Copyright infringement is legally considered theft because it deprives the original owner of their possession of the work.

The term 'piracy' was first used in the context of online file sharing before being applied to the book trade.

Richard Stallman and the GNU Project object to the term 'piracy' for copyright infringement because they believe it inaccurately equates copyright violations with violent acts like attacking ships.

What is 'freebooting' primarily used to describe in modern times?

What is the fundamental definition of copyright infringement?

What is the primary difference between copyright infringement and theft, according to the U.S. Supreme Court in *Dowling v. United States* (1985)?

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce's 2021 IP Index identified Japan and New Zealand as having the lowest scores for copyright protection.

The *MGM v. Grokster* Supreme Court case ruled that P2P file-sharing services could not be held liable for copyright infringement.

For works by individual authors in the United States, copyright currently lasts for the life of the author plus 50 years.

The TRIPs agreement requires signatory countries to empower their courts to issue injunctions and order destruction of infringing products.

The 'LaMacchia Loophole' allowed for criminal prosecution of copyright infringement even without a profit motive.

Title I of the U.S. DMCA prohibits individuals from circumventing technological measures designed to control access to copyrighted works.

The *Abby House Media Inc. v. Apple Inc.* ruling made it illegal to direct users to DRM-stripping software.

Copyright protection extends to the underlying idea of a work, not just its fixed expression.

Which of the following is NOT an exclusive right granted to a copyright holder that can be infringed upon?

What was the ruling in the *Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd* case regarding web caches?

What is a key requirement for a work to qualify for copyright protection?

What is the current copyright term for works produced under corporate authorship in the United States?

How do courts typically determine if computer software infringes copyright?

What did the *MGM v. Grokster* ruling signal to designers of software that could be used for copyright infringement?

The primary focus of copyright holders has shifted from pursuing individual online infringers to targeting service providers and software distributors who facilitate infringement.

In countries with copyright legislation, copyright enforcement is solely the responsibility of the state, not the copyright holder.

A 'copyright troll' is a third party that aims to take copyright infringement cases to trial to secure large judgments.

In some EU member states, downloading copyright-protected content for personal, noncommercial use is permitted, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection is bypassed.

The public distribution of copyright-protected content, such as by uploading or sharing, is generally illegal in most countries.

Germany has passed a bill limiting fines for individuals sharing movies and series to €800-900 for non-commercial infringement.

Internet intermediaries, such as ISPs and web search engines, are granted limited immunity from copyright infringement liability under U.S. and European law if they are unaware of infringement and act promptly to remove content.

Peer-to-peer file-sharing intermediaries are typically granted safe harbor provisions because they do not directly host infringing content.

How are copyright infringement disputes typically resolved, according to the source?

What was the maximum fine per instance of willful copyright infringement in the United States?

Which of the following is NOT considered an 'Internet intermediary' in the context of copyright infringement liability, according to the expanded definition?

What do 'fair use' and 'fair dealing' doctrines in copyright law primarily provide?

What does compulsory licensing in copyright law entail?

The US Army's $50 million settlement with Apptricity in 2013 was due to the Army completely lacking any license for the software.

Cara Cusumano suggested in 2014 that the main motivation for online piracy is an unwillingness to pay for content.

A 2014 University of Portsmouth study found that Finnish movie pirates were less likely to reduce piracy if they felt they were harming the industry, compared to music downloaders.

Bill Gates viewed software piracy in China in 1998 as a short-term problem that needed immediate legal action.

The 'Media Piracy in Emerging Economies' study concluded that high prices for media goods and low incomes are chief factors contributing to media piracy in emerging markets.

Which of the following is NOT listed as a common motivation for individuals to engage in copyright infringement?

The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) concluded in 2010 that estimating the economic impact of intellectual property infringements is straightforward due to readily available data.

A 2017 study found significant increases in movie box office revenues in markets that implemented anti-piracy measures.

According to the 2007 BSA and IDC study, Armenia had one of the highest software piracy rates globally.

The Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported in 2007 that music piracy cost the U.S. economy $12.5 billion and resulted in significant job losses.

A 2007 study in the *Journal of Political Economy* found a strong negative correlation between music downloads and legal music sales.

The European Commission Joint Research Centre's 2013 report suggested that illegal music downloads had a positive effect on legal music purchases.

The RIAA's claim for $75 trillion in damages against LimeWire was deemed reasonable by the presiding judge.

A Jupiter Research study in 2000 found that Napster users were less likely to increase their music purchasing habits than non-users.

Professor Aram Sinnreich argues that the decline in music sales was primarily caused by the rise of peer-to-peer file sharing.

According to the BSA and IDC's 2007 study, which country had one of the lowest software piracy rates?

What was the estimated global commercial value of pirated software in 2011, according to the BSA?

What did the European Commission Joint Research Centre's 2013 report suggest about the effect of illegal music downloads on legal music purchases?

Which organization criticized the European Commission's 2013 study on music piracy as flawed and misleading?

What was the primary reason for beIN Media Group's reported 'billions of dollars' in losses in 2019?

According to Professor Aram Sinnreich, what caused the 'perfect bubble' in the music industry to burst at the end of the 20th century?

What was a key finding of the 2010 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) report regarding the economic impact of intellectual property infringements?

Matt Deaner explained that film distributors restrict immediate online access to films primarily to encourage cinema attendance and maximize theatrical returns.

The BSA's 2011 piracy study recommended that governments should lead by example by using only licensed software.

Open licensing strategies, like Creative Commons, increase copyright infringement by making content freely available.

Pre-COVID-19, film distribution typically involved immediate digital transmission of films to cinemas to prevent piracy.

Which of the following is a legal preventive measure to deter copyright infringement mentioned in the source?

What is one of the four strategies recommended by the BSA in 2011 for governments to reduce software piracy rates?

What was the average theatrical window for film distribution pre-COVID-19?

Which of the following is a pro-free-culture organization mentioned in the source?

Which of the following is an anti-copyright-infringement organization?