Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
The cyano functional group is characterized by a single covalent bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Answer: False
Explanation: The cyano functional group (-C≡N) is defined by a triple covalent bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms, not a single bond.
The cyanide anion (CN⁻) possesses an equivalent number of electrons to that of molecular nitrogen (N₂).
Answer: True
Explanation: Both the cyanide anion (CN⁻) and molecular nitrogen (N₂) are isoelectronic species, each containing a total of 14 electrons, which accounts for their similar triple bond characteristics.
The systematic IUPAC nomenclature for the cyanide ion is 'Carbonitrido'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The systematic IUPAC nomenclature for the cyanide ion is 'nitridocarbonate(II)', not 'Carbonitrido'.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) exhibits the properties of a strong acid, characterized by a pKa value below 5.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is classified as a weak acid, with a pKa value of approximately 9.21, indicating it does not readily dissociate in aqueous solution.
The cyanide ion possesses a net positive electrical charge.
Answer: False
Explanation: The cyanide ion (CN⁻) carries a net negative charge, resulting from the addition of one electron to the neutral diatomic molecule.
The molar mass of the cyanide ion approximates 14 grams per mole.
Answer: False
Explanation: The molar mass of the cyanide ion (CN⁻) is approximately 26.02 g/mol, calculated from the atomic masses of carbon (approx. 12.01 g/mol) and nitrogen (approx. 14.01 g/mol).
Within the cyanide ion, the negative charge is predominantly localized on the nitrogen atom.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the cyanide ion (CN⁻), the formal negative charge resides primarily on the carbon atom due to electronegativity differences and resonance structures, although the electron distribution is complex.
The cyanide anion functions as an oxidizing agent, readily accepting electrons.
Answer: False
Explanation: The cyanide anion acts as a reductant, readily donating electrons and being oxidized, rather than acting as an oxidant.
In a chemical context, what structural feature defines the cyano functional group?
Answer: A carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.
Explanation: The cyano functional group (-C≡N) is characterized by a triple covalent bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom.
Identify the species that is isoelectronic with the cyanide ion (CN⁻).
Answer: Carbon monoxide (CO)
Explanation: The cyanide ion (CN⁻) and carbon monoxide (CO) are isoelectronic, both possessing 14 valence electrons, leading to similar bonding characteristics, including a triple bond.
Within the cyanide ion (CN⁻), where is the net negative charge primarily localized?
Answer: On the carbon atom.
Explanation: In the cyanide ion (CN⁻), the net negative charge is primarily concentrated on the carbon atom due to its greater contribution to the molecular orbital holding the excess electron density.
What is the reported pKa value for hydrogen cyanide (HCN)?
Answer: Approximately 9.21
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a weak acid with a pKa value of approximately 9.21.
What is the correct chemical formula and net charge of the cyanide anion?
Answer: CN-, negative charge
Explanation: The cyanide anion is represented by the chemical formula CN⁻, indicating a diatomic species with an overall net negative charge.
The natural occurrence of cyanide is exclusively limited to bacteria and fungi.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cyanide compounds and their precursors are found naturally in a broader range of organisms, including certain plants, insects, bacteria, and fungi, not solely in bacteria and fungi.
The function of cyanogenic glycosides in plants is to attract herbivores.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cyanogenic glycosides in plants function as a defense mechanism, serving to deter herbivores rather than attract them.
Cassava roots are deemed safe for direct consumption without any prior processing, owing to their inherently low cyanide concentration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cassava roots contain cyanogenic glycosides, necessitating appropriate processing methods to mitigate the risk associated with cyanide release before consumption.
Cyanide ligands are observed to bind to iron atoms within the catalytic centers of enzymes such as NiFe hydrogenases.
Answer: True
Explanation: Indeed, cyanide ions can act as ligands, forming coordination bonds with metal ions, particularly iron, within the active sites of metalloenzymes like NiFe hydrogenases.
The cyanide radical (•CN) has been spectroscopically detected within interstellar environments.
Answer: True
Explanation: The cyanide radical (•CN) has indeed been identified in interstellar space, contributing to our understanding of astrochemistry.
Observations indicate that cyanide compounds exert an inhibitory effect on seed germination in plants.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research has shown that cyanide and related compounds can actually promote seed germination in certain plant species, contrary to inhibiting it.
The enzyme cyanide hydrolase catalyzes the rapid decomposition of cyanide within neutral aqueous environments.
Answer: False
Explanation: The enzyme cyanide hydrolase does catalyze the decomposition of cyanide in water, converting it to less toxic products like ammonia and formate.
Identify the natural sources cited as containing cyanides or their precursors.
Answer: Certain plant seeds and fruit stones, insects, bacteria, fungi, and algae.
Explanation: The source indicates that cyanides and their precursors occur naturally in various organisms, including plants (seeds, fruit stones), insects, bacteria, fungi, and algae.
What is the stated ecological function of cyanogenic glycosides within plant species?
Answer: As a defense mechanism to deter herbivores.
Explanation: Cyanogenic glycosides serve as a chemical defense mechanism in plants, deterring herbivores by releasing toxic cyanide upon tissue damage.
What necessitates specific processing procedures for cassava prior to its consumption?
Answer: To remove toxic cyanogenic glycosides.
Explanation: Cassava roots contain cyanogenic glycosides that release toxic hydrogen cyanide upon processing or consumption. Proper processing is essential to detoxify the roots.
What beneficial effect related to plant biology has been documented concerning cyanide or its derivatives?
Answer: It promotes seed germination.
Explanation: Certain cyanide compounds and cyanohydrins have been observed to exert a positive influence on seed germination in various plant species.
Identify the option that is NOT listed as a natural source of cyanide or its precursors in the provided text.
Answer: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Explanation: While algae, plant seeds, and fungi are cited as natural sources of cyanide, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are not mentioned in this context.
Cyanohydrins are generally regarded as less toxic than typical nitriles due to their inability to liberate hydrogen cyanide.
Answer: False
Explanation: Conversely, cyanohydrins are often more toxic than simple nitriles because their structure facilitates the release of hydrogen cyanide, a highly toxic substance.
Cyanide ions exhibit a strong affinity for binding with transition metals, a property that is a primary determinant of their toxicity.
Answer: True
Explanation: The high toxicity of cyanide is largely attributed to its potent ability to chelate with transition metal ions, particularly iron, found in essential cellular enzymes, thereby disrupting vital metabolic processes.
The primary mechanism underlying cyanide toxicity involves the inhibition of enzymes critical for protein synthesis.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cyanide toxicity stems principally from the inhibition of enzymes involved in cellular respiration, specifically cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, rather than protein synthesis.
The heart and central nervous system exhibit reduced vulnerability to cyanide poisoning relative to tissues characterized by low energy requirements.
Answer: False
Explanation: Conversely, the heart and central nervous system are highly vulnerable to cyanide poisoning due to their substantial energy demands and reliance on aerobic respiration, which cyanide effectively disrupts.
Chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of cyanide may precipitate respiratory complications, including conditions such as asthma.
Answer: True
Explanation: Repeated exposure to low levels of cyanide has been associated with adverse health effects, including hypersensitivity reactions and respiratory issues like asthma or bronchitis.
Cyanide is regarded as non-poisonous when present in low concentrations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Even at low concentrations, cyanide is highly toxic. The definition of 'low concentration' is relative, but cyanide is generally considered poisonous across a wide range of concentrations due to its potent mechanism of action.
Cyanohydrins exhibit lower toxicity compared to typical nitriles due to their lack of a cyano group.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cyanohydrins are generally considered toxic because they *do* contain a cyano group and can readily release hydrogen cyanide. Typical nitriles also contain the cyano group and can be toxic.
Cyanide toxicity arises from the inhibition of enzymes integral to the process of glycolysis.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cyanide toxicity is primarily caused by the inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (cytochrome c oxidase), not enzymes involved in glycolysis.
How does the inherent toxicity of cyanohydrins generally compare to that of other organic nitriles?
Answer: Cyanohydrins are more toxic because they can release poisonous hydrogen cyanide.
Explanation: Cyanohydrins are often more toxic than simple nitriles because their structure allows for the facile release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a potent toxin.
According to the source material, what is the principal mechanism underlying cyanide's pronounced toxicity?
Answer: Its strong affinity for binding with transition metals, interfering with metalloenzymes.
Explanation: Cyanide's high toxicity is primarily attributed to its strong binding affinity for transition metals, particularly iron, within essential metalloenzymes like cytochrome c oxidase, thereby inhibiting cellular respiration.
Identify the critical biochemical process whose inhibition by cyanide is the primary cause of its toxicity.
Answer: Mitochondrial electron transport chain (cytochrome c oxidase)
Explanation: Cyanide toxicity results from the potent inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, a key enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, thereby halting aerobic respiration and ATP production.
Due to their substantial energy requirements, which human tissues exhibit the greatest vulnerability to cyanide poisoning?
Answer: Central nervous system and heart.
Explanation: The central nervous system and the heart are particularly susceptible to cyanide poisoning because they have high metabolic rates and rely heavily on aerobic respiration, which cyanide effectively blocks.
What potential adverse health outcomes have been associated with chronic, low-level exposure to cyanide?
Answer: Hypersensitivity, asthma, or bronchitis.
Explanation: Repeated exposure to sublethal cyanide concentrations may lead to chronic health issues, including hypersensitivity reactions and respiratory conditions like asthma or bronchitis.
What is the primary significance of the cyanide ion's interaction with transition metals?
Answer: It is the primary cause of cyanide's toxicity due to enzyme interference.
Explanation: The cyanide ion's strong affinity for transition metals is critically significant because this interaction underlies its potent toxicity, primarily through the inhibition of metalloenzymes essential for cellular respiration.
Organic compounds characterized by the presence of the -C≡N functional group are classified as aldehydes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Organic compounds featuring the -C≡N functional group are designated as nitriles, not aldehydes. Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group (-CHO).
The cyanide anion functions as a weak nucleophile, consequently finding limited application in the introduction of cyano groups during synthetic procedures.
Answer: False
Explanation: The cyanide anion is a potent nucleophile, widely utilized in organic synthesis for the introduction of cyano groups via nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Potassium ferrocyanide is classified as highly toxic due to its facile dissociation into free cyanide ions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Potassium ferrocyanide exhibits significantly lower toxicity compared to simple cyanide salts because the cyanide ligands are tightly bound to the iron center, preventing the release of free cyanide ions under physiological conditions.
The Andrussow process constitutes the principal industrial methodology for the synthesis of hydrogen cyanide.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Andrussow process, involving the catalytic oxidation of methane and ammonia, is the predominant industrial route for the large-scale production of hydrogen cyanide.
The industrial synthesis of sodium cyanide involves the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrogen cyanide.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is typically produced through the neutralization reaction of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
The mining industry employs cyanide for the extraction of copper and zinc.
Answer: False
Explanation: While cyanide is extensively used in mining, its primary application is for the extraction of gold and silver, not typically copper and zinc.
Within the context of gold mining, cyanide facilitates the dissolution of gold through the formation of stable, insoluble precipitates.
Answer: False
Explanation: In gold mining, cyanide dissolves gold by forming stable, soluble complexes (e.g., dicyanoaurate), not insoluble precipitates.
Alkali metal cyanides serve as precursors in the synthesis of nitriles and various other cyano-containing chemical compounds.
Answer: True
Explanation: Alkali metal cyanides are crucial reagents in industrial organic chemistry for the production of nitriles and other valuable cyano-functionalized molecules.
Ferrocyanides find application as anticaking agents in the formulation of table salt.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ferrocyanides, such as sodium ferrocyanide (E535), are approved food additives used as anticaking agents in table salt and other powdered foods.
Prussian blue is recognized as a cyanide coordination compound with historical applications as a pigment.
Answer: True
Explanation: Prussian blue is a stable coordination complex of iron and cyanide, historically valued for its intense blue color and used extensively as a pigment.
The principal application of cyanide within industrial organic chemistry involves the synthesis of polymers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary role of cyanide in industrial organic chemistry is not polymer synthesis, but rather the production of nitriles and other cyano-containing organic compounds.
Cyanide coordination compounds, such as Prussian blue, exhibit reduced toxicity owing to the tight binding of cyanide within the complex.
Answer: True
Explanation: The reduced toxicity of coordination compounds like Prussian blue is indeed attributed to the strong coordination bonds between the cyanide ligands and the central metal ion, which limits the release of free cyanide.
In the food industry, ferrocyanides are utilized predominantly as preservatives.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ferrocyanides are primarily used in the food industry as anticaking agents, not as preservatives.
Prussian blue is characterized by its instability and significant toxicity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prussian blue is a remarkably stable coordination compound with relatively low toxicity due to the strong binding of cyanide ligands.
What is the systematic classification for organic compounds that contain the -C≡N functional group?
Answer: Nitriles
Explanation: Organic compounds characterized by the presence of a cyano group (-C≡N) are classified as nitriles.
What characteristic makes the cyanide anion a commonly employed reagent in organic synthesis?
Answer: Due to its potent nucleophilicity, enabling displacement of halide groups.
Explanation: The cyanide anion's potent nucleophilicity allows it to readily displace leaving groups, such as halides, in organic molecules, making it highly valuable for introducing cyano groups and extending carbon chains.
Identify the cyanide coordination compound cited in the source material as possessing relatively lower toxicity.
Answer: Prussian blue
Explanation: Prussian blue is a cyanide coordination compound noted for its stability and lower toxicity compared to simple cyanide salts, owing to the strong binding of cyanide ligands to the iron center.
What is identified as the principal industrial process for the large-scale production of hydrogen cyanide?
Answer: The Andrussow process
Explanation: The Andrussow process, which involves the catalytic reaction of methane, ammonia, and oxygen, is the predominant industrial method for producing hydrogen cyanide.
Describe the typical manufacturing process for sodium cyanide starting from hydrogen cyanide.
Answer: By reacting HCN with sodium hydroxide.
Explanation: Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is commonly synthesized via the neutralization reaction between hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
What is the predominant application of cyanide within the mining industry?
Answer: Extraction of gold and silver.
Explanation: Cyanide plays a critical role in the mining sector, primarily for the leaching and extraction of gold and silver from ores.
Explain the mechanism by which the cyanide process facilitates the extraction of gold from ore.
Answer: By dissolving the gold through the formation of soluble cyanide complexes.
Explanation: The cyanide process extracts gold by forming stable, soluble gold-cyanide complexes (e.g., [Au(CN)₂]⁻), which allows the gold to be leached from the ore.
Beyond its application in mining, what represents another significant industrial utilization of alkali metal cyanides?
Answer: Production of organic compounds like nitriles.
Explanation: Alkali metal cyanides are extensively employed in the chemical industry for the synthesis of organic compounds, notably nitriles, which serve as intermediates for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and polymers.
What is the specified function of ferrocyanides, such as E535 and E536, within the food industry?
Answer: As anticaking agents in table salt.
Explanation: Ferrocyanides, designated by E numbers like E535 and E536, are employed in the food industry primarily as anticaking agents, particularly in table salt.
Define Prussian blue and identify one of its historical applications.
Answer: A stable coordination compound; used as a pigment.
Explanation: Prussian blue is a stable coordination compound of iron and cyanide, historically significant for its use as a vibrant blue pigment.
What is the primary application of cyanide within the field of industrial organic chemistry?
Answer: Synthesis of nitriles and other cyano-containing compounds.
Explanation: In industrial organic chemistry, cyanide is predominantly utilized for the synthesis of nitriles and other organic molecules incorporating the cyano functional group.
Hydrogen cyanide is predominantly generated during the combustion of materials composed exclusively of carbon.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide formation during combustion requires the presence of both carbon and nitrogen atoms within the fuel source, typically under conditions of limited oxygen supply.
The hydrolysis of cyanide in aqueous solution yields ammonia and formate, compounds exhibiting greater toxicity than cyanide itself.
Answer: False
Explanation: The hydrolysis of cyanide in water produces ammonia and formate, which are significantly less toxic than cyanide. The enzyme cyanide hydrolase can catalyze this reaction.
Protection against inhalation of hydrogen cyanide gas can be achieved by wearing a standard dust mask.
Answer: False
Explanation: Due to its extreme toxicity, a standard dust mask offers inadequate protection against hydrogen cyanide gas. Appropriate respiratory protection, such as supplied-air respirators, is mandatory.
Acidic solutions containing cyanide are deemed safer for handling purposes compared to their alkaline counterparts.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alkaline solutions of cyanide are generally considered safer because they minimize the risk of liberating toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Acidic conditions readily promote the formation and release of HCN.
Environmental concerns associated with gold mining encompass the potential for cyanide-induced mobilization of heavy metals, such as mercury.
Answer: True
Explanation: The use of cyanide in gold mining raises environmental concerns, including the risk of contaminating water sources and the potential for mobilizing toxic heavy metals like mercury from the ore.
Cyanide fishing is a practice wherein cyanide is employed to induce mortality in fish populations for the purpose of ecological management.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cyanide fishing is an illegal and destructive practice that uses cyanide to stun or kill fish for collection, primarily for the aquarium trade, rather than for ecological control.
In the United States, M44 cyanide devices are utilized for the population control of wolves and bears.
Answer: False
Explanation: M44 cyanide devices are employed in the United States primarily for the control of predatory canids, such as coyotes, and are not typically used for bears.
Hydrogen cyanide, being lighter than air, possesses characteristics that render it potentially effective as a chemical weapon.
Answer: False
Explanation: While hydrogen cyanide is highly toxic, its property of being lighter than air causes it to disperse rapidly, limiting its effectiveness and persistence as a chemical weapon agent.
Hydrogen cyanide is produced during the combustion of materials composed exclusively of nitrogen.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide formation requires both carbon and nitrogen sources. Combustion of materials containing only nitrogen will not produce HCN.
Cyanide exhibits basic properties, and the addition of acids stronger than hydrogen cyanide to cyanide salts results in the liberation of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cyanide salts are basic, and when protonated by acids stronger than HCN (pKa 9.21), they form hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN), which is highly volatile and toxic.
Cyanide finds application in the illicit practice of cyanide fishing, employed to capture live fish destined for the aquarium trade.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cyanide fishing is an illegal method used to stun or kill fish, often for the aquarium trade or to poison larger fish populations, causing significant ecological damage.
Hydrogen cyanide gas exhibits slow dispersion characteristics, rendering it effective for area denial purposes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide gas is lighter than air and disperses rapidly, which limits its effectiveness for sustained area denial.
Under what specific conditions is hydrogen cyanide (HCN) generated during combustion processes?
Answer: Combustion of materials with both carbon and nitrogen in limited oxygen.
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide is primarily formed during the combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing both carbon and nitrogen, particularly when oxygen supply is limited.
According to the provided information, what are the primary products resulting from the hydrolysis of cyanide in water?
Answer: Ammonia and formate.
Explanation: The hydrolysis of cyanide in water yields ammonia and formate, which are considerably less toxic than the parent cyanide compound.
What specific safety precaution is mandated when handling hydrogen cyanide gas?
Answer: Using an air respirator supplied with an external oxygen source.
Explanation: Handling hydrogen cyanide gas necessitates the use of appropriate respiratory protection, such as a supplied-air respirator, due to its extreme volatility and toxicity. Standard dust masks or fume hoods are insufficient.
What property makes alkaline cyanide solutions generally considered safer for handling compared to acidic solutions?
Answer: They do not readily release hydrogen cyanide gas.
Explanation: Alkaline cyanide solutions are safer because they suppress the formation and release of volatile, toxic hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). Acidic conditions readily protonate cyanide ions, liberating HCN.
Identify an environmental concern directly associated with the application of cyanide in gold mining operations.
Answer: Potential contamination of waterways and mobilization of heavy metals.
Explanation: The use of cyanide in gold mining poses significant environmental risks, including potential contamination of water bodies and the mobilization of toxic heavy metals such as mercury from the ore.
According to the source material, in what illicit activities is cyanide employed?
Answer: In cyanide fishing and to poison waterholes for ivory poaching.
Explanation: Illicit uses of cyanide include cyanide fishing for the aquarium trade and poisoning water sources to kill wildlife, such as elephants for ivory poaching.
What is the designated role of M44 cyanide devices within the United States?
Answer: To control coyotes and other canids.
Explanation: M44 cyanide devices are utilized in the United States primarily for the control of predatory canids, such as coyotes, as part of wildlife management programs.
What characteristic limits the effectiveness of hydrogen cyanide gas as a chemical weapon?
Answer: It is lighter than air and disperses rapidly.
Explanation: Hydrogen cyanide gas is lighter than air and disperses quickly, which reduces its persistence and effectiveness as a chemical warfare agent for area denial.
Which statement regarding the disposal of cyanide waste is supported by the information provided in the source?
Answer: Waste is managed through oxidation, hydrolysis, or acidification.
Explanation: The source indicates that cyanide waste management commonly involves chemical treatment methods such as oxidation, hydrolysis, or acidification to neutralize or recover the cyanide.
Hydroxocobalamin functions as an antidote by facilitating the conversion of cyanide into cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12), which is subsequently excreted.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hydroxocobalamin is a recognized antidote for cyanide poisoning. It binds cyanide ions to form cyanocobalamin, a stable compound that is eliminated from the body via renal excretion.
Historical protocols for cyanide antidote administration were exclusively based on the intravenous administration of sodium thiosulfate.
Answer: False
Explanation: Older cyanide antidote regimens typically involved a multi-component approach, often including amyl nitrite inhalation, sodium nitrite infusion, and sodium thiosulfate administration, rather than relying solely on sodium thiosulfate.
The rhodanese enzyme facilitates cyanide detoxification through its conversion into thiocyanate, utilizing oxygen donors in the process.
Answer: False
Explanation: The rhodanese enzyme detoxifies cyanide by catalyzing its conversion to thiocyanate, but it utilizes sulfur donors (like thiosulfate), not oxygen donors.
Sodium nitroprusside finds application as a diagnostic agent for the quantitative determination of ketone bodies in urine.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sodium nitroprusside is utilized clinically both for measuring urine ketone bodies and as a potent vasodilator for managing hypertensive emergencies.
Historically, copper cyanide compounds were administered by Japanese physicians as a therapeutic agent for tuberculosis.
Answer: True
Explanation: During World War I, copper cyanide compounds were indeed employed by Japanese physicians in attempts to treat tuberculosis and leprosy.
Hydroxocobalamin functions as an older antidote by catalyzing the conversion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hydroxocobalamin is a modern antidote that binds cyanide to form cyanocobalamin. Sodium nitrite, used in older protocols, converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
Sodium thiosulfate, when included in cyanide antidote kits, functions by directly binding and neutralizing cyanide ions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sodium thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor for the enzyme rhodanese, which then converts cyanide to thiocyanate. It does not directly bind and neutralize cyanide ions.
Describe the therapeutic role of hydroxocobalamin in the management of cyanide poisoning.
Answer: It binds with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) for excretion.
Explanation: Hydroxocobalamin acts as an antidote by chelating cyanide ions, forming the stable compound cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12), which is then safely eliminated from the body.
In historical cyanide antidote protocols, what was the specific therapeutic objective of administering sodium nitrite?
Answer: To convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which binds cyanide.
Explanation: Sodium nitrite was administered in older antidote protocols to induce methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobin has a higher affinity for cyanide than cytochrome c oxidase, thus acting as a competitive inhibitor.
What is the specific enzymatic function of rhodanese in the body's endogenous detoxification of cyanide?
Answer: It converts cyanide into the less harmful thiocyanate using sulfur donors.
Explanation: Rhodanese is a mitochondrial enzyme that detoxifies cyanide by catalyzing its conversion into the less harmful compound thiocyanate, utilizing sulfur donors such as thiosulfate.
What specific medical application is cited for the cyanide-containing compound sodium nitroprusside?
Answer: For measuring urine ketone bodies and as a hypotensive agent.
Explanation: Sodium nitroprusside has dual medical applications: it is used as a diagnostic reagent for detecting ketone bodies in urine and as a potent intravenous agent for rapid reduction of blood pressure.
What specific historical medical application has been documented for copper cyanide compounds?
Answer: Treatment for tuberculosis and leprosy.
Explanation: Copper cyanide compounds were historically administered by Japanese physicians during World War I as a treatment modality for tuberculosis and leprosy.
What specific historical medical application involved the use of copper cyanide compounds?
Answer: Treatment for tuberculosis during WWI.
Explanation: Copper cyanide compounds were historically administered by Japanese physicians during World War I as a therapeutic agent for tuberculosis.