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Modern department stores first emerged in major cities like London, Paris, and New York City during the mid-19th century, significantly altering shopping habits.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that modern department stores emerged in major cities during the mid-19th century, reshaping shopping habits and redefining service and luxury.
Harding, Howell & Co., established in 1796 in London, is reliably dated as the first department store and was described in Ackermann's Repository.
Answer: True
Explanation: Harding, Howell & Co., which opened in 1796 on Pall Mall, London, is reliably dated as the first department store and was described in detail in Ackermann's Repository in 1809.
Harding, Howell & Co. primarily catered to the needs of working-class men, providing a space for them to conduct business transactions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Harding, Howell & Co. primarily focused on the needs of fashionable, newly affluent middle-class women, providing a safe and decorous environment for them to browse and shop away from home and from the company of men.
Lewis's of Liverpool is credited with opening the world's first Christmas grotto in 1879.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lewis's of Liverpool is credited with opening the world's first Christmas grotto, 'Christmas Fairyland,' in 1879.
The 'magasins de nouveautés' were Parisian department stores that first appeared in the 1840s with the advent of railroads.
Answer: False
Explanation: The first Parisian 'magasin de nouveautés,' the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. While they evolved in the 1840s with railroads, they did not first appear then.
Au Bon Marché provided dormitories on its upper floors exclusively for its male employees.
Answer: False
Explanation: Au Bon Marché provided dormitories on its upper floors for its unmarried female employees, not exclusively for male employees.
Arnold Constable established the first American department store in 1825 in Philadelphia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Arnold Constable founded the first American department store in 1825 in New York City, not Philadelphia.
Alexander Turney Stewart's 'Marble Palace' introduced a policy of selling for credit and allowing haggling over prices.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexander Turney Stewart's 'Marble Palace' introduced a policy of selling for cash, not credit, and a one-price policy, eliminating haggling.
Marshall Field & Company was known for pioneering the first bridal registry and offering a personal shopper service without charge.
Answer: True
Explanation: Marshall Field & Company pioneered the first European buying office, introduced the first bridal registry, and offered the concept of a personal shopper without charge.
John Wanamaker's Philadelphia store was notable for introducing fixed prices, electrical illumination, and the telephone in the late 19th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: John Wanamaker's Philadelphia store introduced fixed prices, electrical illumination in 1878, and the telephone in 1879.
In which century did modern department stores primarily emerge in major cities like London, Paris, and New York City?
Answer: Mid-19th century
Explanation: Modern department stores primarily emerged in major cities like London, Paris, and New York City during the mid-19th century.
Which English establishment is reliably dated as the first department store, opening in 1796?
Answer: Harding, Howell & Co. on Pall Mall
Explanation: Harding, Howell & Co., which opened in 1796 on Pall Mall, London, is reliably dated as the first department store.
According to Ackermann's Repository in 1809, which of the following was *not* one of the four departments at Harding, Howell & Co.?
Answer: Books and stationery
Explanation: Ackermann's Repository listed furs and fans; haberdashery, silks, muslins, lace, and gloves; jewelry, ornamental ormolu articles, and French clocks; and millinery and dresses as the four departments at Harding, Howell & Co.
What societal change primarily influenced the emergence of Harding, Howell & Co. and its focus on middle-class women?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution
Explanation: The emergence of Harding, Howell & Co. and its focus on middle-class women was nurtured and shaped by the Industrial Revolution.
Kendals in Manchester was known for its emphasis on quality and style, earning what nickname?
Answer: 'The Harrods of the North'
Explanation: Kendals in Manchester was known for its emphasis on quality and style, earning the nickname 'the Harrods of the North.'
Which department store is credited with opening the world's first Christmas grotto in 1879?
Answer: Lewis's of Liverpool
Explanation: Lewis's of Liverpool is credited with opening the world's first Christmas grotto, 'Christmas Fairyland,' in 1879.
What did Oscar Wilde famously write about Liberty & Co. in London in 1889?
Answer: 'Liberty's is the chosen resort of the artistic shopper.'
Explanation: In 1889, Oscar Wilde famously wrote that 'Liberty's is the chosen resort of the artistic shopper.'
When was the first Parisian 'magasin de nouveautés,' the Tapis Rouge, created?
Answer: 1784
Explanation: The first Parisian 'magasin de nouveautés,' the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784.
Which of the following was a marketing innovation introduced by Au Bon Marché in Paris?
Answer: Providing dormitories for unmarried female employees
Explanation: Au Bon Marché's marketing innovations included providing dormitories on the upper floors for its unmarried female employees.
Which novel by Émile Zola symbolizes the department store as a new technology?
Answer: Au Bonheur des Dames
Explanation: Émile Zola's novel *Au Bonheur des Dames* (1882–83) is set in a typical department store, making it a symbol of the new technology.
Who founded the first American department store in 1825 in New York City?
Answer: Arnold Constable
Explanation: Arnold Constable founded the first American department store in 1825 in New York City.
What was a key innovation introduced by Alexander Turney Stewart with his 'Marble Palace' in 1846?
Answer: A policy of 'free entrance' to all customers
Explanation: Alexander Turney Stewart's 'Marble Palace' introduced a policy of 'free entrance' to all customers, among other innovations.
When was Macy's founded as a dry goods store?
Answer: 1858
Explanation: Macy's was founded in 1858 by Rowland Hussey Macy as a dry goods store.
Which department store pioneered the first European buying office in Manchester, England, and introduced the first bridal registry?
Answer: Marshall Field & Company
Explanation: Marshall Field & Company pioneered the first European buying office in Manchester, England, and introduced the first bridal registry.
What was a famous Christmas tradition at Marshall Field's downtown store?
Answer: Animated window displays and visiting the Walnut Room with its Christmas tree.
Explanation: Marshall Field's downtown store was famous for its annual Christmas traditions, including animated window displays and visiting the Walnut Room with its Christmas tree.
What innovation did John Wanamaker introduce in his Philadelphia department store in 1878?
Answer: Electrical illumination
Explanation: John Wanamaker introduced electrical illumination in his Philadelphia department store in 1878.
Selfridges in London discouraged 'just looking' and focused solely on selling goods as a necessity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Selfridges revolutionized shopping by promoting it as a pleasure rather than a necessity and encouraged 'just looking' with dramatic window displays.
Selfridges hosted the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird in 1925.
Answer: True
Explanation: Selfridges hosted the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird in 1925.
Mitsukoshi, Japan's first modern-style department store, originated from a kimono store established in 1673.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mitsukoshi, founded in 1904 as Japan's first modern-style department store, originated from a kimono store called Echigoya established in 1673.
Matsuzakaya in Ginza introduced the policy of allowing street shoes to be worn indoors in 1910.
Answer: False
Explanation: Matsuzakaya in Ginza introduced the policy of allowing street shoes to be worn indoors in 1924, not 1910.
The International Association of Department Stores was established in London in 1928 to promote American management theories in Europe.
Answer: False
Explanation: The International Association of Department Stores was established in Paris in 1928 to provide a dedicated discussion space for the retail format and discuss management theories, particularly as American management theories spread in Europe.
Karstadt Hermannplatz in Berlin was the first department store in Europe to feature direct access from a subway station.
Answer: True
Explanation: Karstadt Hermannplatz in Berlin, opened in 1929, was the first department store in Europe with direct access from a subway station.
How did Selfridges in London encourage customers to stay longer in the store?
Answer: By providing elegant restaurants, a library, and a Silence Room.
Explanation: Selfridges encouraged customers to stay longer by offering amenities such as elegant restaurants, a library, reading and writing rooms, and a Silence Room.
Which significant public demonstration did Selfridges host in 1909?
Answer: Louis Blériot's monoplane
Explanation: Selfridges hosted a significant public demonstration of Louis Blériot's monoplane in 1909.
Which Japanese department store, founded in 1904, originated from a kimono store established in 1673?
Answer: Mitsukoshi
Explanation: Mitsukoshi, founded in 1904, originated from a kimono store called Echigoya established in 1673.
What innovative policy did Matsuzakaya in Ginza introduce in 1924?
Answer: Allowing street shoes to be worn indoors
Explanation: In 1924, Matsuzakaya in Ginza introduced the innovative policy of allowing street shoes to be worn indoors.
What was the primary contribution of Japanese railway companies to the development of department stores from the 1920s?
Answer: They began building department stores directly linked to their lines' termini.
Explanation: From the 1920s, Japanese railway operators began building department stores directly linked to their lines' termini, integrating retail with transportation hubs.
Where was the International Association of Department Stores established in 1928?
Answer: Paris
Explanation: The International Association of Department Stores was established in Paris in 1928.
What was a unique feature of Karstadt Hermannplatz in Berlin when it opened in 1929?
Answer: It was the first in Europe with direct access from a subway station.
Explanation: Karstadt Hermannplatz in Berlin was the first department store in Europe to feature direct access from a subway station when it opened in 1929.
What was the purpose of the International Association of Department Stores, established in Paris in 1928?
Answer: To provide a dedicated discussion space for the retail format and discuss management theories.
Explanation: The International Association of Department Stores was established in Paris in 1928 to provide a dedicated discussion space for the retail format and discuss management theories, particularly American ones.
Since the 1980s, department stores have faced increasing competition primarily from discount retailers and later from the growth of e-commerce.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that since the 1980s, department stores have faced increasing competition from discount retailers and, in the 2000s, from the rapid growth of e-commerce.
The first suburban department store was I. Magnin in Hollywood, Los Angeles, which opened in 1923.
Answer: True
Explanation: I. Magnin in Hollywood, Los Angeles, which opened in 1923, was the first suburban department store, excluding hotel or resort stores.
The Strawbridge and Clothier store in Philadelphia was the first department store branch to anchor a suburban shopping center in 1930.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Strawbridge and Clothier store at Suburban Square in Philadelphia was the first department store branch to anchor a suburban shopping center, opening in 1930.
The U.S. Baby Boom led to a decline in suburban department store expansion as consumers preferred urban shopping.
Answer: False
Explanation: The U.S. Baby Boom led to the development of suburban neighborhoods and shopping malls, prompting department stores to expand into suburban areas to cater to the growing market.
The 'retail apocalypse' refers to the widespread closing of brick-and-mortar retail stores, a trend that began around 2010.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'retail apocalypse' describes the widespread closing of brick-and-mortar retail stores, a trend that analysts began referring to around 2010.
The COVID-19 pandemic primarily boosted demand for business apparel due to increased in-person meetings.
Answer: False
Explanation: The COVID-19 pandemic stimulated e-commerce further due to a shift to working from home, which reduced demand for business apparel.
'Click-and-collect' services allow customers to order online and pick up in-store, and many department stores created dedicated areas for these services.
Answer: True
Explanation: Click-and-collect services allow customers to order online and pick up in-store, and many department stores created larger, distinctly signed, designated areas for these services.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, most U.S. retailers, including department stores, began offering curbside pickup services.
Answer: True
Explanation: With the onset of COVID-19 in 2020, most U.S. retailers, including department stores, began offering a dedicated curbside pickup service as an option on their websites.
The 'store-within-a-store' concept involves department stores leasing space to external luxury brands who manage their own sales and staff.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'store-within-a-store' concept involves department stores implementing smaller, often luxury brand boutiques, which typically hire their own employees and manage their own selling space and transactions.
What was the primary new source of competition for department stores that emerged in the 2000s?
Answer: Rapid growth of e-commerce businesses
Explanation: Since the 2000s, department stores have faced increasing competition from the rapid growth of e-commerce businesses.
Which department store was the first suburban department store, opening in Hollywood, Los Angeles, in 1923?
Answer: I. Magnin
Explanation: I. Magnin in Hollywood, Los Angeles, which opened in 1923, was the first suburban department store.
Which of the following was *not* a primary cause of the 'retail apocalypse' in the U.S. by 2017, according to the source?
Answer: Shifts in consumer spending towards material goods
Explanation: The source states that shifts in consumer spending towards *experiences* rather than material goods was a cause, making 'shifts in consumer spending towards material goods' the incorrect option.
How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact demand for business apparel?
Answer: It reduced demand due to a shift to working from home.
Explanation: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a shift to working from home, which reduced demand for business apparel.
What is the definition of 'click-and-collect' services in department stores?
Answer: A service where customers order online and pick up their purchases in-store.
Explanation: 'Click-and-collect' services allow customers to order online and pick up their purchases in-store.
The U.S. Baby Boom influenced department store expansion into suburban areas by:
Answer: Leading to the development of suburban neighborhoods and shopping malls.
Explanation: The U.S. Baby Boom led to the development of suburban neighborhoods and commercial developments, including shopping malls, which department stores then joined.
By 2017, over 12,000 U.S. stores closed due to factors including rising rents, bankruptcies, and a significant shift to what?
Answer: E-commerce, dominated by Amazon.com and Walmart.
Explanation: By 2017, over 12,000 U.S. stores closed due to various factors, including a significant shift to e-commerce, dominated by Amazon.com and Walmart.
What adaptation did most U.S. retailers, including department stores, implement with the onset of COVID-19 in 2020?
Answer: A dedicated curbside pickup service.
Explanation: With the onset of COVID-19 in 2020, most U.S. retailers, including department stores, began offering a dedicated curbside pickup service.
What is a key characteristic of the 'store-within-a-store' concept?
Answer: The boutiques typically hire their own employees and manage their own selling space.
Explanation: A key characteristic of the 'store-within-a-store' concept is that the boutiques typically hire their own employees, merchandise their own selling space, and process transactions at their own cash registers.
Discount department stores typically process customer purchases at individual sales counters located within each specific department.
Answer: False
Explanation: Discount department stores generally complete purchases near the front of the store, whereas high-end traditional department stores use individual sales counters within each department.
Hypermarkets and variety stores are generally considered true department stores due to their wide range of product offerings.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hypermarkets and variety stores are sometimes mistakenly referred to as department stores, but they are not generally considered true department stores.
Debenhams, established in 1778, is recognized as the longest-trading defunct British retailer, closing in 2021.
Answer: True
Explanation: Debenhams, established in 1778 and closed in 2021, is recognized as the longest-trading defunct British retailer.
David Jones, an Australian department store, is the longest continuously operating department franchise in the world, founded in 1838.
Answer: True
Explanation: David Jones, founded in Sydney in 1838, is recognized as the longest continuously operating department franchise in the world.
Macy's Herald Square in New York City is recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest department store in the world.
Answer: False
Explanation: Shinsegae Centum City in Busan, South Korea, is recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest department store in the world. Macy's Herald Square is the largest in the Americas.
Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney was once considered the largest department store in the world.
Answer: True
Explanation: Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney, Australia, was once considered the largest department store in the world with a sales area of 210,437 square meters.
Gimbels Center City in Philadelphia was considered the largest department store in the world upon its 1927 addition, with 50 acres of space.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon the opening of its 12-story addition in 1927, Gimbels Center City in Philadelphia, with 50 acres of space, was considered the largest department store in the world at that time.
Hudson's Downtown Detroit was the tallest department store in the world, reaching 410 feet with 25 floors.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hudson's Downtown Detroit, at 410 feet high with 25 floors, was the tallest department store in the world at the time of its operation.
Marshall Field's State Street store in Chicago was considered the largest department store in the world in 1912.
Answer: True
Explanation: Marshall Field's State Street store in Chicago, with a sales area of 185,806 square meters in 1912, was considered the largest department store in the world at that time.
Hankyu Umeda in Osaka is Japan's largest department store complex and was the first to be directly linked to a railway station.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hankyu Umeda in Osaka is the largest department store complex in Japan and holds the distinction of being Japan's first railway station department store.
Le Bon Marché in Paris is the largest department store in Europe, with Harrods being a close second.
Answer: True
Explanation: Le Bon Marché in Paris is the largest department store in Europe, with Harrods in London also noted as one of the largest.
What is the fundamental characteristic that defines a department store?
Answer: It is a retail establishment with a wide variety of consumer goods organized into distinct departments under one roof.
Explanation: A department store is fundamentally defined as a retail establishment offering a wide variety of consumer goods, organized into distinct departments under one roof, each specializing in a particular product category.
Which of the following product categories is *not* typically found in modern department stores according to the source?
Answer: Industrial machinery
Explanation: The source lists a wide range of consumer goods typically found in department stores, but industrial machinery is not among them.
How do high-end traditional department stores typically handle customer checkout compared to discount department stores?
Answer: High-end stores use individual sales counters within each department, while discount stores complete purchases near the front.
Explanation: High-end traditional department stores typically have individual sales counters within each department, whereas discount department stores generally process purchases near the front of the store.
What is a 'junior department store' primarily known for specializing in during the second part of the 20th century?
Answer: Cosmetics, wearing apparel, and accessories with limited home goods.
Explanation: A 'junior department store' specialized in cosmetics, wearing apparel, and accessories, with a limited selection of home goods, primarily during the second part of the 20th century.
Which British retailer, established in 1778 and closed in 2021, is recognized as the longest-trading defunct department store chain?
Answer: Debenhams
Explanation: Debenhams, established in 1778 and closed in 2021, is recognized as the longest-trading defunct British retailer.
What was the largest suburban department store in the world in 1952?
Answer: May Company California in Lakewood Center
Explanation: In 1952, May Company California in Lakewood Center near Los Angeles was considered the largest suburban department store in the world.
Which department store is recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest in the world?
Answer: Shinsegae Centum City
Explanation: Shinsegae Centum City in Busan, South Korea, is recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest department store in the world.
What is the sales area of Macy's Herald Square, the largest department store in the Americas?
Answer: 232,258 square meters
Explanation: Macy's Herald Square in New York City, the largest department store in the Americas, has a sales area of 232,258 square meters.
Which department store was considered the largest in the world upon its 1927 addition, boasting 50 acres of space?
Answer: Gimbels Center City in Philadelphia
Explanation: Gimbels Center City in Philadelphia was considered the largest department store in the world upon its 1927 addition, with 50 acres of space.
What was the height of Hudson's Downtown Detroit, the tallest department store in the world at the time of its operation?
Answer: 410 feet
Explanation: Hudson's Downtown Detroit was 410 feet high, making it the tallest department store in the world at the time of its operation.
In what year was Marshall Field's State Street store in Chicago considered the largest department store in the world?
Answer: 1912
Explanation: Marshall Field's State Street store in Chicago was considered the largest department store in the world in 1912.
Which department store complex is the largest in Japan and also holds the distinction of being Japan's first railway station department store?
Answer: Hankyu Umeda
Explanation: Hankyu Umeda in Osaka is the largest department store complex in Japan and was also Japan's first railway station department store.
Which Australian department store, opened in 1838, is the longest continuously operating department franchise in the world?
Answer: David Jones
Explanation: David Jones, opened in Sydney in 1838, is the longest continuously operating department franchise in the world.
Which department store was once considered the largest in the world, operating in Sydney, Australia, from 1823 to 1973?
Answer: Anthony Hordern & Sons
Explanation: Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney, Australia, which operated from 1823 to 1973, was once considered the largest department store in the world.
What was notable about Gimbels Center City in Philadelphia upon its 1927 addition?
Answer: It was considered the largest department store in the world at that time.
Explanation: Upon its 1927 addition, Gimbels Center City in Philadelphia was considered the largest department store in the world at that time.
Which department store was the tallest in the world at the time of its operation, reaching 410 feet with 25 floors?
Answer: Hudson's Downtown Detroit
Explanation: Hudson's Downtown Detroit was the tallest department store in the world at the time of its operation, reaching 410 feet with 25 floors.
Which department store is the largest in Europe?
Answer: Le Bon Marché in Paris
Explanation: Le Bon Marché in Paris, France, with a sales area of 102,360 square meters, is the largest department store in Europe.