has sharply declined, alongside lower confidence in scientific consensus.