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The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a violent overthrow of the French government, resulting in numerous casualties.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is explicitly described as a 'bloodless political upheaval,' indicating it did not involve violence or numerous casualties.
The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is also commonly referred to as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' reflecting the legislative bodies' increased power.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is indeed known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' a name that signifies the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power over the executive Directory.
The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII took place on 18 July 1799, according to the Gregorian calendar.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to the Gregorian calendar, the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII occurred on 18 June 1799, not 18 July 1799.
Following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, Napoleon Bonaparte immediately rose to become the dominant figure within the French government.
Answer: False
Explanation: Immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès emerged as the dominant figure, not Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's rise to supreme power occurred later with the Coup of 18 Brumaire.
Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy, initiated the demand for the resignation of Directors Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy, was indeed the one who initiated the demand for the resignation of Directors Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.
Only the Council of Five Hundred supported Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Boulay de la Meurthe's demands were supported by both the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, as well as by Directors Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès.
General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert used military force to pressure the resisting directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai into resigning.
Answer: True
Explanation: General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert organized troop movements in Paris, a show of military force, to pressure the resisting directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai into tendering their resignations.
The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a formal violation of the French Constitution of 1795.
Answer: False
Explanation: Although considered a coup d'état due to political pressure and military involvement, nothing in the sequence of events formally violated the letter of the French Constitution of 1795.
By what other name was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII known?
Answer: The Revenge of the Councils
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was also known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' reflecting the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power.
When did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII occur according to the Gregorian calendar?
Answer: 18 June 1799
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII took place on 18 June 1799, according to the Gregorian calendar.
Who emerged as the dominant figure within the French government immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII?
Answer: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
Explanation: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès emerged as the dominant figure within the French government immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII.
What political event did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII prefigure?
Answer: The Coup of 18 Brumaire
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII prefigured the Coup of 18 Brumaire, which ultimately brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power.
Which deputy initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of Directors Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux and Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai?
Answer: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe
Explanation: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy, initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of Directors Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux and Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai.
Who, besides the legislative councils, supported Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals?
Answer: Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
Explanation: Directors Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, in addition to the legislative councils, supported Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals.
What role did General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert play when directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai resisted calls for resignation?
Answer: He organized troop movements of soldiers in Paris to pressure them.
Explanation: General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert organized troop movements in Paris to exert military pressure on the resisting directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.
Despite the political pressure and military involvement, why was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII not considered a formal violation of the French Constitution of 1795?
Answer: Nothing in the sequence of events formally violated the letter of the constitution.
Explanation: Despite the significant political pressure and military involvement, the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was not considered a formal violation because nothing in the sequence of events formally violated the letter of the French Constitution of 1795.
How did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII differ from the Coup of 18 Brumaire?
Answer: 30 Prairial shifted power within the Directory, while 18 Brumaire overthrew it and brought Napoleon to power.
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a bloodless shift of power within the Directory, whereas the Coup of 18 Brumaire completely overthrew the Directory and brought Napoleon Bonaparte to supreme power.
The March–April 1799 elections led to a neo-Jacobin majority in both legislative councils, including the Council of Five Hundred.
Answer: True
Explanation: The March–April 1799 elections indeed resulted in a neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority in both legislative councils, particularly evident in the Council of Five Hundred.
The Council of Five Hundred was primarily dissatisfied with the directors' financial policies, not their military conduct.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Council of Five Hundred's dissatisfaction stemmed primarily from the directors' conduct of the War of the Second Coalition and the recall of General Championnet, rather than their financial policies.
The legislative councils declared the election of Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard illegal, leading to his replacement.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred jointly voted to declare Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard's election illegal, which directly led to his replacement.
Louis Gohier, an erstwhile royalist, replaced Jean-Baptiste Treilhard as a Director.
Answer: False
Explanation: Louis Gohier, who replaced Jean-Baptiste Treilhard, was an erstwhile Jacobin deputy, not a royalist.
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, an anti-Jacobin Director, opposed the councils' desire to remove more of his colleagues.
Answer: False
Explanation: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, despite being an anti-Jacobin, largely shared the councils' sentiments regarding the removal of his colleagues and was willing to collaborate with Jacobin generals to achieve this.
The French Directory was comprised of three legislative branches: the Council of Five Hundred, the Council of Ancients, and the National Convention.
Answer: False
Explanation: The French Directory was comprised of two legislative branches: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. The National Convention was a preceding government body.
Jean Étienne Championnet was a French general whose recall by the directors was a specific grievance for the Council of Five Hundred.
Answer: True
Explanation: General Jean Étienne Championnet's recall by the directors was indeed a specific grievance for the Council of Five Hundred, highlighting their dissatisfaction with the Directory's military leadership.
Louis Gohier had served as a minister during the French Convention before becoming a Director.
Answer: True
Explanation: Louis Gohier had indeed served as a minister during the French Convention prior to his appointment as a Director.
Paul Barras, a veteran Director, opposed the removal of Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.
Answer: False
Explanation: Paul Barras, a veteran Director, supported the demands for the removal of Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.
The Constitution of the Year III established the Directory as the governing body of France.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Constitution of the Year III, enacted in 1795, indeed established the Directory as the governing body of France.
What was the political outcome of the March–April 1799 elections regarding the legislative councils?
Answer: A new neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority was created in both legislative councils.
Explanation: The March–April 1799 elections resulted in a new neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority being established in both legislative councils.
Why was the Council of Five Hundred dissatisfied with the directors' actions?
Answer: Their conduct of the War of the Second Coalition and the recall of General Championnet.
Explanation: The Council of Five Hundred was dissatisfied with the directors' conduct of the War of the Second Coalition, specifically citing the recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet as a grievance.
What specific action did the legislative councils take regarding Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard?
Answer: They declared his election illegal.
Explanation: The legislative councils jointly voted to declare the election of Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard illegal.
How did Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès view the councils' desire for further removals of directors?
Answer: He largely shared their sentiments and was willing to work with Jacobin generals.
Explanation: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès largely shared the councils' desire for further removals of directors and was willing to collaborate with Jacobin generals to achieve this.
Which two legislative bodies comprised the French Directory?
Answer: The Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients
Explanation: The French Directory was comprised of two legislative bodies: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients.
What was the primary reason for the Council of Five Hundred's discontent with the Directory's actions?
Answer: The Directory's conduct of the War of the Second Coalition.
Explanation: The primary reason for the Council of Five Hundred's discontent was the Directory's conduct of the War of the Second Coalition, particularly the recall of General Championnet.
Before becoming a Director, Louis Gohier had served as a minister during which French government?
Answer: The French Convention
Explanation: Louis Gohier had served as a minister during the French Convention before his appointment as a Director.
What was the purpose of the Law of 22 Floréal Year VI in 1798?
Answer: To annul the results of elections that favored neo-Jacobin candidates.
Explanation: The Law of 22 Floréal Year VI in 1798 was enacted by the Directory to annul the results of elections that had favored neo-Jacobin candidates.
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès played a crucial role in both the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII and the later Coup of 18 Brumaire.
Answer: True
Explanation: Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès was indeed a pivotal figure in both the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, where he became dominant, and the subsequent Coup of 18 Brumaire, which brought Napoleon to power.
The French Republican Calendar was adopted after the Coup of 18 Brumaire to mark Napoleon's new era.
Answer: False
Explanation: The French Republican Calendar was adopted during the French Revolution, in use from 1793 to 1805, well before the Coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799.
'The Mountain' faction was primarily associated with moderate royalist policies during the French Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'The Mountain' faction was primarily associated with the more radical Jacobins, not moderate royalist policies, during the French Revolution.
The French Convention was the first government of the French Revolution, established immediately after the monarchy's overthrow.
Answer: False
Explanation: The French Convention was the third government of the French Revolution, following the Legislative Assembly, not the first.
The Coup of 18 Brumaire occurred before the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII in 1799.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII occurred on 18 June 1799, while the Coup of 18 Brumaire occurred later, on 9 November 1799.
The 'Sans-culottes' were primarily wealthy aristocrats who supported the French Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Sans-culottes' were the common people of the lower classes, many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution, directly contrasting with wealthy aristocrats.
The Phrygian cap was a symbol of royal authority during the French Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Phrygian cap, also known as the liberty cap, was a symbol of freedom and revolution during the French Revolution, not royal authority.
Which calendar was used to date the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, symbolizing a break from old traditions?
Answer: The French Republican Calendar
Explanation: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is dated according to the French Republican Calendar, which was created to symbolize a break from old monarchical and religious traditions.
What was 'The Mountain' faction primarily associated with during the French Revolution?
Answer: Radical Jacobins
Explanation: 'The Mountain' faction was primarily associated with the more radical Jacobins during the French Revolution.
What was the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' primarily known for?
Answer: Proclaiming the universal rights of all citizens.
Explanation: The 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' is primarily known for proclaiming the universal rights of all citizens, establishing principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
What was the 'Metric system' introduced during the French Revolution intended to achieve?
Answer: To rationalize and standardize various aspects of French society, including measurements.
Explanation: The Metric system was introduced during the French Revolution as part of a broader effort to rationalize and standardize various aspects of French society, including units of measurement.
What was the primary difference between the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being?
Answer: The Cult of Reason was more atheistic, while the Cult of the Supreme Being acknowledged a deistic god.
Explanation: The primary difference is that the Cult of Reason was more atheistic, whereas the Cult of the Supreme Being, promoted by Robespierre, acknowledged a deistic god.
What did the 'Ancien Régime' refer to in France?
Answer: The monarchical, aristocratic, social, and political system before the late 18th century.
Explanation: The 'Ancien Régime' referred to the monarchical, aristocratic, social, and political system established in the Kingdom of France from about the 15th century until the late 18th century.
What was the symbolic importance of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789?
Answer: It symbolized the beginning of the revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy's oppressive rule.
Explanation: The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy's oppressive rule.
Which event marked a shift towards a more conservative phase of the French Revolution after the Reign of Terror?
Answer: The Thermidorian Reaction
Explanation: The Thermidorian Reaction, which followed the Reign of Terror, marked a shift towards a more conservative phase of the French Revolution.
What was the 'French Consulate' that emerged after the Directory?
Answer: A government headed by three Consuls, with Napoleon as First Consul, effectively giving him dictatorial powers.
Explanation: The French Consulate was the government established after the Directory, headed by three Consuls, with Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul, granting him effective dictatorial powers.
What was the 'Phrygian cap' a symbol of during the French Revolution?
Answer: Freedom and revolution
Explanation: The Phrygian cap, also known as the liberty cap, was a prominent symbol of freedom and revolution during the French Revolution.
The War of the Second Coalition was a minor European conflict that had little impact on French domestic politics.
Answer: False
Explanation: The War of the Second Coalition was a major European conflict, and the Directory's conduct of this war was a significant source of discontent, directly contributing to French political instability.
The Siege of Acre and the Battle of Zurich were among the military campaigns ongoing in 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Siege of Acre and the First and Second Battles of Zurich are explicitly listed as military campaigns ongoing in 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition.
Britain, Prussia, and Russia were among the foreign powers that formed coalitions against Revolutionary France.
Answer: True
Explanation: Britain, Prussia, and Russia are explicitly listed among the foreign powers that formed coalitions against Revolutionary France during the Revolutionary Wars.
The Treaty of Campo Formio ended the War of the Second Coalition.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Campo Formio ended the War of the First Coalition in 1797. The War of the Second Coalition was ended by the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801.
The Quasi-War was an undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Quasi-War is accurately described as an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800.
The Treaty of Amiens brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Austria.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Amiens brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Great Britain in 1802. The Treaty of Lunéville ended hostilities between France and Austria in 1801.
Which of the following was NOT a foreign power listed as part of the 'Opposition' against France during the Revolutionary Wars?
Answer: Sweden
Explanation: The listed foreign powers in opposition to France included Austria, Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, and Spain. Sweden is not listed.
Who was a key Austrian military leader opposing France during the Revolutionary Wars?
Answer: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Explanation: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, is listed as a key Austrian military leader opposing France during the Revolutionary Wars.
Which of the following treaties ended the War of the First Coalition?
Answer: Treaty of Campo Formio
Explanation: The Treaty of Campo Formio, signed in 1797, effectively ended the War of the First Coalition.
Which treaty brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Great Britain in 1802?
Answer: Treaty of Amiens
Explanation: The Treaty of Amiens, signed in 1802, brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Great Britain.
The Chouannerie and the War in the Vendée were both royalist insurrections against the republican government in western France.
Answer: True
Explanation: Both the Chouannerie and the War in the Vendée are described as royalist, counter-revolutionary uprisings in western France against the republican government.
The Peasants' War of 1798 was an uprising in the Southern Netherlands primarily against French conscription and anti-clerical policies.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Peasants' War of 1798 in the Southern Netherlands was indeed primarily a reaction to French anti-clerical policies and conscription.
The Irish Rebellion of 1798 aimed to establish what?
Answer: An independent Irish republic.
Explanation: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 aimed to establish an independent Irish republic, with support from the French.
What was the primary cause of the Peasants' War of 1798 in the Southern Netherlands?
Answer: French anti-clerical policies and conscription.
Explanation: The primary cause of the Peasants' War of 1798 in the Southern Netherlands was a reaction to French anti-clerical policies and conscription.