Explanation: While the Kalmar Union was formed in 1397, the Dano-Norwegian Realm as a distinct political entity, comprising the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Norway under a single monarch, is generally considered to have begun in 1537 following Norway's annexation.

Explanation: In 1537, following the Count's Feud, Denmark formally annexed Norway, effectively ending its status as a separate kingdom and integrating it more closely into the Danish administration.

Explanation: The term 'Dano-Norwegian Realm' accurately describes the political union that existed between Denmark and Norway, often referred to as a personal union, from the 16th to the 19th century.

Explanation: The Dano-Norwegian Realm, also known as Denmark-Norway, was a union that spanned from the 16th to the 19th century, incorporating the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, along with territories such as Schleswig and Holstein.

Explanation: The union between Denmark and Norway was formally established in 1537, marking Norway's annexation by Denmark and its reduction in status within the realm.

Explanation: The term 'Twin Realms' specifically denoted the two primary kingdoms within the unified state: Denmark and Norway, highlighting their shared monarchy and administrative structure.

Explanation: The Count's Feud (1534-1536), a civil war in Denmark, concluded shortly before Norway's formal annexation and the establishment of the Dano-Norwegian union in 1537.

Explanation: The official languages within the administrative structure of Denmark-Norway included both Danish and German, reflecting the diverse linguistic influences and administrative divisions within the realm.

Explanation: Prior to 1660, Denmark-Norway operated under a constitutional and elective monarchy. The transition after 1660 was towards a stringent absolute monarchy, formalized by the King's Law.

Explanation: The King's Law (Leges Regiae) of 1665 codified the absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway, asserting that the monarch's authority derived directly from God and was not subject to any earthly power.

Explanation: The administrative structure of Denmark-Norway utilized Danish and German as its primary official languages, reflecting the historical and political complexities of the union.

Explanation: The monarchs of Denmark-Norway adopted the formal title 'King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths' to signify the historical scope and diverse territories under their rule.

Explanation: The establishment of absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway, solidified by the King's Law of 1665, followed the pivotal year of 1660, which marked a significant shift in royal power.

Explanation: The existence of the Danish Chancellery (Danske Kancelli) and the German Chancellery (Tyske Kancelli) served as key administrative structures reflecting the union's dual linguistic and governance framework.

Explanation: The Dano-Norwegian Realm maintained overseas possessions, including the Danish Gold Coast in West Africa, trading posts and colonies in India (such as Serampore), and the Danish West Indies in the Caribbean.

Explanation: While Copenhagen was the capital and largest city, other significant urban centers existed within the union, including Christiania (modern Oslo) and Bergen in Norway.

Explanation: Around the year 1800, the total area of Denmark-Norway spanned approximately 2,655,567 square kilometers, which is equivalent to roughly 1,025,320 square miles.

Explanation: The Danish West Indies, comprising the Virgin Islands, were indeed a possession of Denmark-Norway and were later sold to the United States in 1917.

Explanation: While Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands were integral parts of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden was a separate entity and often a rival, never officially part of the union.

Explanation: The Danish Gold Coast, located in present-day Ghana, was a significant overseas possession of Denmark-Norway in West Africa, involved in trade, particularly in gold and later enslaved people.

Explanation: Around the year 1800, the total area of Denmark-Norway spanned approximately 2,655,567 square kilometers (equivalent to about 1,025,320 square miles).

Explanation: Bergen, along with Christiania (modern Oslo), was one of the principal cities and major urban centers within the Kingdom of Norway, a key component of the Dano-Norwegian Realm.

Explanation: The Treaty of Brömsebro (1645) resulted in Denmark-Norway ceding territories, including the islands of Gotland and Ösel, not gaining Bornholm.

Explanation: The Torstenson War (1643-1645) concluded with a Swedish victory and resulted in territorial losses for Denmark-Norway, marking a shift in regional power dynamics.

Explanation: The Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 resulted in Denmark-Norway ceding a substantial portion of its territory to Sweden, including provinces like Scania, Halland, Blekinge, and Bohuslän, as well as the island of Bornholm.

Explanation: The Scanian War (1675-1679) was primarily fought between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, not Russia.

Explanation: The Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 resulted in a significant British victory, damaging the Danish fleet and occurring after Denmark-Norway joined the League of Armed Neutrality.

Explanation: Following the British bombardment and occupation of Copenhagen in 1807, Denmark-Norway was compelled to seek an alliance with Napoleon's France.

Explanation: The Northern Seven Years' War (1563-1570) concluded with the Treaty of Stettin, which largely restored the pre-war territorial status quo, resulting in no significant gains for either Denmark-Norway or Sweden.

Explanation: The Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 was crucial as it returned the island of Bornholm, along with the province of Trøndelag, to Denmark-Norway, territories previously ceded to Sweden under the Treaty of Roskilde.

Explanation: The Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 compelled Denmark-Norway to cede significant territories to Sweden, including the Norwegian province of Trøndelag, Bohuslän, and the Danish island of Bornholm.

Explanation: The Torstenson War resulted in a Swedish victory, leading to territorial concessions by Denmark-Norway and contributing to Sweden's ascendancy as a major power in the region.

Explanation: The Scanian War was initiated by Denmark-Norway with the primary objective of reconquering the territories in Scania (Skåne) that had been ceded to Sweden in previous conflicts.

Explanation: The Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 took place after Denmark-Norway joined the Second League of Armed Neutrality, an alliance formed to protect neutral shipping rights against British naval actions.

Explanation: The British attack on Copenhagen in 1807, which resulted in the seizure of the Danish fleet, was the direct catalyst for Denmark-Norway's alliance with Napoleonic France.

Explanation: Control over the Oresund strait was economically vital, as it allowed Denmark-Norway to levy the Sound Tolls, a significant source of revenue for the state.

Explanation: The Stavnsbånd, which restricted peasants to their birth estates, was a Danish institution. Norwegian farmers generally enjoyed greater freedom of movement and settlement during this period.

Explanation: King Christian IV's reign saw considerable economic initiatives, including the establishment of the Danish East India Company, which facilitated overseas trade and colonial ventures.

Explanation: The estimated population of Denmark-Norway in 1801 was approximately 1.86 million individuals, not 1.3 million.

Explanation: Sweden consistently sought to minimize or avoid the Sound Tolls, as this tax imposed by Denmark-Norway on ships passing through the Oresund strait represented a significant economic burden on Swedish commerce.

Explanation: 'Dominium maris baltici' referred to Denmark-Norway's ambition to exert control and influence over the Baltic Sea, not the North Sea.

Explanation: The 'Norwegian paradox' refers to Norway's significant economic development and industrialization during the union, achieving economic parity with Denmark despite Denmark's political dominance, not economic stagnation.

Explanation: Denmark-Norway generated substantial revenue by imposing the Sound Tolls, a tax levied on all merchant ships passing through the strategically important Oresund strait.

Explanation: Unlike Danish peasants who were subject to the Stavnsbånd, restricting them to their birth estates, Norwegian farmers generally possessed greater freedom of movement and settlement, contributing to a more egalitarian social structure in Norway.

Explanation: Norway experienced significant economic growth and industrialization during the union, largely driven by its development as an export-oriented economy, particularly in sectors like timber and shipping.

Explanation: King Christian IV founded the Danish East India Company, a key initiative aimed at expanding Denmark-Norway's overseas trade and establishing colonial presence, particularly in India.

Explanation: 'Dominium maris baltici' signifies Denmark-Norway's strategic ambition to exert dominance and control over the Baltic Sea, influencing its trade and political dynamics.

Explanation: The 'Norwegian paradox' points to the contradiction wherein Norway achieved substantial economic development and parity with Denmark, yet remained politically subordinate within the union.

Explanation: The '400-year night' is a narrative primarily used by 19th-century Norwegian writers to critique Danish rule. Modern historical scholarship views it as a rhetorical device rather than a neutral historical descriptor.

Explanation: Ludvig Holberg, a prominent figure in Danish-Norwegian literature, migrated from Norway to Denmark, contributing significantly to the cultural landscape of the union.

Explanation: Following the Protestant Reformation, Lutheranism was established as the official state religion and became the dominant religious practice across the Dano-Norwegian Realm.

Explanation: The period known as State Pietism, characterized by religious reform influencing state policies, took place during the reign of King Christian VI, from 1735 to 1746.

Explanation: The Law of Jante is a concept that discourages individual ambition and emphasizes conformity and collective mediocrity, running counter to the idea of standing out.

Explanation: The '400-year night' narrative, employed by 19th-century Norwegian nationalists, served as a critique of the prolonged period of Danish political and cultural dominance over Norway.

Explanation: The Reformation significantly strengthened the monarchy by enabling the king to confiscate church lands and revenues, thereby increasing royal wealth and consolidating political power.

Explanation: State Pietism, particularly influential during King Christian VI's reign, significantly impacted religious practices and was integrated into state laws and regulations across the Dano-Norwegian Realm.

Explanation: Ludvig Holberg's relocation from Norway to Denmark represents the significant cultural exchange and the movement of individuals between the two kingdoms that characterized the Dano-Norwegian union.

Explanation: The Treaty of Kiel in 1814 mandated the cession of Norway not to Denmark, but to the King of Sweden, marking the formal end of the Dano-Norwegian union.

Explanation: The dissolution of the union in 1814 was primarily precipitated by the geopolitical consequences of the Napoleonic Wars, culminating in the Treaty of Kiel, rather than solely internal disagreements.

Explanation: Although Norway entered into a personal union with Sweden in 1814, it retained its constitution and a significant degree of internal autonomy, rather than being fully integrated into the Swedish administration.

Explanation: The Treaty of Kiel, signed in January 1814, formally concluded the Dano-Norwegian union by ceding Norway to the King of Sweden, following Denmark's alignment with Napoleon.

Explanation: Following the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union in 1814, Norway entered into a personal union with Sweden, a state that lasted until 1905.