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Depression is exclusively defined as a persistent state of sadness and aversion to activity, with no temporary reactions to life events.
Answer: False
Explanation: Depression can manifest as a normal, temporary reaction to significant life events, such as the loss of a loved one. However, when persistent and accompanied by other debilitating symptoms, it can indicate a diagnosable mood disorder requiring professional treatment.
As of 2020, approximately 3.5% of the global population, equating to about 280 million people, is estimated to be affected by depression.
Answer: True
Explanation: As of 2020, depression is estimated to affect approximately 3.5% of the global population, representing roughly 280 million individuals worldwide, underscoring its significant global health burden.
A core aspect of depression is the reduction in pleasure derived from activities and a loss of motivation or interest.
Answer: True
Explanation: A central characteristic of depression involves a diminished capacity for pleasure (anhedonia) and a loss of interest or motivation in activities that were previously enjoyable or engaging.
Depression is never considered a normal reaction to life events and is always indicative of a diagnosable disorder.
Answer: False
Explanation: While transient sadness and reduced activity can be normal reactions to adverse life events, depression becomes a clinical disorder when these symptoms are persistent, pervasive, and significantly impair daily functioning.
Depression is the leading cause of disability globally and negatively impacts child development when present in mothers.
Answer: True
Explanation: Depression is recognized as the leading global cause of disability and significantly contributes to the overall burden of disease, negatively impacting child development when experienced by mothers.
What is the fundamental definition of depression as described in the text?
Answer: A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity impacting thoughts, behavior, and well-being.
Explanation: Depression is characterized as a mental state marked by persistent low mood and aversion to activity, impacting cognitive processes, behavior, and overall well-being. It can manifest as a transient reaction to life events or as a chronic clinical condition.
According to the source, what percentage of the global population was affected by depression as of 2020?
Answer: Approximately 3.5%
Explanation: As of 2020, depression is estimated to affect approximately 3.5% of the global population, representing roughly 280 million individuals worldwide, underscoring its significant global health burden.
Which of the following is a core aspect of how depression affects an individual's daily experience?
Answer: Reduced pleasure or joy derived from activities.
Explanation: A central characteristic of depression involves a diminished capacity for pleasure (anhedonia) and a loss of interest or motivation in activities that were previously enjoyable or engaging.
What is the global status of depression regarding disability?
Answer: It is the leading cause of disability worldwide.
Explanation: Depression is recognized as the leading global cause of disability and significantly contributes to the overall burden of disease, negatively impacting child development when experienced by mothers.
Depression is solely linked to psychological factors and is never a symptom of physical diseases or medication side effects.
Answer: False
Explanation: Beyond psychiatric origins, depression can also manifest as a symptom of various underlying physical diseases or arise as an adverse effect of certain pharmacological treatments, highlighting the intricate mind-body connection.
Experiencing four or more adverse childhood experiences increases the likelihood of adult depression by approximately 3.2 to 4.0 times.
Answer: True
Explanation: Adversity during childhood, encompassing experiences such as neglect, abuse, or loss, is significantly correlated with the development of depression in adulthood. Individuals reporting four or more adverse childhood experiences face a 3.2 to 4.0 times greater likelihood of developing depression.
Urban environments are consistently linked to higher rates of depression compared to smaller towns and rural areas.
Answer: False
Explanation: Environmental factors such as poor housing quality, limited access to green spaces, and exposure to noise and air pollution are associated with increased depressive symptoms. Furthermore, while urban environments may show lower rates, smaller towns and rural areas can exhibit higher prevalence of depression and anxiety.
Male physicians have a 40% higher rate of suicide compared to the general population, while female physicians have a 130% higher rate.
Answer: True
Explanation: Studies indicate elevated rates of depression and suicide among physicians compared to the general population. Specifically, male physicians exhibit a 40% higher suicide rate, and female physicians a 130% higher rate, suggesting significant occupational stressors.
Childbirth, financial difficulties, and relationship troubles are not considered triggers for a depressed mood.
Answer: False
Explanation: A variety of life events can precipitate a depressed mood, including childbirth, financial instability, relationship difficulties, significant work or academic stress, serious medical diagnoses, bullying, bereavement, social isolation, and trauma.
Excessive workloads and lack of autonomy are workplace stressors associated with an increased risk of depression.
Answer: True
Explanation: Workplace stressors such as excessive workloads, limited autonomy, unfavorable effort-reward ratios, and workplace bullying are recognized contributors to an increased risk of developing depression.
Low extraversion and high neuroticism are personality traits not associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing depression.
Answer: False
Explanation: Personality traits such as low extraversion and high neuroticism are consistently associated with a greater propensity to experience depression. Low conscientiousness also correlates with increased stress and depressive symptoms.
Isotretinoin and alpha interferon therapy are medications with strong evidence linking them to depression.
Answer: True
Explanation: Certain medications, including alpha interferon therapy, isotretinoin, and finasteride, have demonstrated a significant association with the induction or exacerbation of depressive symptoms.
Alcohol and stimulants like cocaine are the only drugs of abuse that can cause or worsen depression.
Answer: False
Explanation: The use of various substances of abuse, such as alcohol, sedatives, opioids, stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants, can precipitate or worsen depressive states through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use.
Chronic inflammation is associated with a 30% increased risk of developing major depressive disorder.
Answer: True
Explanation: Chronic inflammation is implicated in the development of depression, with research indicating a 30% increased risk of major depressive disorder associated with inflammatory processes.
The concept of 'deprejudice' suggests that social stereotypes, when internalized, can lead to depressive symptoms.
Answer: True
Explanation: The concept of 'deprejudice' describes how the internalization of social stereotypes can lead to negative self-perceptions and subsequently contribute to the development of depressive symptoms.
Epigenetics studies how changes in DNA sequence contribute to depression susceptibility across generations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Epigenetics investigates how heritable changes, not involving alterations to the DNA sequence itself, may influence an individual's susceptibility to depression, potentially mediated by environmental factors or trauma.
A highly competitive classroom environment is associated with a lower chance of developing depression in students.
Answer: False
Explanation: A highly competitive classroom environment has been correlated with an increased likelihood of developing depression and anxiety among students, suggesting academic pressure can be a significant risk factor.
Unemployment is estimated to roughly triple the risk of developing depression.
Answer: False
Explanation: Unemployment is a significant risk factor for depression, with studies indicating that it can approximately double the risk of developing the condition due to factors like financial strain and loss of social structure.
Individuals with hypercompetitive traits are less likely to report depression and anxiety.
Answer: False
Explanation: A 2011 study found a correlation between hypercompetitive traits and mental health outcomes, indicating that individuals exhibiting high levels of competitiveness are more prone to reporting depression and anxiety.
Historical traumas like genocide and slavery can create conditions that compromise psychological health across generations.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical traumas like genocide and slavery can create enduring conditions of segregation, deprivation, and violence that compromise psychological health across generations, contributing to intergenerational depression.
Research suggests a possible link between Neanderthal genetics and depression, specifically near genes associated with mood disorders.
Answer: True
Explanation: Research suggests a potential genetic link between Neanderthal DNA and depression, as Neanderthal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified near genes associated with mood disorders.
Besides psychiatric conditions, what other factors can be associated with depression?
Answer: Certain physical diseases and medication side effects.
Explanation: Beyond psychiatric origins, depression can also manifest as a symptom of various underlying physical diseases or arise as an adverse effect of certain pharmacological treatments, highlighting the intricate mind-body connection.
What is the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and adult depression mentioned in the text?
Answer: Individuals with four or more adverse experiences are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression.
Explanation: Adversity during childhood, encompassing experiences such as neglect, abuse, or loss, is significantly correlated with the development of depression in adulthood. Individuals reporting four or more adverse childhood experiences face a 3.2 to 4.0 times greater likelihood of developing depression.
Which environmental factors are linked to depressive moods according to the source?
Answer: Poor housing quality, lack of green spaces, and pollution.
Explanation: Environmental factors such as poor housing quality, limited access to green spaces, and exposure to noise and air pollution are associated with increased depressive symptoms. Furthermore, while urban environments may show lower rates, smaller towns and rural areas can exhibit higher prevalence of depression and anxiety.
How do depression rates among physicians compare to other professions, according to studies mentioned?
Answer: Male physicians have a 40% higher suicide rate, and female physicians have a 130% higher rate.
Explanation: Studies indicate elevated rates of depression and suicide among physicians compared to the general population. Specifically, male physicians exhibit a 40% higher suicide rate, and female physicians a 130% higher rate, suggesting significant occupational stressors.
Which of the following is cited as a life event that can trigger a depressed mood?
Answer: Loss of a loved one.
Explanation: A variety of life events can precipitate a depressed mood, including childbirth, financial instability, relationship difficulties, significant work or academic stress, serious medical diagnoses, bullying, bereavement, social isolation, and trauma.
What workplace stressors are identified as increasing the risk of depression?
Answer: Excessive workloads, lack of autonomy, and workplace bullying.
Explanation: Workplace stressors such as excessive workloads, limited autonomy, unfavorable effort-reward ratios, and workplace bullying are recognized contributors to an increased risk of developing depression.
Which personality traits are associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing depression?
Answer: Low extraversion and high neuroticism.
Explanation: Personality traits such as low extraversion and high neuroticism are consistently associated with a greater propensity to experience depression. Low conscientiousness also correlates with increased stress and depressive symptoms.
Which medication class has strong evidence linking it to depression?
Answer: Alpha interferon therapy
Explanation: Certain medications, including alpha interferon therapy, isotretinoin, and finasteride, have demonstrated a significant association with the induction or exacerbation of depressive symptoms.
Which of the following drugs of abuse is mentioned as potentially causing or worsening depression?
Answer: Hallucinogens
Explanation: The use of various substances of abuse, such as alcohol, sedatives, opioids, stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants, can precipitate or worsen depressive states through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use.
What is the association between chronic inflammation and the risk of developing major depressive disorder?
Answer: Chronic inflammation is associated with a 30% increased risk.
Explanation: Chronic inflammation is implicated in the development of depression, with research indicating a 30% increased risk of major depressive disorder associated with inflammatory processes.
What does the term 'deprejudice' describe in relation to depression?
Answer: Internalizing social stereotypes leading to negative self-perceptions and depressive symptoms.
Explanation: The concept of 'deprejudice' describes how the internalization of social stereotypes can lead to negative self-perceptions and subsequently contribute to the development of depressive symptoms.
What is the role of epigenetics in understanding depression, according to the text?
Answer: It explores how non-DNA sequence heritable characteristics might contribute to depression.
Explanation: Epigenetics investigates how heritable changes, not involving alterations to the DNA sequence itself, may influence an individual's susceptibility to depression, potentially mediated by environmental factors or trauma.
How does a highly competitive classroom environment affect students?
Answer: It increases the chance of developing depression and anxiety.
Explanation: A highly competitive classroom environment has been correlated with an increased likelihood of developing depression and anxiety among students, suggesting academic pressure can be a significant risk factor.
What is the impact of unemployment on the risk of developing depression?
Answer: It roughly doubles the risk of depression.
Explanation: Unemployment is a significant risk factor for depression, with studies indicating that it can approximately double the risk of developing the condition due to factors like financial strain and loss of social structure.
What correlation was found between hypercompetitive traits and mental health in a 2011 study?
Answer: Hypercompetitive traits were linked to higher depression and anxiety.
Explanation: A 2011 study found a correlation between hypercompetitive traits and mental health outcomes, indicating that individuals exhibiting high levels of competitiveness are more prone to reporting depression and anxiety.
How can historical traumas like genocide and slavery contribute to depression across generations?
Answer: By creating conditions of segregation, deprivation, and violence that compromise psychological health.
Explanation: Historical traumas like genocide and slavery can create enduring conditions of segregation, deprivation, and violence that compromise psychological health across generations, contributing to intergenerational depression.
What does research suggest about the link between Neanderthal genetics and depression?
Answer: Neanderthal SNPs are found near genes associated with mood disorders, suggesting a possible association.
Explanation: Research suggests a potential genetic link between Neanderthal DNA and depression, as Neanderthal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified near genes associated with mood disorders.
Common symptoms of depression include elevated mood, increased energy, and a constant sense of hope.
Answer: False
Explanation: Common manifestations of depression include persistent sadness or dejection, significant changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or hypersomnia), alterations in appetite (leading to weight loss or gain), difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, suicidal ideation.
Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia are all mood disorders that can include depression as a symptom.
Answer: True
Explanation: Depression is a core symptom within several distinct mood disorders, notably major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia, each differing in diagnostic criteria, duration, and symptom presentation.
In children and adolescents, depression primarily manifests as sad or hopeless feelings, similar to adults.
Answer: False
Explanation: In pediatric and adolescent populations, depression may manifest differently than in adults, often presenting as increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol rather than overt sadness or hopelessness.
Anxiety disorders and conduct disorder are common comorbidities with depression in adults, but not typically in children.
Answer: False
Explanation: Common comorbidities observed alongside depression in children and adolescents include anxiety disorders and conduct disorder, indicating that depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions in these age groups.
Hypothyroidism, Parkinson's disease, and cancer are physical conditions that cannot manifest with depressed mood.
Answer: False
Explanation: Depressed mood can be a symptom of numerous non-psychiatric conditions, including neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease), endocrine imbalances (e.g., hypothyroidism), autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and certain cancers.
There is a strong link between chronic pain and depression, with chronic pain patients having a higher risk of suicide.
Answer: True
Explanation: A robust correlation exists between chronic pain and depression, with individuals experiencing persistent pain exhibiting a higher incidence of depressive disorders and an elevated risk of suicide.
Strokes are not known to cause depression; post-stroke depression is unrelated to brain damage.
Answer: False
Explanation: Strokes can contribute to depression by potentially damaging brain regions involved in emotional regulation and cognitive processing, leading to post-stroke depression in a significant proportion of survivors.
Borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) do not feature depressed mood as a symptom.
Answer: False
Explanation: Depressed mood is also a characteristic symptom of conditions such as borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Which of the following is NOT listed as a common symptom of depression in the text?
Answer: Increased appetite and weight gain
Explanation: Common manifestations of depression include persistent sadness or dejection, significant changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or hypersomnia), alterations in appetite (leading to weight loss or gain), difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, suicidal ideation.
Which of these mood disorders is mentioned as potentially including depression as a symptom?
Answer: Major Depressive Disorder
Explanation: Depression is a core symptom within several distinct mood disorders, notably major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia, each differing in diagnostic criteria, duration, and symptom presentation.
How might depression present differently in children and adolescents compared to adults?
Answer: Adolescents may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol.
Explanation: In pediatric and adolescent populations, depression may manifest differently than in adults, often presenting as increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol rather than overt sadness or hopelessness.
What are the most common comorbidities with depression in children and adolescents, besides other mood disorders?
Answer: Anxiety disorders and conduct disorder.
Explanation: Common comorbidities observed alongside depression in children and adolescents include anxiety disorders and conduct disorder, indicating that depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions in these age groups.
Which neurological disorder is mentioned as potentially manifesting with depressed mood?
Answer: Parkinson's disease
Explanation: Depressed mood can be a symptom of numerous non-psychiatric conditions, including neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease), endocrine imbalances (e.g., hypothyroidism), autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and certain cancers.
What is the relationship between chronic pain and depression?
Answer: There is a strong link, and it can increase suicide risk.
Explanation: A robust correlation exists between chronic pain and depression, with individuals experiencing persistent pain exhibiting a higher incidence of depressive disorders and an elevated risk of suicide.
How can strokes contribute to depression?
Answer: Strokes can damage brain areas involved in emotion processing.
Explanation: Strokes can contribute to depression by potentially damaging brain regions involved in emotional regulation and cognitive processing, leading to post-stroke depression in a significant proportion of survivors.
Which psychiatric syndrome, besides major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, can feature depressed mood?
Answer: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Explanation: Depressed mood is also a characteristic symptom of conditions such as borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Psychogeographical depression focuses solely on individual psychological experiences and ignores societal factors.
Answer: False
Explanation: Psychogeographical depression expands the understanding of depression beyond individual psychology to encompass societal factors, historical traumas, and dispossession, viewing depression as potentially rooted in collective experiences.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-11) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) are used to measure depression severity.
Answer: True
Explanation: Standardized instruments such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-11) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) are utilized to quantify the severity of depressive symptoms and monitor treatment progress.
Beck's cognitive triad theory posits that depressed individuals have positive automatic thoughts about themselves, the world, and the future.
Answer: False
Explanation: Beck's cognitive triad theory posits that individuals experiencing depression characteristically engage in automatic, negative thought patterns concerning themselves, the external world, and their future prospects.
The Tripartite Model explains the comorbidity of anxiety and depression by focusing solely on physiological hyperarousal.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Tripartite Model offers an explanation for the comorbidity of anxiety and depression by categorizing shared and distinct symptoms into negative affect, positive affect, and physiological hyperarousal.
Evolutionary approaches aim to understand mood disorders by examining their potential adaptive functions over evolutionary time.
Answer: True
Explanation: Evolutionary approaches to understanding depression seek to elucidate the potential adaptive or maladaptive functions of mood disorders within the framework of evolutionary theory and natural selection.
Biological theories of depression primarily focus on psychological and situational causes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Biological theories of depression primarily focus on identifying a biochemical basis for the condition, investigating neurotransmitter systems and other physiological mechanisms implicated in mood regulation.
The term 'depression' originates from a Latin verb meaning 'to press down.'
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'depression' derives from the Latin verb *deprimere*, meaning 'to press down,' reflecting its historical association with a feeling of being weighed down or subjugated.
In Ancient Greece, Hippocrates described melancholia as being caused by an excess of black bile.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Ancient Greece, Hippocrates described melancholia, linked to humoral imbalances, as a distinct disease characterized by prolonged fears and despondencies.
During the 18th century, humoral theories remained the sole explanation for melancholia, with no mechanical or electrical concepts emerging.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the 18th century, mechanical and electrical explanations began to challenge the prevailing humoral theories of melancholia, marking a shift in conceptualizing the disorder.
Emil Kraepelin distinguished between manic and depressive states, coining the term 'manic-depressive insanity.'
Answer: True
Explanation: Emil Kraepelin, a seminal figure in psychiatry, distinguished between manic and depressive states, coining the term 'manic-depressive insanity' to categorize these mood disorders.
Viktor Frankl's logotherapy viewed depression as primarily caused by chemical imbalances in the brain.
Answer: False
Explanation: Existential theories, such as Viktor Frankl's logotherapy, conceptualized depression as stemming from feelings of futility and a lack of meaning in life, proposing that addressing this 'existential vacuum' could be therapeutic.
The mid-20th century theory of depression focused on social learning and environmental conditioning.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the mid-20th century, prevailing theories of depression focused on neurochemical imbalances, particularly the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in regulating mood.
Karl Kleist coined the terms 'unipolar' and 'bipolar' to differentiate mood disorders based on manic episodes.
Answer: True
Explanation: The classification of mood disorders evolved in the 20th century with Karl Kleist coining the terms 'unipolar' and 'bipolar' to differentiate mood disorders based on the presence or absence of manic episodes.
A 2022 study challenged the serotonin imbalance theory, but faced no criticism regarding its methodology.
Answer: False
Explanation: A 2022 study challenged the long-held serotonin imbalance theory of depression, proposing that serotonin deficiency is not a primary cause, though this research faced methodological criticisms.
In ICD-11, depression is classified under code 6A7, while ICD-10 uses F32 and F33.
Answer: True
Explanation: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems categorize depression differently: ICD-11 uses code 6A7, while ICD-10 employs codes F32 for a depressive episode and F33 for recurrent depressive disorder.
Hippocrates described melancholia as a disease characterized by prolonged fears and despondencies, linked to humoral imbalances.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hippocrates described melancholia as a disease characterized by prolonged fears and despondencies, attributing it to imbalances in bodily humors.
How does psychogeographical depression differ from individualistic views?
Answer: It broadens the study to societal scales, including historical traumas and dispossession.
Explanation: Psychogeographical depression expands the understanding of depression beyond individual psychology to encompass societal factors, historical traumas, and dispossession, viewing depression as potentially rooted in collective experiences.
Which tools are mentioned for measuring depression severity?
Answer: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-11) and PHQ-9.
Explanation: Standardized instruments such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-11) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) are utilized to quantify the severity of depressive symptoms and monitor treatment progress.
What does Beck's cognitive triad theory propose about the thoughts of individuals with depression?
Answer: They experience uncontrollable negative thoughts about themselves, the world, and the future.
Explanation: Beck's cognitive triad theory posits that individuals experiencing depression characteristically engage in automatic, negative thought patterns concerning themselves, the external world, and their future prospects.
How does the Tripartite Model explain the comorbidity of anxiety and depression?
Answer: By categorizing symptoms into negative affect, positive affect, and physiological hyperarousal.
Explanation: The Tripartite Model offers an explanation for the comorbidity of anxiety and depression by categorizing shared and distinct symptoms into negative affect, positive affect, and physiological hyperarousal.
What is the aim of evolutionary approaches to understanding depression?
Answer: To understand mood disorders through the lens of evolutionary theory and potential adaptive functions.
Explanation: Evolutionary approaches to understanding depression seek to elucidate the potential adaptive or maladaptive functions of mood disorders within the framework of evolutionary theory and natural selection.
What is the primary focus of biological theories of depression?
Answer: Identifying a biochemical origin for the condition.
Explanation: Biological theories of depression primarily focus on identifying a biochemical basis for the condition, investigating neurotransmitter systems and other physiological mechanisms implicated in mood regulation.
The term 'depression' originates from the Latin verb *deprimere*, meaning:
Answer: To press down
Explanation: The term 'depression' derives from the Latin verb *deprimere*, meaning 'to press down,' reflecting its historical association with a feeling of being weighed down or subjugated.
How did Hippocrates describe melancholia in Ancient Greece?
Answer: As a distinct disease with prolonged fears and despondencies.
Explanation: Hippocrates described melancholia as a disease characterized by prolonged fears and despondencies, attributing it to imbalances in bodily humors.
What shift occurred in the understanding of melancholia during the 18th century?
Answer: Mechanical and electrical explanations began to challenge humoral theory.
Explanation: During the 18th century, mechanical and electrical explanations began to challenge the prevailing humoral theories of melancholia, marking a shift in conceptualizing the disorder.
What significant distinction did Emil Kraepelin make regarding mood disorders?
Answer: He distinguished between manic and depressive states, unifying them under 'manic-depressive insanity'.
Explanation: Emil Kraepelin, a seminal figure in psychiatry, distinguished between manic and depressive states, coining the term 'manic-depressive insanity' to categorize these mood disorders.
Viktor Frankl's existential theories linked depression to:
Answer: Feelings of futility and meaninglessness.
Explanation: Existential theories, such as Viktor Frankl's logotherapy, conceptualized depression as stemming from feelings of futility and a lack of meaning in life, proposing that addressing this 'existential vacuum' could be therapeutic.
What was the prevailing theory regarding the cause of depression in the mid-20th century?
Answer: Depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in brain neurotransmitters.
Explanation: In the mid-20th century, prevailing theories of depression focused on neurochemical imbalances, particularly the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in regulating mood.
How did the understanding of 'manic-depression' evolve in the 20th century?
Answer: The terms 'unipolar' and 'bipolar' were coined to differentiate it from other mood disorders.
Explanation: The classification of mood disorders evolved in the 20th century with Karl Kleist coining the terms 'unipolar' and 'bipolar' to differentiate mood disorders based on the presence or absence of manic episodes.
What was the outcome of a 2022 study regarding the serotonin imbalance theory of depression?
Answer: It proposed depression is not caused by serotonin imbalance and faced methodological criticism.
Explanation: A 2022 study challenged the long-held serotonin imbalance theory of depression, proposing that serotonin deficiency is not a primary cause, though this research faced methodological criticisms.
What are the ICD-11 and ICD-10 classifications for depression?
Answer: ICD-11: 6A7; ICD-10: F32, F33
Explanation: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems categorize depression differently: ICD-11 uses code 6A7, while ICD-10 employs codes F32 for a depressive episode and F33 for recurrent depressive disorder.
UK NICE guidelines recommend antidepressants as the first-line treatment for mild depression.
Answer: False
Explanation: UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines advise against the routine use of antidepressants for mild depression, recommending non-pharmacological interventions as the initial treatment approach.
Increasing daily step counts is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms.
Answer: True
Explanation: Engaging in physical activity, such as increasing daily step counts, has been associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms, highlighting the beneficial role of exercise in mental health maintenance.
Reminiscence therapy involves recalling current events to help elderly individuals with depression.
Answer: False
Explanation: Reminiscence therapy, which involves the recall of past memories, can serve as a therapeutic intervention for depression, particularly among the elderly, by promoting self-reflection and a more positive life review.
Psychological therapies like CBT may improve quality of life for elderly residents in long-term care, though evidence is of high certainty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Psychological therapies, including CBT and reminiscence therapy, may offer benefits for depression in elderly long-term care residents, though the certainty of this evidence is considered low, necessitating further investigation.
Continuing antidepressant medication for one year shows limited evidence for preventing depression recurrence.
Answer: True
Explanation: Evidence regarding the efficacy of continuing antidepressant medication for one year to prevent depression recurrence is limited, suggesting that other treatment strategies may also be important.
CBASP is a specialized psychotherapy developed for chronic and treatment-resistant depression.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) is a specialized psychotherapeutic approach developed specifically for individuals suffering from chronic and treatment-resistant forms of depression.
In low- and middle-income countries, over 90% of individuals with depression receive treatment.
Answer: False
Explanation: A substantial treatment gap exists in low- and middle-income countries, where an estimated 76% to 85% of individuals with depression do not receive adequate treatment due to various barriers including resource limitations and lack of trained personnel.
Social stigma prevents less than half of people with depression from seeking help.
Answer: False
Explanation: Social stigma, fueled by misconceptions about mental illness, is a primary barrier preventing over half of individuals with depression from seeking necessary professional help, fostering a desire for privacy.
The World Health Organization's mhGAP program aims to increase services for mental health disorders, with depression as a priority.
Answer: True
Explanation: The World Health Organization's Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) is dedicated to expanding access to services for mental, neurological, and substance-use disorders, with depression identified as a key priority area.
Group Interpersonal Therapy and 'Thinking Health' are examples of therapies endorsed by the mhGAP program for depression.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mhGAP program endorses specific therapeutic interventions for depression, such as Group Interpersonal Therapy and 'Thinking Health,' which utilizes cognitive behavioral therapy principles for perinatal depression.
The mhGAP program considers the evidence supporting general practitioner training for depression screening to be strong.
Answer: False
Explanation: The mhGAP program supports the training of general practitioners in primary care settings for depression screening, although the evidence base for the effectiveness of this specific training is considered weak.
What do UK NICE guidelines recommend regarding the initial treatment of mild depression?
Answer: Prioritizing non-pharmacological approaches.
Explanation: UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines advise against the routine use of antidepressants for mild depression, recommending non-pharmacological interventions as the initial treatment approach.
What is the effect of increasing daily step counts on depressive symptoms?
Answer: It is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms.
Explanation: Engaging in physical activity, such as increasing daily step counts, has been associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms, highlighting the beneficial role of exercise in mental health maintenance.
What does the evidence suggest about yoga's effectiveness for depression?
Answer: There is limited evidence suggesting yoga may help, but more research is needed.
Explanation: While preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits, yoga's efficacy in treating depression requires further rigorous research to establish its effectiveness and understand its mechanisms of action.
How is reminiscence therapy used to treat depression, particularly in the elderly?
Answer: By recalling old and fond memories.
Explanation: Reminiscence therapy, which involves the recall of past memories, can serve as a therapeutic intervention for depression, particularly among the elderly, by promoting self-reflection and a more positive life review.
What is the certainty level of the evidence regarding psychological therapies for depression in elderly long-term care residents?
Answer: Low certainty
Explanation: Psychological therapies, including CBT and reminiscence therapy, may offer benefits for depression in elderly long-term care residents, though the certainty of this evidence is considered low, necessitating further investigation.
What does the evidence suggest about continuing antidepressant medication for one year to prevent depression recurrence?
Answer: There is limited evidence suggesting it may reduce recurrence risk.
Explanation: Evidence regarding the efficacy of continuing antidepressant medication for one year to prevent depression recurrence is limited, suggesting that other treatment strategies may also be important.
What is CBASP, mentioned for chronic depression?
Answer: A specialized psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy).
Explanation: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) is a specialized psychotherapeutic approach developed specifically for individuals suffering from chronic and treatment-resistant forms of depression.
What percentage of people with depression in low- and middle-income countries receive treatment?
Answer: Less than 25%
Explanation: A substantial treatment gap exists in low- and middle-income countries, where an estimated 76% to 85% of individuals with depression do not receive adequate treatment due to various barriers including resource limitations and lack of trained personnel.
What is a major reason why people with depression do not seek help, according to the text?
Answer: Social stigma and misconceptions.
Explanation: Social stigma, fueled by misconceptions about mental illness, is a primary barrier preventing over half of individuals with depression from seeking necessary professional help, fostering a desire for privacy.
What is the primary goal of the World Health Organization's mhGAP program?
Answer: To increase services for mental, neurological, and substance-use disorders.
Explanation: The World Health Organization's Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) is dedicated to expanding access to services for mental, neurological, and substance-use disorders, with depression identified as a key priority area.
Which of the following is an example of an mhGAP-endorsed therapy for depression?
Answer: Group Interpersonal Therapy
Explanation: The mhGAP program endorses specific therapeutic interventions for depression, such as Group Interpersonal Therapy and 'Thinking Health,' which utilizes cognitive behavioral therapy principles for perinatal depression.
What is the evidence level for the effectiveness of training general practitioners in primary care for depression screening, according to the mhGAP program context?
Answer: Weak evidence
Explanation: The mhGAP program supports the training of general practitioners in primary care settings for depression screening, although the evidence base for the effectiveness of this specific training is considered weak.