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Crispus Attucks' occupations prior to the Boston Massacre were limited exclusively to that of a sailor.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historical accounts indicate Crispus Attucks worked not only as a sailor but also as a whaler and stevedore.
Crispus Attucks' heritage was exclusively of African descent.
Answer: False
Explanation: Most historical accounts indicate that Crispus Attucks possessed both African and Native American heritage, often described in contemporary records as a 'Mulattoe man'.
A Pennsylvania Gazette account described Crispus Attucks as originating from New Providence and intending to travel to North Carolina.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Pennsylvania Gazette noted that Crispus Attucks was described as a 'Mulattoe man' from New Providence, who was in Boston en route to North Carolina.
Crispus Attucks was known to use the alias 'Michael Johnson'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records suggest that Crispus Attucks may have used the alias Michael Johnson.
The Narragansett word 'Attuck' means 'deer', potentially linking to Crispus Attucks' heritage.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Narragansett word 'Attuck,' meaning 'deer,' is considered a potential linguistic link to Crispus Attucks' Native American ancestry.
According to traditional recognition, who was Crispus Attucks?
Answer: The first person killed in the Boston Massacre and the first American casualty of the Revolution.
Explanation: Crispus Attucks is traditionally recognized as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, making him the first American casualty of the conflict that led to the Revolutionary War. He is also known for his occupations as a whaler, sailor, and stevedore.
Which of the following occupations did Crispus Attucks hold before his death?
Answer: Whaler, sailor, and stevedore
Explanation: Crispus Attucks worked as a whaler, sailor, and stevedore prior to his death in the Boston Massacre.
What ethnic heritage is attributed to Crispus Attucks, according to most historical accounts?
Answer: Mixed African and Native American descent
Explanation: Most historical accounts attribute mixed African and Native American descent to Crispus Attucks, often described in contemporary records as a 'Mulattoe man'.
What alias did Crispus Attucks reportedly use, possibly to evade detection?
Answer: Michael Johnson
Explanation: Crispus Attucks reportedly used the alias Michael Johnson, which may have been employed to avoid identification, particularly if he was an escaped slave.
What does the Narragansett word 'Attuck' mean, and why is it relevant to Crispus Attucks?
Answer: It means 'deer'; relevant as a potential linguistic link to his Native American heritage.
Explanation: The Narragansett word 'Attuck,' meaning 'deer,' is considered a potential linguistic link to Crispus Attucks' Native American ancestry.
Christopher Seider died after Crispus Attucks during the Boston Massacre.
Answer: False
Explanation: Christopher Seider, an 11-year-old boy, was killed weeks before the Boston Massacre, challenging the narrative of Attucks being the sole or first casualty.
British troops were stationed in Boston in 1770 primarily to enforce the Townshend Acts and maintain order.
Answer: True
Explanation: British troops were stationed in Boston starting in 1768 to enforce parliamentary legislation, including the Townshend Acts, and to quell colonial unrest.
The confrontation leading to the Boston Massacre originated from a dispute involving a wigmaker's apprentice and a British soldier.
Answer: True
Explanation: The incident escalated when a wigmaker's apprentice accused a British officer of not paying a bill, leading to a confrontation that involved townspeople and soldiers.
Five colonists were killed and six were wounded in the Boston Massacre.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Boston Massacre resulted in the deaths of five colonists and injuries to six others.
Who was Christopher Seider, and why is his death significant in relation to Crispus Attucks?
Answer: He was an 11-year-old boy shot weeks before Attucks, challenging the narrative of Attucks being the first casualty.
Explanation: Christopher Seider was an 11-year-old boy shot and killed weeks before the Boston Massacre, an event that heightened tensions and challenged the narrative of Attucks being the singular first casualty.
Why were British troops stationed in Boston starting in 1768?
Answer: To maintain order amidst growing colonial opposition to British policies.
Explanation: British troops were stationed in Boston beginning in 1768 to enforce parliamentary policies and maintain order amidst escalating colonial opposition and public disturbances.
What immediate event triggered the confrontation leading to the Boston Massacre?
Answer: A dispute between a wigmaker's apprentice and a British officer over a bill.
Explanation: The confrontation began with a dispute between a wigmaker's apprentice and a British officer over an unpaid bill, which escalated into a larger altercation involving townspeople and soldiers.
How many colonists were killed and wounded in the Boston Massacre?
Answer: Five killed, six wounded
Explanation: The Boston Massacre resulted in five colonists killed and six wounded.
Crispus Attucks is traditionally recognized as the first individual killed during the Boston Massacre.
Answer: True
Explanation: The historical consensus identifies Crispus Attucks as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, making him the first American casualty of the conflict leading to the Revolutionary War.
Crispus Attucks died in Boston in 1770.
Answer: True
Explanation: Crispus Attucks died on March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts, during the event known as the Boston Massacre.
Witness accounts consistently identified Crispus Attucks as the individual who struck the first blow against a soldier.
Answer: False
Explanation: While some witness accounts suggest Crispus Attucks struck a soldier with a piece of wood, others place him merely leaning on a stick, indicating variability in the testimonies regarding his precise actions.
Crispus Attucks died from multiple gunshot wounds to the chest.
Answer: True
Explanation: Autopsies revealed that Crispus Attucks died from two ricocheted bullets that struck him in the chest, causing severe damage to his lung and liver.
The autopsy revealed Crispus Attucks died from multiple gunshot wounds to the chest.
Answer: True
Explanation: The autopsy indicated that Crispus Attucks sustained two bullet wounds to the chest, one of which severely damaged his lung and liver.
On what date and in which city did Crispus Attucks die?
Answer: March 5, 1770, in Boston
Explanation: Crispus Attucks died on March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts.
According to some witness accounts, what was Crispus Attucks' specific action during the Boston Massacre?
Answer: He was seen striking a soldier with a piece of wood.
Explanation: Some witness accounts suggest Crispus Attucks was actively involved, striking a soldier with a piece of wood, while others describe him as merely leaning on a stick when the firing began.
What was the cause of Crispus Attucks' death, according to the autopsy?
Answer: Two ricocheted bullets to the chest.
Explanation: The autopsy revealed that Crispus Attucks sustained two bullet wounds to the chest, one of which severely damaged his lung and liver.
What specific injuries did Crispus Attucks sustain, as revealed by the autopsy?
Answer: Two bullets to the chest, one severely damaging his lung and liver.
Explanation: The autopsy revealed that Crispus Attucks sustained two bullet wounds to the chest, one of which severely damaged his lung and liver.
What does the quote attributed to Crispus Attucks' sister, 'if they had not killed Cris, Cris would have killed them,' suggest?
Answer: That Crispus was actively confronting the soldiers and posed a threat.
Explanation: This quote suggests that Crispus Attucks was actively confronting the soldiers and posed a threat, implying his actions were aggressive rather than passive.
John Adams refused to defend the British soldiers accused of murder.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to this statement, John Adams undertook the defense of the British soldiers accused of murder following the Boston Massacre.
John Adams described the crowd at the Boston Massacre as composed entirely of well-respected citizens.
Answer: False
Explanation: During his defense, John Adams characterized the crowd as a 'motley rabble of saucy boys, negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish Jack Tarrs,' not well-respected citizens.
John Adams argued during the trial that Crispus Attucks was a passive bystander.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Adams argued that Crispus Attucks was the primary instigator of the violence, describing his actions as 'mad behavior' and positioning him as the 'hero of the night'.
The 'benefit of clergy' allowed convicted soldiers to avoid branding.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'benefit of clergy' did not allow soldiers to avoid branding; rather, it was a legal provision that substituted branding on the thumb for the death penalty for certain offenses.
Who was the lawyer that defended the British soldiers accused of murder after the Boston Massacre?
Answer: John Adams
Explanation: John Adams, a future U.S. President, served as the defense counsel for the British soldiers accused of murder following the Boston Massacre.
What was the verdict for most of the British soldiers tried for the Boston Massacre?
Answer: Acquitted of murder, but found guilty of manslaughter.
Explanation: Most of the British soldiers tried for the Boston Massacre were acquitted of murder, though two were convicted of manslaughter and received branding on their thumbs.
How did John Adams characterize Crispus Attucks during his defense of the soldiers?
Answer: As the primary instigator of the violence.
Explanation: John Adams characterized Crispus Attucks as the primary instigator of the violence, describing his actions as 'mad behavior' and positioning him as the 'hero of the night'.
During the soldiers' trial, John Adams argued that Crispus Attucks' actions were:
Answer: Heroic and leadership-driven.
Explanation: During the trial, John Adams argued that Crispus Attucks' actions were those of the primary instigator, describing him as having 'undertaken to be the hero of the night'.
What was the 'benefit of clergy' in the context of the Boston Massacre trials?
Answer: A way to avoid the death penalty by being branded on the thumb.
Explanation: The 'benefit of clergy' was a legal provision that allowed certain convicted individuals, typically literate ones, to avoid the death penalty by receiving branding on the thumb instead.
Paul Revere's engraving of the Boston Massacre clearly depicted all victims with distinct skin tones.
Answer: False
Explanation: While some copies of Paul Revere's engraving showed a dark-skinned man (Attucks), other versions did not clearly differentiate skin tones, indicating variability in its depiction.
Crispus Attucks Day was established in the 19th century to commemorate his role.
Answer: True
Explanation: Crispus Attucks Day was established in 1858 by Boston-area abolitionists, predating the 20th century.
A monument honoring Crispus Attucks and the massacre victims was erected in Boston in 1888.
Answer: True
Explanation: The monument on Boston Common honoring Crispus Attucks and the other victims of the massacre was erected in 1888.
The Massachusetts Historical Society initially opposed the Crispus Attucks memorial.
Answer: True
Explanation: Leaders of the Massachusetts Historical Society initially opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial, though their stance evolved over time.
The United States Treasury honored Crispus Attucks by featuring him on a postage stamp.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1998, the U.S. Treasury released a commemorative coin, the 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar,' featuring Crispus Attucks, rather than a postage stamp.
Molefi Kete Asante listed Crispus Attucks among the 100 Greatest African Americans in 2002.
Answer: True
Explanation: Molefi Kete Asante included Crispus Attucks in his 2002 compilation, '100 Greatest African Americans,' recognizing his historical significance.
The Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Virginia, is named in honor of Crispus Attucks.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Virginia, is one of several institutions named in recognition of Crispus Attucks' legacy.
The Wellcome Library in London claims its notebook is bound in Crispus Attucks' skin.
Answer: True
Explanation: While the Wellcome Library possesses a notebook with such a claim, the library itself believes the binding material is likely leather, not human skin.
Stevie Wonder's song 'Black Man' refers to Crispus Attucks as the last person to die for American ideals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Stevie Wonder's song 'Black Man' refers to Crispus Attucks as the 'First man to die for the flag we now hold high,' not the last person.
Martin Luther King Jr. mentioned Crispus Attucks in his book 'Why We Can't Wait'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Martin Luther King Jr. referenced Crispus Attucks in his 1964 book, 'Why We Can't Wait,' as an example of moral courage.
Crispus Attucks was mentioned as an inspirational figure in the sitcom 'The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Crispus Attucks was mentioned in the television sitcom 'The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air' as an important historical figure.
In the series 'Luke Cage,' a housing development is named the Crispus Attucks Complex.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Netflix series 'Luke Cage' features a housing development named the Crispus Attucks Complex and includes a narrative explanation of his role in the Boston Massacre.
The inscription on the Boston Common monument lists the names of the five men killed.
Answer: True
Explanation: The monument on Boston Common includes the names of the five victims of the Boston Massacre: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr.
Crispus Attucks became an icon for the anti-slavery movement in the mid-19th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: Crispus Attucks gained prominence as an icon for the anti-slavery movement during the mid-19th century, particularly in the lead-up to the Civil War.
Melvin Tolson's poem 'Dark Symphony' positions Crispus Attucks as a precursor to Patrick Henry's famous declaration.
Answer: True
Explanation: Melvin Tolson's poem 'Dark Symphony' suggests that Crispus Attucks demonstrated how to die for liberty before Patrick Henry articulated his famous call for 'liberty or death'.
John Henry Bufford's 1856 lithograph emphasized Crispus Attucks' role compared to earlier depictions.
Answer: True
Explanation: John Henry Bufford's 1856 lithograph highlighted Crispus Attucks, aligning with the abolitionist movement's growing focus on his significance.
The 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots' coin aimed to honor Crispus Attucks and raise funds for a memorial.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1998 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar' coin featured Crispus Attucks and was intended to honor Black patriots and fund a memorial.
The poem by John Boyle O'Reilly portrays Crispus Attucks as a hesitant participant in the Boston Massacre.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Boyle O'Reilly's poem, written for the unveiling of the Attucks monument, depicts Crispus Attucks as a courageous leader, 'The first to defy, and the first to die,' not a hesitant participant.
What role did Paul Revere's engraving play in the historical memory of the Boston Massacre?
Answer: It visually portrayed the event, sometimes showing a dark-skinned man (Attucks), helping to shape the narrative.
Explanation: Paul Revere's widely distributed engraving visually depicted the Boston Massacre, contributing to its historical memory and sometimes reinforcing the image of Crispus Attucks as a victim.
When and by whom was 'Crispus Attucks Day' established?
Answer: 1858 by Boston-area abolitionists
Explanation: 'Crispus Attucks Day' was established in 1858 by Boston-area abolitionists, including William Cooper Nell.
What significant honor did the United States Treasury bestow upon Crispus Attucks in 1998?
Answer: Released a 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar' coin featuring his image.
Explanation: In 1998, the U.S. Treasury released the 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar' coin, featuring Crispus Attucks, to honor Black patriots and fund a memorial.
In what context was Crispus Attucks listed among the '100 Greatest African Americans'?
Answer: A compilation by Afrocentrist scholar Molefi Kete Asante.
Explanation: Crispus Attucks was listed among the '100 Greatest African Americans' in a 2002 compilation by Afrocentrist scholar Molefi Kete Asante.
Which of the following is an institution named in honor of Crispus Attucks?
Answer: The Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis
Explanation: Institutions such as Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis and the Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Virginia, are named in honor of Crispus Attucks.
How does Stevie Wonder's song 'Black Man' reference Crispus Attucks?
Answer: Describing him as the first man to die for the American flag.
Explanation: Stevie Wonder's song 'Black Man' references Crispus Attucks as the 'First man to die for the flag we now hold high,' linking him to the foundational ideals of America.
In which of Martin Luther King Jr.'s books is Crispus Attucks mentioned as an example of moral courage?
Answer: Why We Can't Wait
Explanation: Martin Luther King Jr. mentioned Crispus Attucks in his 1964 book, 'Why We Can't Wait,' citing him as an example of moral courage.
Crispus Attucks was mentioned as an inspirational figure in which popular television sitcom?
Answer: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Explanation: Crispus Attucks was mentioned in the television sitcom 'The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air' as an important historical figure.
What connection does the Netflix series 'Luke Cage' make to Crispus Attucks?
Answer: A housing development is named the Crispus Attucks Complex, and Attucks' role is explained.
Explanation: The Netflix series 'Luke Cage' honors Crispus Attucks by naming a housing development the 'Crispus Attucks Complex' and explaining his role in the Boston Massacre.
What does the inscription on the Boston Common monument to the massacre victims include?
Answer: A depiction of the event and the names of the five men killed.
Explanation: The monument on Boston Common includes a bas-relief of the massacre and the names of the five men killed: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr.
How did Paul Revere's and Henry Pelham's depictions of the Boston Massacre differ regarding Crispus Attucks?
Answer: Revere's engraving sometimes depicted a dark-skinned Attucks, while other copies showed no clear difference in skin tones.
Explanation: While some copies of Revere's engraving depicted a dark-skinned Attucks, other versions lacked clear differentiation in skin tones, creating variability in the visual representation of his ethnicity.
What was the significance of the 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots' coin?
Answer: It honored Crispus Attucks and other Black patriots and funded a memorial.
Explanation: The 'Black Revolutionary War Patriots' coin, released in 1998, honored Crispus Attucks and other Black patriots, with proceeds supporting a memorial.
What does the poem 'Dark Symphony' by Melvin Tolson suggest about Crispus Attucks' historical importance?
Answer: He preceded Patrick Henry in demonstrating how to die for liberty.
Explanation: Melvin Tolson's poem 'Dark Symphony' posits Crispus Attucks as a figure who demonstrated how to die for liberty prior to Patrick Henry's famous declaration.
How did John Henry Bufford's 1856 lithograph of the Boston Massacre differ from earlier depictions?
Answer: It emphasized Crispus Attucks, aligning with the abolitionist movement's focus.
Explanation: John Henry Bufford's 1856 lithograph emphasized Crispus Attucks, aligning with the abolitionist movement's growing focus on his significance.
How did the historical society's view of Crispus Attucks evolve over time?
Answer: They initially opposed his memorial but later acknowledged his significance.
Explanation: Initially, some historical societies opposed memorials to Crispus Attucks, but their perspective evolved to acknowledge his historical significance.
Historical records definitively establish Crispus Attucks' status as a free man at the time of the Boston Massacre.
Answer: False
Explanation: The status of Crispus Attucks as either a free man or an escaped slave at the time of the massacre remains a subject of historical debate, with some evidence suggesting he may have been an escaped slave.
The term 'Mulattoe' used for Crispus Attucks definitively established his precise ethnic makeup.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'Mulattoe' during Attucks' era was often used imprecisely to describe skin tone rather than a definitive ethnic composition, contributing to ambiguity regarding his precise heritage.
What historical debate exists regarding Crispus Attucks' personal status before the massacre?
Answer: Whether he was a free man or an escaped slave.
Explanation: A significant historical debate concerns whether Crispus Attucks was a free man or an escaped slave, with evidence such as a runaway slave advertisement from 1750 contributing to the discussion.
What does the historical debate surrounding the term 'Mulattoe' as applied to Crispus Attucks highlight?
Answer: The ambiguity of racial terminology in his era and the complexity of his ethnic identity.
Explanation: The debate surrounding the term 'Mulattoe' highlights the ambiguity of racial terminology in Attucks' era and the complexity of his ethnic identity.