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Following the 1990 free elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Alija Izetbegović of the SDA was elected Chairman of the Presidency, and Momčilo Krajišnik of the SDS became speaker of Parliament.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that after the November 1990 elections, Alija Izetbegović was elected Chairman of the Presidency and Momčilo Krajišnik was elected speaker of Parliament.
According to the ICTY, Franjo Tuđman's ultimate goal in Bosnia was to establish a 'Greater Croatia' based on the 1939 borders of the Croatian Banovina.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material indicates that the ICTY determined Franjo Tuđman's ultimate goal was the creation of a 'Greater Croatia,' based on the 1939 borders of the Croatian Banovina.
The Karađorđevo meeting on March 25, 1991, between Franjo Tuđman and Slobodan Milošević, focused on establishing a weak confederation for Yugoslavia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the meeting between Tuđman and Milošević in Karađorđevo was reportedly held to discuss the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, not a weak confederation.
Alija Izetbegović's declaration of Bosnia and Herzegovina's neutrality during the Croatian War of Independence led the Sarajevo government to actively prepare defensive measures against a probable Serb attack.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that Izetbegović's declaration of neutrality meant the Sarajevo government did not implement defensive measures and even agreed to disarm its Territorial Defense forces.
The Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, established in November 1991, was immediately recognized by the Bosnian government as a legitimate legal basis for local self-administration.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the Bosnian government declared the establishment of Herzeg-Bosnia unlawful on November 23, 1991.
The Bosnian independence referendum in February-March 1992 saw strong support from all ethnic groups, including Bosnian Serbs, for a sovereign and independent Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source clarifies that while Muslims and Bosnian Croats strongly favored independence, Bosnian Serbs largely boycotted the referendum.
UN Resolution 752, issued in May 1992, primarily focused on condemning the actions of Bosniak forces and demanding their withdrawal from certain areas.
Answer: False
Explanation: UN Resolution 752 acknowledged the presence of both JNA (Yugoslav) and HV (Croatian) soldiers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and demanded their withdrawal.
The Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation, signed by Izetbegović and Tuđman in July 1992, aimed to coordinate military efforts against Serb aggression and allowed for the transportation of weapons to the ARBiH through Croatia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that this agreement was intended to facilitate cooperation against Serb forces and permitted the transport of weapons to the ARBiH via Croatia, despite a UN arms embargo.
The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina upheld the proclamation of Herzeg-Bosnia as constitutional in September 1992.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source explicitly states that on September 14, 1992, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the proclamation of Herzeg-Bosnia unconstitutional.
According to the ICTY, what was Franjo Tuđman's ultimate objective in Bosnia?
Answer: To create a 'Greater Croatia' based on the 1939 Croatian Banovina borders
Explanation: The source states that the ICTY determined Franjo Tuđman's ultimate goal was to create a 'Greater Croatia,' based on the borders of the Croatian Banovina of 1939.
What was the primary topic of discussion at the Karađorđevo meeting between Franjo Tuđman and Slobodan Milošević on March 25, 1991?
Answer: The partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Explanation: The meeting between Tuđman and Milošević in Karađorđevo was reportedly held to discuss the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
What was Alija Izetbegović's initial stance on the Croatian War of Independence, and what was its consequence for Bosnia's defense?
Answer: He declared neutrality, leading to a lack of defensive measures and disarmament of TO forces
Explanation: Izetbegović declared Bosnia's neutrality, which resulted in the Sarajevo government not implementing defensive measures and agreeing to disarm the Territorial Defense (TO) forces at the JNA's request.
When was the autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (HZ-HB) established?
Answer: November 18, 1991
Explanation: The autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (HZ-HB) was established on November 18, 1991.
What was the outcome of the Bosnian independence referendum held in February-March 1992?
Answer: It was strongly favored by Muslims and Bosnian Croats, leading to a declaration of independence despite a Serb boycott
Explanation: The referendum was strongly supported by Muslims and Bosnian Croats but largely boycotted by Bosnian Serbs. The majority of voters supported independence, which was subsequently declared.
What was the significance of UN Resolution 752, issued on May 15, 1992?
Answer: It recognized the presence of JNA and HV soldiers in Bosnia and demanded their withdrawal
Explanation: UN Resolution 752 acknowledged the presence of both Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Croatian Army (HV) soldiers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and demanded their withdrawal.
What was a key provision of the Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation signed by Alija Izetbegović and Franjo Tuđman in July 1992?
Answer: It allowed for the transportation of weapons to the ARBiH through Croatia despite the UN arms embargo
Explanation: A key aspect of the agreement was that it allowed for the transportation of weapons to the ARBiH through Croatia, circumventing the UN arms embargo.
What was the ruling of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding the proclamation of Herzeg-Bosnia in September 1992?
Answer: It declared Herzeg-Bosnia unconstitutional
Explanation: On September 14, 1992, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the proclamation of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia to be unconstitutional.
The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH), formed in April 1992, was initially composed predominantly of Muslims but also included a significant portion of Croats and Serbs.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material confirms that when the ARBiH was formed, slightly over two-thirds of its troops were Muslims, while almost one-third consisted of Croats and Serbs.
The Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) consistently supported the partition of Bosnia along ethnic lines, aligning with the HVO's objectives.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the HOS, unlike the HVO, supported Bosnia's territorial integrity 'much more consistently and sincerely' and fought for a unified Bosnia.
The killing of HOS Commander Blaž Kraljević in August 1992 was widely seen as an accident, with no evidence suggesting it was orchestrated by HVO forces or Zagreb.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that Kraljević and his staff were killed by HVO soldiers, with some sources suggesting the ambush was arranged by Zagreb through the HVO.
Foreign Mujahideen, primarily from North Africa and the Middle East, arrived in central Bosnia in late 1992, initially providing humanitarian aid before joining the ARBiH in battles against the HVO.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material describes the arrival of foreign Mujahideen in the second half of 1992, noting they initially provided humanitarian aid before later joining the ARBiH in combat, including against the HVO.
The HVO, formed on April 8, 1992, was found by the ICTY to have received significant financial and logistical support from Croatia, including equipment and HV officers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that the ICTY found Croatia exercised overall control over the HVO and provided significant financial and logistical support, including equipment and Croatian Army (HV) officers.
A CIA estimate from July 1993 placed the ARBiH strength at 40,000 to 50,000 men, while the HVO was estimated at 100,000 to 120,000 men.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the opposite; the CIA's July 1993 estimate placed the ARBiH strength at 100,000-120,000 men and the HVO at 40,000-50,000 men.
What was the initial military alliance at the outset of the Bosnian War?
Answer: ARBiH and HVO against JNA and VRS
Explanation: At the beginning of the Bosnian War, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) formed an alliance to fight against the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS).
What was the initial ethnic composition of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) when it was formed on April 15, 1992?
Answer: Slightly over two-thirds Muslim, with almost one-third Croats and Serbs
Explanation: The source states that initially, the ARBiH was composed of slightly over two-thirds Muslims and almost one-third Croats and Serbs.
What reason did Mate Boban give for the formation of the HVO?
Answer: Because the Bosnian government took no action after Croat villages were destroyed by the JNA
Explanation: Mate Boban stated that the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) was formed because the Bosnian government failed to act after Croat villages, such as Ravno, were destroyed by the JNA.
Which paramilitary group, unlike the HVO, supported Bosnia's territorial integrity and fought for a unified state, including both Croats and Muslims in its ranks?
Answer: The Croatian Defence Forces (HOS)
Explanation: The Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) was a Croatian-Muslim militia that, unlike the HVO, supported Bosnia's territorial integrity and fought for a unified Bosnia.
Who was Blaž Kraljević, and what was the significance of his death in August 1992?
Answer: An HOS Commander who advocated for Bosnian territorial integrity and was killed by HVO soldiers
Explanation: Blaž Kraljević was the commander of the HOS, a group that advocated for a unified Bosnia. He and his staff were killed by HVO soldiers, an event that significantly weakened the HOS.
What was the primary role of foreign Mujahideen who arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992?
Answer: To assist their 'Muslim brothers' against the Serbs, initially with humanitarian aid, then joining ARBiH battles against the HVO
Explanation: Foreign Mujahideen arrived to assist their 'Muslim brothers,' initially providing humanitarian aid but later joining the ARBiH in combat, including in battles against the HVO.
According to the CIA's July 1993 estimate, what was the approximate strength of the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) forces?
Answer: 40,000-50,000 men
Explanation: A July 1993 estimate by the CIA placed the strength of the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) forces at 40,000 to 50,000 men.
Which of the following countries was NOT listed as having volunteers fighting for the Croat forces, specifically in the Croatian 103rd (International) Infantry Brigade or HOS?
Answer: Russia
Explanation: The source lists numerous Western countries as sources of volunteers for Croat forces, including the US, Germany, and Australia, but does not mention Russia.
The Croat–Bosniak War, a conflict within the broader Bosnian War, commenced in October 1992 and concluded with the Washington Agreement in March 1994.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material defines the Croat-Bosniak War as an armed conflict that took place from October 18, 1992, to March 18, 1994, concluding with the Washington Agreement.
At the beginning of the Bosnian War, the ARBiH and HVO were allied against the JNA and VRS, but their alliance completely dissolved by the end of 1992.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the alliance between the ARBiH and HVO did break down, the source indicates it largely dissolved in early 1993, not by the end of 1992.
Despite widespread conflict, the Croat–Bosniak alliance was maintained in regions such as Bihać, Sarajevo, and Tešanj, primarily because both sides were heavily outmatched by Serb forces.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the alliance between Croats and Bosniaks persisted in certain regions, including Bihać, Sarajevo, and Tešanj, where they remained allied against numerically superior Serb forces.
The first armed incidents between Croats and Muslims in late 1992 primarily stemmed from disputes over political power in central Bosnian municipalities and the distribution of arms from captured JNA barracks.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material identifies initial disagreements as emerging from disputes over the distribution of arms and ammunition from captured JNA facilities and struggles for political power in central Bosnian municipalities.
The influx of Muslim refugees from northern Bosnia into central Bosnia in late 1992 significantly altered demographics, reducing Croats to a minority in some towns like Bugojno and Travnik.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the influx of Muslim refugees from VRS successes in the north dramatically altered demographics in central Bosnian towns, reducing the Croat population to a small minority in some areas.
The armed clash in Novi Travnik on October 18, 1992, which began over a shared gas station, is considered the first local confrontation between Croat and Muslim forces.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies the armed clash in Novi Travnik on October 18, 1992, as the first of several local confrontations between Croat and Muslim forces.
The Ahmići massacre on April 16, 1993, involved the deliberate killing of at least 103 Muslim civilians and the destruction of the main mosque, which the ICTY determined was a preplanned attack.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms the details of the Ahmići massacre, including the number of victims and the ICTY's determination that it was a preplanned, deliberate massacre of civilians.
The truck bomb detonation in Stari Vitez on April 18, 1993, was definitively linked by the ICTY to the direct orders of the HVO leadership.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the ICTY characterized the truck bombing as 'pure terrorism' carried out by elements within the HVO, it did not link the attack directly to the HVO leadership.
The conflict in northern Herzegovina began in May 1993 with an ARBiH attack on an HVO-held village outside Konjic.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the conflict in northern Herzegovina began in April 1993, not May, with an ARBiH attack on an HVO-held village outside Konjic.
The Battle of Bugojno in July 1993 resulted in an HVO victory, securing the ammunition factory and preventing the flight of Croat civilians.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the battle was an ARBiH victory, resulting in their seizure of Bugojno and triggering the flight of approximately 15,000 Croats.
The Croat–Bosniak War is often described as a 'war within a war' because it occurred as part of which larger conflict?
Answer: The Bosnian War
Explanation: The source material explicitly describes the Croat–Bosniak War as a 'war within a war' because it occurred as part of the broader Bosnian War.
When did the military alliance between the ARBiH and HVO largely dissolve, leading to open conflict?
Answer: Early 1993
Explanation: The source indicates that while the first armed incidents occurred in October 1992, the military alliance largely dissolved in early 1993, leading to open conflict.
Which of the following regions maintained the Croat–Bosniak alliance even during the Croat–Bosniak War?
Answer: Bihać, Sarajevo, and Tešanj
Explanation: The source specifies that the alliance between Croats and Bosniaks persisted in certain regions, primarily Bihać, Sarajevo, and Tešanj, where they remained allied against Serb forces.
What event marked the first of several local confrontations between Croat and Muslim forces, escalating into armed conflict in October 1992?
Answer: The armed clash in Novi Travnik
Explanation: The armed clash in Novi Travnik on October 18, 1992, is identified as the first of several local confrontations that escalated the conflict between Croat and Muslim forces.
What was a significant demographic impact of the VRS successes in northern Bosnia in late 1992?
Answer: A significant influx of Muslim refugees into HVO-held central Bosnia, altering local demographics
Explanation: The successes of the VRS in northern Bosnia led to a large influx of Muslim refugees into central Bosnia, which dramatically altered the demographics in HVO-held towns.
What significant event occurred in Ahmići on April 16, 1993, during the HVO's offensive in the Lašva Valley?
Answer: The massacre of at least 103 Muslim civilians and the burning of the main mosque
Explanation: On April 16, 1993, HVO forces attacked the village of Ahmići, resulting in the massacre of at least 103 Muslim civilians and the destruction of the mosque.
What act, described by the ICTY as 'pure terrorism,' occurred in Stari Vitez on April 18, 1993?
Answer: The detonation of a truck bomb near the mosque, destroying the War Presidency office
Explanation: On April 18, 1993, a truck bomb was detonated in Stari Vitez, an act the ICTY characterized as 'pure terrorism' carried out by elements within the HVO.
Which two massacres of Croat civilians and POWs occurred in northern Herzegovina during the conflict?
Answer: Trusina and Uzdol
Explanation: The source identifies the massacres in Trusina (April 1993) and Uzdol (September 1993) as atrocities committed by ARBiH forces against Croat civilians and POWs in northern Herzegovina.
By mid-April 1993, Mostar had become a divided city, with which forces primarily controlling the western part?
Answer: HVO forces
Explanation: By mid-April 1993, Mostar was a divided city, with the western part primarily under the control of HVO forces.
What was a key outcome of the Battle of Bugojno in July 1993?
Answer: The ARBiH seizing control of Bugojno, triggering the flight of approximately 15,000 Croats
Explanation: The Battle of Bugojno resulted in the ARBiH seizing control of the town, which subsequently triggered the flight of about 15,000 Croats from the area.
What was the Stupni Do massacre, which occurred on October 23, 1993?
Answer: An HVO attack on a Muslim village, resulting in the massacre of 36 people and destruction of the village
Explanation: The Stupni Do massacre was an attack by HVO forces on a Muslim village that resulted in the killing of 36 people, the rape of three women, and the destruction of the village.
What happened to the 16th-century Stari Most bridge in Mostar on November 9, 1993?
Answer: It was shelled by the HVO and collapsed
Explanation: The Stari Most bridge, a UNESCO World Heritage site, was shelled by the HVO and collapsed on November 9, 1993.
The Washington Agreement, signed in March 1994, established the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and resulted in the HVO controlling 21% of the nation's territory.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to the source, at the time of the Washington Agreement, the HVO-held territory constituted 13% of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the ARBiH controlled 21%.
The Graz agreement, signed by Mate Boban and Radovan Karadžić in May 1992, successfully established a lasting ceasefire and led to a peaceful territorial division of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that while the Graz agreement included a ceasefire and discussions on territorial division, the parties ultimately diverged, and fighting resumed the following day.
The Vance–Owen Peace Plan (VOPP) was widely praised for its success in de-escalating the Croat-Bosniak War by clearly defining ethnically based autonomous provinces.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source suggests the opposite, stating that many believed the Vance-Owen Peace Plan contributed to the escalation of the war by encouraging a struggle for territory in ethnically mixed areas.
The Owen–Stoltenberg Plan, proposed in July 1993, was accepted by all warring parties as it allocated territory evenly among Serbs, Muslims, and Croats.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that while the Croats and Serbs accepted the proposal, the Muslim side rejected the plan, demanding greater territorial concessions.
By the end of the Croat-Bosniak War, the ARBiH controlled approximately 21% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territory, while the HVO held 13%.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that at the war's conclusion, the ARBiH controlled about 21% of the country's territory, and the HVO controlled an estimated 13%.
What agreement formally ended the Croat–Bosniak War on March 18, 1994?
Answer: The Washington Agreement
Explanation: The Croat–Bosniak War was formally ended by the Washington Agreement, which was signed in Washington D.C. on March 18, 1994.
What was the primary outcome of the Graz agreement between Mate Boban and Radovan Karadžić in May 1992?
Answer: A ceasefire and discussion of territorial division, which ultimately diverged
Explanation: The Graz agreement resulted in a ceasefire and a discussion of territorial division, but the parties ultimately diverged, and fighting resumed shortly thereafter.
How did the Muslim side react to the Owen–Stoltenberg Plan proposed in July 1993?
Answer: They rejected the plan, demanding access to the Sava River and Adriatic Sea
Explanation: The Muslim side rejected the Owen–Stoltenberg Plan, demanding territorial concessions including access to the Sava River and the Adriatic Sea.
By early 1994, what was the military situation for the HVO, and what external pressure was applied to Croatia?
Answer: The HVO was in a defensive stalemate, and the UN Security Council warned Croatia of 'serious measures' for interference
Explanation: By early 1994, the HVO was in a defensive stalemate. The UN Security Council condemned Croatia for its military interference and warned of 'serious measures' if it did not cease.
Who were the key signatories of the Washington Agreement on March 18, 1994?
Answer: Haris Silajdžić, Mate Granić, and Krešimir Zubak
Explanation: The Washington Agreement was signed by Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić, and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak.
What was the approximate territorial control of the ARBiH and HVO at the end of the Croat-Bosniak War?
Answer: ARBiH 21%, HVO 13%
Explanation: At the conclusion of the war, the ARBiH controlled approximately 21% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territory, while the HVO held an estimated 13%.
The ICTY concluded that Croatia exercised overall control over the Croatian Defence Council and that the Croatian Army's entry into Bosnia internationalized the conflict.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ruled that Croatia had overall control over the HVO and that the Croatian Army's presence in Bosnia internationalized the conflict.
The Stari Most bridge in Mostar, a UNESCO World Heritage site, was shelled by the HVO and collapsed in November 1993, with the ICTY later deeming it a legitimate military target.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the Stari Most was shelled by the HVO and collapsed on November 9, 1993, and that the ICTY later ruled it was a legitimate military target.
The Dayton Agreement successfully ensured the immediate and effective functioning of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with no parallel administrations persisting.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the Federation largely failed to function effectively, existing mostly on paper due to different interpretations and the persistence of parallel local administrations.
The ICTY Appeals Chamber confirmed the existence of a Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) involving Herzeg-Bosnia leaders and Franjo Tuđman, aimed at the ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that the ICTY Appeals Chamber confirmed the existence of a JCE involving top Croatian and Herzeg-Bosnia officials, with the purpose of dominating Croat-majority areas through the ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population.
Croatian President Ivo Josipović's 2010 visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina included an expression of deep regret for Croatia's contribution to the suffering and division during the war.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that in April 2010, Croatian President Ivo Josipović visited Bosnia and Herzegovina and expressed 'deep regret' for Croatia's role in the suffering and division of the war.
What was a common characteristic of propaganda used by both Croat and Muslim media during the war?
Answer: Both sides used derogatory terms for the opponent and compared their actions to those of the Serbs
Explanation: Both sides used extensive propaganda, which included employing derogatory terms for the opposing side and comparing their actions to those of the Serbs.
What was the fate of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia after the Dayton Agreement?
Answer: It was formally abolished but continued to function as a parallel government, receiving financial support from Croatia
Explanation: Although formally abolished by the Dayton Agreement, the structures of Herzeg-Bosnia continued to function as a parallel government and received ongoing financial support from Croatia.
What was a primary reason the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina largely failed to function effectively after the Dayton Agreement?
Answer: Different interpretations of the agreement and persistence of parallel local administrations
Explanation: The Federation's failure to function effectively was largely due to different interpretations of the Dayton Agreement and the persistence of parallel local administrations in divided municipalities.
What was the extent of destruction to Islamic religious buildings by Croat forces during the war?
Answer: Croat forces damaged or destroyed 201 mosques
Explanation: The source states that the ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks by the HVO was accompanied by the destruction of cultural heritage, with Croat forces damaging or destroying 201 mosques.
Which of the following Bosniak military commanders was found not guilty by the ICTY for war crimes committed during the Croat–Bosniak War?
Answer: Sefer Halilović
Explanation: While Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura were convicted, the source states that Bosnian commander Sefer Halilović was charged but ultimately found not guilty by the ICTY.