Explanation: The term 'cordon sanitaire' signifies a deliberate policy of non-cooperation, typically motivated by the perceived unacceptable or extremist strategies or ideologies of the targeted party.

Explanation: 'Brandmauer,' meaning 'firewall,' is the German term used to describe the strategy of refusing cooperation with the Alternative for Germany (AfD).

Explanation: The 'See also' section provides a broader context by listing related political concepts such as 'Grand coalition,' 'Uniparty,' 'Defensive democracy,' and 'Social exclusion.'

Explanation: In politics, a 'cordon sanitaire' refers to the refusal of one or more political parties to cooperate with certain other political parties, typically due to the latter's perceived unacceptable or extremist strategies or ideology.

Explanation: The term 'cordon sanitaire' originated in the discourse of Belgian parliamentary politics, first appearing in the late 1980s through the writings of commentators.

Explanation: 'Brandmauer,' meaning 'firewall,' is the German term used to describe the strategy of refusing cooperation with the Alternative for Germany (AfD).

Explanation: The 'See also' section lists various related political concepts, including 'Trasformismo,' 'Defensive democracy,' and 'Grand coalition.'

Explanation: The 'See also' section includes 'Defensive democracy' as a concept related to cordon sanitaire, alongside others like 'Trasformismo' and 'Uniparty.'

Explanation: Commentators in Belgium were the first to introduce the term 'cordon sanitaire' into political discourse during the late 1980s.

Explanation: Following Jörg Haider's assumption of leadership in 1986, other Austrian political parties collectively refused cooperation with the FPÖ until the year 2000.

Explanation: The period of non-cooperation against the FPÖ ended in 2000 with the establishment of the first Schüssel government, which governed until 2005. A subsequent coalition involving the FPÖ occurred between 2017 and 2019.

Explanation: The justification for the cordon sanitaire against the Vlaams Blok party stemmed from its widespread perception as a racist group, prompting other Belgian parties to commit to its exclusion from coalition governments.

Explanation: This specific form of media cordon involves excluding politicians from live interviews and debates, rather than barring them from parliamentary sessions.

Explanation: The Identity and Democracy group was formally subjected to a cordon sanitaire, meaning a refusal of cooperation, by every other political group within the Ninth European Parliament.

Explanation: The European People's Party's alliance with specific groups to support a resolution on Venezuela's presidential election marked a departure from the established cordon sanitaire in the Tenth European Parliament.

Explanation: Despite achieving 11.3% of the first-round vote in 2002, the Front National won no seats due to the electoral system and non-cooperation policies, as few of their candidates qualified for the second round.

Explanation: The 'detoxification' efforts by Marine Le Pen and broader shifts in the political landscape since 2017 are considered significant contributors to the weakening of the cordon sanitaire against the National Rally.

Explanation: The Anti-Socialist Laws enacted in Germany during the late 19th century led to the banning of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Explanation: This collaboration, concerning a motion on undocumented foreigners, triggered widespread demonstrations and marked a significant break from the post-1945 policy of non-cooperation with the AfD.

Explanation: Both the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Social Movement (MSI) were systematically excluded from coalition governments led by the Christian Democrats throughout the Cold War period.

Explanation: The PVV's accusation during the 2010 cabinet formation highlighted its perception of being deliberately excluded or isolated by other parties.

Explanation: The end of the cordon sanitaire against the PVV occurred after the 2023 election, signaled by the VVD's willingness to provide external support to a PVV government.

Explanation: From the 1970s onwards, the Progress Party experienced a sustained policy of non-cooperation from other parties in Norway, preventing its inclusion in state-level governing coalitions.

Explanation: The year 2013 marked the end of the cordon sanitaire for Norway's Progress Party, as the Conservative Party entered into a coalition agreement with them.

Explanation: Montenegro's use of 'Não é não' (meaning 'No means no') explicitly signaled his unwillingness to engage in negotiations with the Chega party.

Explanation: This policy of non-cooperation signifies a deliberate effort by other parties to isolate the Sweden Democrats and prevent collaboration.

Explanation: This signaled a shift in approach, with the Christian Democratic leader, Ebba Busch, publicly stating her party's readiness to negotiate, paralleling similar moves by the Moderate Party leader.

Explanation: This ostracism signifies a broad consensus among major political parties to avoid cooperation or association with the BNP.

Explanation: Cameron's directive explicitly excluded BNP candidates, reinforcing the mainstream political cordon sanitaire against the party.

Explanation: The denial by Labour and Liberal Democrat council leaders addressed claims that the cordon sanitaire had been compromised following the council falling under no overall control.

Explanation: The Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) was the target of a cordon sanitaire from 1986 until 2000, following Jörg Haider's leadership.

Explanation: The cordon sanitaire against the FPÖ concluded in 2000 with the formation of the first Schüssel government, which governed until 2005. A subsequent coalition involving the FPÖ occurred between 2017 and 2019.

Explanation: The far-right Vlaams Blok party was the principal target of the cordon sanitaire due to its widespread perception as a racist organization.

Explanation: This policy involves prohibiting far-right politicians from participating in live media engagements, such as interviews and debates.

Explanation: The Identity and Democracy group faced a declared cordon sanitaire from all other political factions within the Ninth European Parliament.

Explanation: The 'detoxification' efforts by Marine Le Pen and broader shifts in the political landscape since 2017 are considered significant contributors to the weakening of the cordon sanitaire against the National Rally.

Explanation: The Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Social Movement (MSI) were systematically excluded from coalition governments led by the Christian Democrats throughout the Cold War.

Explanation: The cordon sanitaire against the PVV concluded after the 2023 Dutch general election, following the VVD's offer of external support for a potential PVV government.

Explanation: The right-wing Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) encountered sustained refusal from other parliamentary parties to join governing coalitions from the 1970s onwards.

Explanation: Luís Montenegro popularized the expression 'Não é não,' which translates to 'No means no,' to clearly state his unwillingness to engage in negotiations with the Chega party.

Explanation: The British National Party (BNP) is subject to ostracism by the mainstream political establishment in the United Kingdom.

Explanation: The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was prohibited under the Anti-Socialist Laws enacted in the late 19th century.

Explanation: The European People's Party (EPP) allied with the ECR, Patriots for Europe, and Europe of Sovereign Nations to support a resolution concerning Venezuela's President-elect, thereby breaking the cordon sanitaire.

Explanation: Following the end of the initial cordon sanitaire in 2000, a second coalition government that included the FPÖ was formed and lasted from 2017 to 2019.

Explanation: The persistent anti-Communist sentiment within the Czech political landscape has led to the effective exclusion of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia from coalition formations.

Explanation: The exclusion of the Communist Party compelled other parties, including the Czech Pirate Party and Civic Democrats, to form alliances with ANO 2011 in regions like Ústí nad Labem, Zlín, and Moravia-Silesia.

Explanation: The exclusion of these parties from Estonian coalitions was frequently linked to their stances on historical interpretations of the Soviet occupation and their approach to contemporary Russian governance.

Explanation: The Centre Party of Estonia experienced a renewal of the cordon sanitaire in 2007, directly linked to Edgar Savisaar's attitudes concerning the 'Bronze Night' events.

Explanation: The exclusion of parties like the Latvian Russian Union and the Social Democratic Party 'Harmony' from national ruling coalitions reflects a pattern of political isolation in Latvia.

Explanation: The period from 2002 to 2006 saw the Liberal Democratic Party in Lithuania subjected to a cordon sanitaire.

Explanation: The SDS's exclusion from coalition talks after the 2018 election was a decision made by a coalition of liberal, centre-left, and left-wing parties.

Explanation: The SDS's exclusion was based on multiple factors, including its rhetoric, policy stances, and financial conduct allegations.

Explanation: The designation of the PKK as a terrorist organization by multiple nations forms the basis for the accusations leading to the cordon sanitaire against parties like the HDP.

Explanation: The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia has faced significant exclusion from coalition governments owing to pervasive anti-Communist sentiment among other political parties.

Explanation: Deputies would typically leave the Chamber of Deputies when members of Miroslav Sládek's party were scheduled to speak, indicating a form of protest or exclusion.

Explanation: Divergent views on the Soviet occupation and attitudes towards Vladimir Putin's government were key factors in the cordon sanitaire applied to the Constitution Party and Centre Party.

Explanation: Parties such as the Latvian Russian Union and the Social Democratic Party 'Harmony' have faced exclusion from national ruling coalitions in Latvia.

Explanation: The exclusion of the SDS was attributed to its xenophobic and divisive rhetoric, opposition to illegal migrations, discreditation of political opponents, and allegations of illegal financing.

Explanation: The primary reason for the cordon sanitaire against parties like the HDP is the accusation of cooperation with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), designated as a terrorist organization by multiple nations.

Explanation: The Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) was excluded from coalition negotiations by a coalition of liberal, centre-left, and left-wing parties following the 2018 parliamentary election.

Explanation: While xenophobic rhetoric, opposition to illegal migrations, and allegations of illegal financing were cited reasons for the SDS's exclusion, support for EU expansion was not mentioned as a reason.

Explanation: Pro-Kurdish parties in Turkey, such as the HDP, are subjected to a cordon sanitaire based on allegations of cooperation with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

Explanation: Although an agreement was reached for the Bloc Québécois to support a Liberal-NDP coalition, the government was never formed as the Conservative minority government maintained confidence.

Explanation: The principal factor contributing to the political exclusion of the Joint List in Israel is its stance of non-support for Zionism.

Explanation: Shamir's action of leaving the Knesset floor during Kahane's speeches served as a clear signal of political ostracism towards the Kahanist party.

Explanation: The Bloc Québécois's platform advocating for Quebecois independence has been a significant factor in the reluctance of other parties to form coalition governments with left-of-centre parties in Canada.

Explanation: The principal factor cited for the political exclusion of the Joint List and its constituent parties in Israel is their non-support for Zionism.

Explanation: An agreement was reached for the Bloc Québécois to support a Liberal-NDP coalition, but this government was never formed as the Conservative minority government maintained confidence.

Explanation: The emergence of a 'republican arch' strategy indicates a broadening of the cordon sanitaire to include parties on both the political left and right, moving beyond its initial focus on the far-right.

Explanation: The research indicated that attempts to re-establish the cordon sanitaire did not alter voter perceptions, whereas its discontinuation correlated with increased legitimacy for the Sweden Democrats.

Explanation: The study indicated that the cessation of the cordon sanitaire led voters to perceive the Sweden Democrats as more legitimate and less threatening, whereas attempts to reinstate it had no discernible effect on voter perceptions.

Explanation: The 'republican arch' concept refers to a strategy targeting both the far-right National Rally and the left-wing Unbowed France, reflecting a shift in the application of cordon sanitaire principles.