Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
Dmanisi is situated approximately 93 kilometers east of Georgia's capital city, Tbilisi.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dmanisi is located approximately 93 kilometers southwest of Tbilisi, not east.
The town of Dmanisi is situated within the river valley of the Aragvi River.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dmanisi is situated within the river valley of the Mashavera River, not the Aragvi River.
Dmanisi is situated at an elevation of approximately 4,100 meters above sea level.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dmanisi is located at an elevation of approximately 1,250 meters (4,100 feet) above sea level, not 4,100 meters.
The total population of Dmanisi was recorded as 3,050 in the year 2024.
Answer: True
Explanation: Population data indicates that Dmanisi had a recorded population of 3,050 in the year 2024.
Dmanisi observes Eastern European Time (EET), which is UTC+2.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dmanisi observes Georgian Time (UTC+4) as its standard time zone, not Eastern European Time (UTC+2).
During daylight saving time, Dmanisi observes UTC+5.
Answer: True
Explanation: During daylight saving time, Dmanisi observes UTC+5.
The geographical coordinates of Dmanisi are 41°19′54″N 44°12′13″E.
Answer: True
Explanation: The precise geographical coordinates of Dmanisi are recorded as 41°19′54″N latitude and 44°12′13″E longitude.
What is the Azerbaijani designation for the town of Dmanisi?
Answer: Başkeçid
Explanation: The town of Dmanisi is referred to by the Azerbaijani name Başkeçid.
In which region of Georgia is Dmanisi located?
Answer: Kvemo Kartli
Explanation: Dmanisi is situated within the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia.
What is the approximate distance of Dmanisi from Georgia's capital city, Tbilisi?
Answer: 93 kilometers (58 miles)
Explanation: Dmanisi is located approximately 93 kilometers southwest of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia.
Which river flows through the valley where Dmanisi is situated?
Answer: Mashavera River
Explanation: The town of Dmanisi is situated within the river valley of the Mashavera River.
What is the approximate elevation of Dmanisi above sea level?
Answer: 1,250 meters (approx. 4,100 feet)
Explanation: Dmanisi is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,250 meters, which is equivalent to about 4,100 feet, above sea level.
What was the recorded population of Dmanisi in 2024?
Answer: 3,050
Explanation: The total population of Dmanisi was recorded as 3,050 in the year 2024.
What is the standard time zone observed in Dmanisi?
Answer: Georgian Time (UTC+4)
Explanation: Dmanisi observes Georgian Time (GT) as its standard time zone, which corresponds to UTC+4.
What are the geographical coordinates of Dmanisi?
Answer: 41°19′54″N 44°12′13″E
Explanation: The geographical coordinates of Dmanisi are precisely 41°19′54″N latitude and 44°12′13″E longitude.
The Azerbaijani designation for the town of Dmanisi is 'dmanisi'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Azerbaijani name for Dmanisi is Başkeçid, not 'dmanisi'.
Dmanisi was abandoned in the 18th century and subsequently resettled in 1844.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that Dmanisi was abandoned in the 18th century and subsequently resettled in 1844.
The primary resettlers of Dmanisi in the mid-19th century were Russian sectarian Dukhobors exiled from the Caucasus.
Answer: True
Explanation: The town was resettled in 1844 by Russian sectarian Dukhobors who had been exiled from the Taurida Governorate.
The name 'Dmanisi' originates from the ancient Greek word 'domos', meaning 'house'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The name 'Dmanisi' is derived from the ancient Mongol word 'duman,' signifying a military or administrative unit, not from a Greek word.
The oldest written record mentioning Dmanisi dates back to the 10th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The oldest known written record that mentions Dmanisi dates to the 9th century, not the 10th century.
In the 9th century, Dmanisi was a possession of the Byzantine Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the 9th century, Dmanisi was under the control of the Arab emirate of Tbilisi, not the Byzantine Empire.
Dmanisi's strategic location facilitated its growth into a significant commercial center in medieval Georgia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The strategic positioning of Dmanisi at key trade routes contributed significantly to its development as a major commercial hub during the medieval period.
Dmanisi was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in the 1080s and recaptured by Georgian kings shortly thereafter.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts confirm that the Seljuk Turks conquered Dmanisi in the 1080s, and it was subsequently recaptured by Georgian monarchs.
By the 18th century, Dmanisi had become a thriving metropolis.
Answer: False
Explanation: By the 18th century, Dmanisi had experienced significant decline and was largely abandoned, far from being a thriving metropolis.
Invasions by groups like the Seljuk Turks and Timur's armies contributed to Dmanisi's decline from a major commercial center.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical incursions by groups such as the Seljuk Turks and Timur's armies significantly impacted Dmanisi, contributing to its decline from its former status as a prominent commercial center.
Who were the primary groups that resettled Dmanisi in 1844 after its abandonment?
Answer: Russian sectarian Dukhobors
Explanation: Following its abandonment in the 18th century, Dmanisi was resettled in 1844 by Russian sectarian Dukhobors.
The etymology of 'Dmanisi' is linked to what ancient word and its meaning?
Answer: Mongol 'duman' (military unit)
Explanation: The name 'Dmanisi' is etymologically derived from the ancient Mongol word 'duman,' which denoted a military or administrative unit.
Which political entity controlled Dmanisi during the 9th century, according to historical records?
Answer: The Arab emirate of Tbilisi
Explanation: Historical records indicate that Dmanisi was under the control of the Arab emirate of Tbilisi during the 9th century.
Which of the following groups conquered Dmanisi in the 1080s?
Answer: Seljuk Turks
Explanation: The Seljuk Turks conquered Dmanisi in the 1080s.
What factor significantly contributed to Dmanisi's decline by the 18th century?
Answer: Repeated invasions and sacks by various groups
Explanation: Repeated invasions and sacks by various groups throughout its history significantly contributed to Dmanisi's decline by the 18th century.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a group that historically conquered or sacked Dmanisi?
Answer: Mongol Empire (Golden Horde)
Explanation: While the Seljuk Turks, Timur's armies, and Turkomans are mentioned as historical conquerors or sackers of Dmanisi, the Mongol Empire (specifically the Golden Horde) is not explicitly listed in this context.
Which of the following statements about the Dmanisi site is accurate according to the source?
Answer: It served as a major commercial hub due to its strategic location.
Explanation: The strategic location of Dmanisi facilitated its development into a significant commercial center during the medieval period.
The area around Dmanisi has been continuously inhabited since the Iron Age.
Answer: False
Explanation: Evidence suggests habitation in the area around Dmanisi dating back to the Early Bronze Age, not necessarily continuously since the Iron Age.
Extensive archaeological studies at Dmanisi began in the 1990s.
Answer: False
Explanation: Extensive archaeological studies at Dmanisi commenced much earlier, beginning in 1936 and continuing through subsequent decades.
The Dmanisi site has yielded remains of prehistoric animals and humans.
Answer: True
Explanation: The archaeological site of Dmanisi is notable for yielding significant remains of both prehistoric fauna and hominins.
The extinct rhino species identified in Dmanisi in 1983 is known as *Dicerorhinus etruscus etruscus*.
Answer: True
Explanation: The extinct rhino species identified among the animal bones at Dmanisi in 1983 is indeed *Dicerorhinus etruscus etruscus*.
The extinct rhino species found at Dmanisi dates back to the late Pleistocene epoch.
Answer: False
Explanation: The extinct rhino species *Dicerorhinus etruscus etruscus* found at Dmanisi is associated with the early Pleistocene epoch, not the late Pleistocene.
The discovery of primitive stone tools in 1984 significantly boosted interest in the Dmanisi archaeological site.
Answer: True
Explanation: The identification of primitive stone tools in 1984 was a pivotal discovery that substantially increased scholarly interest in the archaeological potential of the Dmanisi site.
German archaeologists were the first international researchers to collaborate at Dmanisi in 1991.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1991, German archaeologists initiated international collaboration at Dmanisi, subsequently joined by researchers from other nations.
The primary archaeological significance of Dmanisi is the discovery of medieval artifacts.
Answer: False
Explanation: While medieval artifacts exist, the primary archaeological significance of Dmanisi lies in the discovery of early hominin fossils, representing the earliest human presence in Eurasia.
Archaeological research at Dmanisi has involved collaboration solely between Georgian and German scholars.
Answer: False
Explanation: Archaeological research at Dmanisi has involved extensive collaboration, including teams from Germany, the United States, France, and Spain, not solely Georgian and German scholars.
When did extensive archaeological studies first commence in the Dmanisi area?
Answer: 1936
Explanation: Extensive archaeological studies in the Dmanisi area commenced in 1936.
What discovery in 1984 significantly increased interest in the Dmanisi site?
Answer: Primitive stone tools
Explanation: The discovery of primitive stone tools in 1984 significantly enhanced scholarly interest in the Dmanisi archaeological site.
Which international researchers began collaborating at Dmanisi in 1991?
Answer: German archaeologists
Explanation: In 1991, German archaeologists initiated collaborative research efforts at Dmanisi.
The Dmanisi site has yielded remains of extinct animals, including which specific type identified in 1983?
Answer: Etruscan Rhinoceros
Explanation: In 1983, remains of the extinct Etruscan Rhinoceros (*Dicerorhinus etruscus etruscus*) were identified among the animal fossils discovered at the Dmanisi site.
The Dmanisi Hominid Skulls represent the oldest dated human remains discovered in Africa.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dmanisi Hominid Skulls are the oldest dated human remains discovered *outside* of Africa, specifically in Eurasia.
Discoveries at Dmanisi led to the hypothesis that diverse *Homo* species might represent a single, evolving lineage.
Answer: True
Explanation: The morphological variability observed in the Dmanisi hominin fossils supports the hypothesis that distinct *Homo* species may represent variations within a single evolving lineage.
Dmanisi skull 5 is identified by the designation D4500.
Answer: True
Explanation: Dmanisi skull 5, a significant find, is indeed identified by the designation D4500.
The early human fossils discovered at Dmanisi between 1991 and 2005 were initially named *Homo erectus georgicus*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The early human fossils discovered at Dmanisi between 1991 and 2005 were initially classified as *Homo georgicus*, and later reclassified as *Homo erectus georgicus*.
The Dmanisi hominin fossils are currently classified as *Homo habilis*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dmanisi hominin fossils are currently classified as *Homo erectus georgicus*, a subspecies of *Homo erectus*, not *Homo habilis*.
The Dmanisi hominin fossils provide the earliest evidence of human presence in the Caucasus region.
Answer: True
Explanation: The hominin fossils discovered at Dmanisi represent the earliest known evidence of hominin presence within the Caucasus region.
The Dmanisi fossil skeletons showed a primitive spine and lower limbs combined with a primitive skull and upper body.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dmanisi fossil skeletons exhibited a unique mosaic of traits: a primitive skull and upper body structure combined with relatively advanced spines and lower limbs.
A 2017 study suggests the Dmanisi fossils represent a stage after the transition from *Homo habilis* to *Homo erectus*.
Answer: True
Explanation: Research published in 2017 posits that the Dmanisi fossils represent an evolutionary stage occurring shortly after the transition from *Homo habilis* to *Homo erectus*.
The hominin remains discovered by David Lordkipanidze at Dmanisi are approximately 1.8 million years old.
Answer: True
Explanation: The hominin skeletal remains unearthed at Dmanisi by David Lordkipanidze are dated to approximately 1.8 million years before the present.
The Dmanisi hominin finds are the oldest discovered human fossils found within the African continent.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dmanisi hominin finds represent the oldest discovered human fossils found *outside* of Africa, specifically in Eurasia.
Neanderthal remains found in the Caucasus region date between 10,000 and 20,000 years old.
Answer: False
Explanation: Neanderthal remains found in the Caucasus region, such as those at Ortvale K’lde, date between 36,000 and 50,000 years old, not 10,000-20,000 years old.
Dmanisi skull 5 (D4500) is central to the debate suggesting that many hominin fossils might belong to a single evolving lineage.
Answer: True
Explanation: Dmanisi skull 5 (D4500) is a key piece of evidence in the ongoing scientific debate proposing that considerable variation among hominin fossils may represent a single evolving lineage.
The term 'hominin' refers exclusively to modern humans and their direct ancestors.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'hominin' encompasses modern humans, extinct human species, and all our immediate ancestors, including species within the genus *Homo*.
What is the primary significance of the Dmanisi Hominid Skulls in paleoanthropology?
Answer: They are the earliest dated human remains discovered in Eurasia.
Explanation: The Dmanisi Hominid Skulls are critically important as they constitute the earliest dated human remains discovered in Eurasia, providing crucial insights into early hominin dispersal.
What significant hypothesis about the genus *Homo* arose from the Dmanisi skull findings?
Answer: Many distinct *Homo* species might represent variations within a single lineage.
Explanation: The Dmanisi discoveries, particularly the diverse morphology of the skulls, have fueled the hypothesis that numerous previously identified *Homo* species may represent variations within a single, evolving lineage.
The early human fossils found at Dmanisi between 1991 and 2005 are now scientifically classified as:
Answer: *Homo erectus georgicus*
Explanation: The early hominin fossils discovered at Dmanisi between 1991 and 2005 are currently classified as *Homo erectus georgicus*.
What unique combination of traits did the Dmanisi hominin fossil skeletons exhibit?
Answer: Primitive skull and advanced limbs
Explanation: The Dmanisi hominin fossil skeletons displayed a distinctive mosaic of primitive cranial features coupled with relatively advanced postcranial skeletal morphology.
According to a 2017 study, what evolutionary stage do the Dmanisi fossils represent?
Answer: A stage shortly after the transition from *Homo habilis* to *Homo erectus*
Explanation: A 2017 study suggests that the Dmanisi fossils represent an evolutionary phase occurring shortly after the transition from *Homo habilis* to *Homo erectus*.
The Dmanisi hominin remains are significant because they represent:
Answer: The oldest hominin fossils found outside of Africa.
Explanation: The Dmanisi hominin remains are of profound significance as they constitute the oldest hominin fossils discovered outside of Africa, marking a critical point in understanding early human dispersal.
What does the source suggest about the classification of many hominin fossils based on the Dmanisi discoveries?
Answer: They might all be variations of a single evolving lineage.
Explanation: The Dmanisi discoveries have contributed to the hypothesis that considerable variation observed across many hominin fossils could represent different manifestations of a single evolving lineage.
The Dmanisi hominin fossils are dated to approximately how many million years ago?
Answer: 1.8 million
Explanation: The hominin fossils discovered at Dmanisi are dated to approximately 1.8 million years ago.
An Orthodox Christian cathedral named 'Dmanisi Sioni' was constructed in Dmanisi during the 5th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dmanisi Sioni cathedral was constructed during the 6th century, not the 5th century.
The castle of Dmanisi was historically controlled by the House of Orbeliani.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that the castle of Dmanisi was under the control of the noble House of Orbeliani.
The Dmanisi Sioni cathedral is depicted as part of the historic site in the gallery's first image.
Answer: True
Explanation: The first image presented in the gallery visually confirms the presence of the Dmanisi Sioni cathedral as an integral part of the historic site.
The second image in the gallery provides a view of Dmanisi taken from the east side of the Mashavera river.
Answer: False
Explanation: The second gallery image offers a perspective of Dmanisi captured from across the Mashavera River, not specifically from its east side.
The Dmanisi Sioni cathedral, a significant religious structure, was built during which century?
Answer: 6th century
Explanation: The Orthodox Christian cathedral known as Dmanisi Sioni was constructed in the 6th century.
The Dmanisi Pentecostal Church is mentioned in relation to which part of the provided information?
Answer: Gallery images
Explanation: The Dmanisi Pentecostal Church is referenced in the context of the gallery images provided within the source material.