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Cowgate Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: The Cowgate: History and Significance

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The Cowgate: History and Significance Study Guide

Geographical Context and Etymology

Evaluate the geographical positioning of the Cowgate relative to Edinburgh Castle, considering its approximate distance and directional orientation.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate is located approximately 550 yards (half a mile) southeast of Edinburgh Castle.

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Determine the meaning of the Scots word 'gate' as it appears in the street name 'Cowgate'.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Scots word 'gate' in 'Cowgate' signifies 'way' or 'road'.

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Identify the historical practice that accounts for the etymological origin of the street name 'Cowgate'.

Answer: True

Explanation: The name 'Cowgate' originates from the medieval practice of herding cattle through the street on market days.

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Estimate the approximate length of the Cowgate street in kilometers.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate street measures approximately 0.64 kilometers (0.4 miles) in length.

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Identify the native Scots name for Cowgate.

Answer: False

Explanation: The native Scots name for Cowgate is 'The Cougait', not 'Cow Road'.

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Identify the street that marks the western terminus of the Cowgate.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate meets Holyrood Road at its eastern end. Its western end meets the Grassmarket at Cowgatehead.

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Interpret the directional perspective implied by the image caption 'The Cowgate, viewed from George IV Bridge'.

Answer: False

Explanation: Viewing the Cowgate from George IV Bridge typically provides a view looking south or southeast down into the Cowgate valley, not directly north.

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Identify the data source used for generating the map of Cowgate.

Answer: True

Explanation: The map of Cowgate was generated using Wikimedia's Kartographer tool, which utilizes OpenStreetMap data.

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Explain how the name 'Cowgate' reflects its historical function.

Answer: True

Explanation: The name 'Cowgate' directly reflects its historical role as a route used for driving cattle through the street on market days.

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Describe the spatial relationship between the Cowgate and the Royal Mile.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate lies below the Royal Mile, forming the lower level of Edinburgh's Old Town, rather than running parallel and above it.

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Identify the geographical connection between the Cowgate and the Grassmarket.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate connects geographically to the Grassmarket at its western end (Cowgatehead), not its eastern end.

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Describe the vertical relationship between the Cowgate and the Royal Mile.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Cowgate lies directly below the Royal Mile, forming the lower level of Edinburgh's Old Town.

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What is the primary geographical characteristic of the Cowgate in relation to Edinburgh's Old Town?

Answer: It constitutes the lower level of the Old Town, situated below streets like South Bridge.

Explanation: The Cowgate constitutes the lower level of Edinburgh's Old Town, situated below elevated streets such as South Bridge and George IV Bridge.

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What historical practice is directly responsible for the street being named 'Cowgate'?

Answer: Cattle were herded down the street on market days.

Explanation: The street was named 'Cowgate' due to the medieval practice of herding cattle down the street on market days.

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Identify the Latin phrase, meaning 'Street of the Cows', used to refer to the Cowgate in 1498.

Answer: Via Vaccarum

Explanation: In 1498, the Cowgate was referred to by the Latin phrase 'Via Vaccarum', which translates to 'Street of the Cows'.

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What is the approximate length of the Cowgate street, measured in kilometers?

Answer: Approximately 0.64 km

Explanation: The Cowgate street measures approximately 0.64 kilometers (0.4 miles) in length.

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Identify the street that marks the western boundary of the Cowgate.

Answer: Cowgatehead / Grassmarket

Explanation: The Cowgate meets the Grassmarket at Cowgatehead, which marks its western boundary.

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What is the meaning of the Scots word 'gate' as used in the name 'Cowgate'?

Answer: Way or road

Explanation: In the context of 'Cowgate', the Scots word 'gate' signifies 'way' or 'road'.

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Early History and Medieval Development

Analyze the initial development pattern of the Cowgate, specifically regarding its location relative to the north and south sides of the city.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate was initially developed primarily on the south side of the city due to the presence of a burn on the north side.

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Determine the establishment date of the Cowgate Port, a component of the city wall.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate Port, a gatehouse forming part of the city wall, was established in 1516.

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What do archaeological findings near St Patrick's Church suggest about the 14th-century extent of the Cowgate?

Answer: False

Explanation: Archaeological excavations near St Patrick's Church uncovered a 14th-century boundary ditch that might represent the full western extent of the Cowgate during that period, suggesting it may have extended further west than previously understood.

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What development occurred around 1490 concerning the Cowgate's physical structure?

Answer: False

Explanation: The burn on the north side of the Cowgate was filled in around 1490, allowing for further development on that side of the street.

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According to the source, what factor influenced the initial development of the Cowgate primarily on the south side?

Answer: Due to the presence of a burn on the north side.

Explanation: The initial development was concentrated on the south side due to the presence of a burn (stream) on the north side, which was later filled in.

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The Cowgate Port, established in 1516, was a component of which structure?

Answer: The city wall.

Explanation: The Cowgate Port, established in 1516, was a gatehouse that formed part of the city wall.

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Historical Significance and Social Transformation

Characterize the primary inhabitants of the Cowgate during the 16th century based on historical descriptions.

Answer: False

Explanation: In the 16th century, the Cowgate was described in the atlas 'Civitates orbis terrarum' (1581) as a street of handsome palaces housing noble families and councillors, not primarily merchants and artisans.

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Identify the significant event involving Mary, Queen of Scots, that occurred in a Cowgate house in 1566.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 1566, Mary, Queen of Scots, resided in a Cowgate house where the Court of the Exchequer convened.

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Describe the socio-economic character of the Cowgate during the period spanning the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries.

Answer: False

Explanation: Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, the Cowgate was characterized as a poor and often overcrowded slum area, notably becoming home to a significant Irish immigrant community.

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Identify the origin of the Hibernian F.C. football club in relation to Cowgate.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Hibernian F.C. football club was founded in August 1875 by congregants of St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, located in the Cowgate.

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Identify the recorded residence of Janet Boyman, who was executed for witchcraft in 1572.

Answer: False

Explanation: Court documents from 1572 indicate that Janet Boyman, executed for witchcraft, lived in the Cowgate, not the Grassmarket.

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Confirm the birthplace of Irish revolutionary James Connolly and the nature of his commemoration in Cowgate.

Answer: True

Explanation: James Connolly, an Irish revolutionary leader, was born at number 107 Cowgate and is commemorated by a plaque located under George IV Bridge.

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What information do the Exchequer Rolls provide regarding Mary, Queen of Scots' residence in Cowgate?

Answer: True

Explanation: The Exchequer Rolls reference specific supplies, such as wine, bread, and meat, provided to Mary, Queen of Scots, and her nobles during her 1566 stay in a Cowgate house.

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What does the James Connolly plaque under George IV Bridge commemorate regarding his origins?

Answer: False

Explanation: The James Connolly plaque under George IV Bridge commemorates his birth in Cowgate, Edinburgh, not Dublin.

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Assess the historical nickname 'Little Ireland' in relation to the Cowgate's medieval period.

Answer: False

Explanation: The nickname 'Little Ireland' was acquired by the Cowgate during the 19th century due to its significant Irish immigrant population, not during the medieval period.

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How is the Cowgate characterized in the 1581 atlas 'Civitates orbis terrarum'?

Answer: A street of handsome palaces housing noble families and councillors.

Explanation: The 1581 atlas described the Cowgate as a street featuring handsome palaces inhabited by noble families and city councillors.

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What nickname was applied to the Cowgate in the 19th century, reflecting its population demographics?

Answer: Little Ireland

Explanation: In the 19th century, the Cowgate acquired the nickname 'Little Ireland' due to the significant population of Irish immigrants residing there.

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Identify the football club whose origins are traced back to St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church on Cowgate.

Answer: Hibernian F.C.

Explanation: Hibernian F.C. traces its origins back to St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church on Cowgate, where it was founded in 1875.

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Identify James Connolly and the memorial dedicated to him in the Cowgate area.

Answer: An Irish revolutionary leader; a plaque under George IV Bridge.

Explanation: James Connolly was a prominent Irish revolutionary leader born in Cowgate. A plaque dedicated to him is located under George IV Bridge.

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What specific historical event involving Mary, Queen of Scots, occurred in a Cowgate house in 1566?

Answer: A meeting of the Court of the Exchequer.

Explanation: In 1566, Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed in a Cowgate house where the Court of the Exchequer convened.

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Architectural Heritage and Landmarks

Identify the oldest building located in Cowgate and its construction period.

Answer: False

Explanation: The oldest building in Cowgate is the Magdalen Chapel, constructed in the 16th century. St Cecilia's Hall was built in the 18th century.

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Ascertain the original purpose and dedication of the Magdalen Chapel upon its construction.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Magdalen Chapel was originally built in the 16th century as an almshouse chapel and operated as a hospital almshouse dedicated to Mary Magdalen.

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Describe the current collection housed within St Cecilia's Hall.

Answer: False

Explanation: St Cecilia's Hall currently houses a collection of early keyboard instruments owned by the University of Edinburgh, alongside a small Georgian concert space.

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Determine the location of St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church within the Cowgate street.

Answer: False

Explanation: St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church is situated at the east end of Cowgate.

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Clarify the direct public access points for the National Library of Scotland and Edinburgh Central Library in relation to Cowgate.

Answer: False

Explanation: While the lower floors of the National Library of Scotland and Edinburgh Central Library are situated on Cowgate, public access is primarily from George IV Bridge, which runs above Cowgate.

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Identify the owner of the collection housed within St Cecilia's Hall.

Answer: False

Explanation: The collection of early keyboard instruments at St Cecilia's Hall is owned by the University of Edinburgh, not the City of Edinburgh Council.

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Determine the initial intended congregation or purpose of the Magdalen Chapel's construction.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Magdalen Chapel was initially constructed as an almshouse chapel and hospital, not as a place of worship for the general public.

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Characterize the architectural style of the former Cowgatehead Free Church.

Answer: False

Explanation: The former Cowgatehead Free Church, built in 1861, is noted for its Gothic architectural style, not a modern one.

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Identify the building situated at the west end of Cowgate that is considered the oldest in the area.

Answer: The Magdalen Chapel

Explanation: The Magdalen Chapel, located at the west end of Cowgate, is considered the oldest building in the area.

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Ascertain the original function of the Magdalen Chapel upon its construction in the 16th century.

Answer: An almshouse chapel and hospital.

Explanation: The Magdalen Chapel was originally built in the 16th century to serve as an almshouse chapel and hospital.

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What is St Cecilia's Hall, built in 1763, primarily known for housing today?

Answer: A collection of early keyboard instruments.

Explanation: St Cecilia's Hall, built in 1763, is known today for housing a significant collection of early keyboard instruments owned by the University of Edinburgh.

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Identify which of the following is NOT mentioned as being located on or directly accessible from Cowgate.

Answer: The Scottish Parliament Building

Explanation: While the lower floors of the National Library of Scotland and Edinburgh Central Library are situated on Cowgate, St Cecilia's Hall, and Magdalen Chapel are associated with Cowgate, the Scottish Parliament Building is located elsewhere in the city.

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Identify the building, located off Cowgate, that was incorporated into the Virgin Hotel development.

Answer: The former Cowgatehead Free Church

Explanation: The former Cowgatehead Free Church, located off Cowgate, was incorporated into the Virgin Hotel development.

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The 2002 Fire and its Impact

Determine the origin point of the major fire in 2002 and its geographical impact on adjacent areas like the Royal Mile.

Answer: False

Explanation: The major fire in 2002 originated above the Belle Angele nightclub off the Cowgate and spread upwards and into adjacent buildings on Cowgate and South Bridge, not directly affecting the Royal Mile from the north side.

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Assess the human toll of the 2002 Cowgate fire, specifically concerning resident fatalities.

Answer: False

Explanation: Fortunately, the 2002 Cowgate fire did not result in any fatalities among residents, although approximately 150 people were evacuated.

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Evaluate the extent of data loss for the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics due to the 2002 fire.

Answer: False

Explanation: While the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics suffered damage, its current research data was largely preserved due to offsite backups; the primary loss was its archival library.

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Determine the impact of the 2002 Cowgate fire on venues associated with the Edinburgh Fringe festival, specifically the Underbelly.

Answer: True

Explanation: The 2002 Cowgate fire destroyed the Gilded Balloon venue and offices associated with both the Gilded Balloon and the Underbelly venues, which are key components of the Edinburgh Fringe festival.

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Interpret the implication of the image caption 'South Bridge closed after the Cowgate fire in 2002'.

Answer: False

Explanation: The caption indicates South Bridge was closed as a consequence of the 2002 Cowgate fire, suggesting an indirect impact or necessary closure due to proximity and emergency response, rather than direct structural damage to South Bridge itself.

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Identify a significant challenge encountered by firefighters during the 2002 Cowgate fire.

Answer: The complex building structure, narrow alleys, and multi-level access.

Explanation: Firefighters faced significant challenges due to the complex building structure, narrow alleys, and multi-level access points within the Cowgate area.

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Which prominent venue, integral to the Edinburgh Fringe festival, was destroyed in the 2002 Cowgate fire?

Answer: The Gilded Balloon

Explanation: The 2002 Cowgate fire destroyed the Gilded Balloon, a significant venue for the Edinburgh Fringe festival. Offices for the Underbelly were also lost.

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Identify a major loss sustained by the University of Edinburgh as a consequence of the 2002 fire.

Answer: Its comprehensive archival library dedicated to artificial intelligence.

Explanation: A significant loss for the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics due to the 2002 fire was its comprehensive archival library dedicated to artificial intelligence.

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Modern Era: Redevelopment, Heritage, and Contemporary Events

Describe the nature of the redevelopment following the 2002 Cowgate fire.

Answer: False

Explanation: The site of the 2002 Cowgate fire was redeveloped into a mixed-use complex including a supermarket, hotel, shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues, not a public park and library.

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Determine the current status of the former Cowgatehead Free Church.

Answer: True

Explanation: The former Cowgatehead Free Church, built in 1861, has been incorporated into the modern Virgin Hotel development.

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Determine the primary postal code serving the Cowgate area.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cowgate area is primarily served by the EH1 postal code, not EH2.

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What specific concern did protesters voice in 2016 regarding a hotel development on Cowgate, particularly in relation to the Edinburgh Central Library?

Answer: True

Explanation: Protesters in 2016 expressed concern that a proposed luxury hotel development might block natural light to the Edinburgh Central Library.

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What instruction was given in 2018 concerning the materials used for the Virgin Hotel's facade facing Cowgate?

Answer: False

Explanation: In 2018, developers were instructed to use light-colored materials for the Virgin Hotel's facade facing Cowgate, intended to reflect light into the Edinburgh Central Library.

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Clarify the purpose of the 'SoCo' proposal in relation to the Cowgate fire site.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 'SoCo' proposal was a plan for the redevelopment of the Cowgate fire gap site, focusing on creating new commercial and residential spaces, rather than solely historic building preservation.

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Identify the primary reason for Cowgate's inclusion in Edinburgh's World Heritage Site designation.

Answer: False

Explanation: Cowgate's inclusion in Edinburgh's World Heritage Site designation is due to its significance as part of the city's preserved historic core, not its modern architectural significance.

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What was the outcome of the planning permission process for the Virgin Hotel on Cowgate in 2016, considering the protests?

Answer: False

Explanation: Despite protests, planning permission for the Virgin Hotel on Cowgate was granted in 2016, although subsequent discussions led to modifications regarding facade materials.

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What was the initial suspected link to the severed head discovery in Cowgate in November 2024?

Answer: True

Explanation: The discovery of a severed head in Cowgate in November 2024 was initially believed to be connected to a man who had been hit by a bus.

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Confirm whether the Cowgate is designated as part of Edinburgh's World Heritage Site.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Cowgate is recognized as part of Edinburgh's World Heritage Site, underscoring its historical and architectural value.

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What discovery was made in Cowgate on November 2, 2024, prompting a significant police response?

Answer: A severed head.

Explanation: On November 2, 2024, a severed head was discovered in Cowgate, leading to a police response and area closure.

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What types of facilities primarily comprise the redevelopment of the Cowgate fire site, completed in late 2013?

Answer: A supermarket, hotel, shops, and entertainment venues.

Explanation: The redevelopment completed in late 2013 includes a supermarket, hotel, shops, restaurants, a nightclub, and a venal.

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What specific instruction was issued in 2018 regarding the facade of the Virgin Hotel facing Cowgate?

Answer: Developers were asked to use light-colored materials to reflect light.

Explanation: In 2018, developers were instructed to use light-colored materials for the Virgin Hotel's facade facing Cowgate, intended to reflect light into the Edinburgh Central Library.

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What primary value does the Cowgate's inclusion in Edinburgh's World Heritage Site designation emphasize?

Answer: Part of the city's preserved historic core.

Explanation: The Cowgate's inclusion in Edinburgh's World Heritage Site designation emphasizes its value as an integral part of the city's preserved historic core.

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Beyond a nightclub, what specific commercial entity was included in the redevelopment of the Cowgate fire site?

Answer: A supermarket

Explanation: The redevelopment of the Cowgate fire site included a nightclub and a supermarket, among other facilities.

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