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For the majority of its post-independence history, India's economic development strategy was characterized by a strong emphasis on state intervention and protectionist policies, rather than a consistent focus on free-market principles and minimal state intervention.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reflects India's economic trajectory post-independence, which was largely guided by socialist-inspired policies prioritizing state-led industrialization and protectionism, contrasting with free-market principles.
India's per capita income growth rate averaged approximately 1% annually during the first three decades following its independence.
Answer: True
Explanation: Indeed, for the initial three decades after independence, India experienced a modest average annual growth rate of per capita income, estimated at around 1%.
India's per capita income remained stagnant or declined between 1900 and India's Independence in 1947.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical data indicates that India's per capita income experienced stagnation or decline during the period from 1900 to 1947.
Following the 1957 crisis, India adopted an outward-looking strategy focused on export promotion and reduced foreign exchange controls.
Answer: False
Explanation: Post the 1957 crisis, India adopted an inward-looking strategy emphasizing import substitution industrialization and implemented stricter foreign exchange controls.
The Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy, particularly in the Second Five Year Plan, prioritized the development of consumer goods industries.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy primarily prioritized the development of basic and heavy industries, such as steel and mining, rather than consumer goods.
Critics of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy argued it neglected agriculture, leading to rising food prices and poverty.
Answer: True
Explanation: A significant criticism of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy was its perceived neglect of agriculture, which critics contended contributed to increased food prices and persistent poverty.
Between 1950 and 1965, India experienced an average per capita income growth rate exceeding 3%.
Answer: False
Explanation: The average per capita income growth rate in India between 1950 and 1965 was approximately 1.7%, not exceeding 3%.
What economic policy did India primarily follow for most of its independent history, resulting in slow per capita income growth?
Answer: Socialist-inspired policies with significant state ownership.
Explanation: For much of its independent history, India pursued socialist-inspired policies characterized by substantial state ownership and intervention, which contributed to a slow rate of per capita income growth.
Which of the following was a major criticism of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy?
Answer: It neglected agriculture, contributing to rising food prices and poverty.
Explanation: A significant criticism of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy was its perceived neglect of agriculture, which critics argued led to increased food prices and exacerbated poverty.
The Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy, central to India's Second Five Year Plan, primarily focused on developing:
Answer: Basic and heavy industries like steel and mining.
Explanation: The Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy, integral to the Second Five Year Plan, prioritized the development of basic and heavy industries, such as steel and mining, to foster industrialization.
Since the mid-1980s, India has progressively moved away from market liberalization towards more state-controlled economic policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to this statement, since the mid-1980s, and particularly following the reforms initiated in 1991, India has progressively embraced market liberalization and moved towards a more open economic system.
The economic reforms introduced after 1991 led to decreased foreign competition and protected domestic industries from privatization.
Answer: False
Explanation: The economic reforms post-1991 led to increased foreign competition and encouraged privatization, rather than protecting domestic industries from it.
Following liberalization, the Indian private sector adapted by focusing on cost reduction and management improvements to compete effectively.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Indian private sector adapted to liberalization by emphasizing cost reduction, enhancing management practices, and improving product design to compete effectively.
India's GDP growth rate has generally declined since the economic liberalization reforms initiated in 1991.
Answer: False
Explanation: Conversely, India's GDP growth rate has generally trended upwards since the economic liberalization reforms commenced in 1991.
The historical 'Licence Raj' in India was characterized by minimal bureaucracy and rapid approval processes for private enterprises.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Licence Raj' was characterized by extensive bureaucracy, complex regulations, and slow approval processes, which significantly hindered private enterprise.
How did the Indian private sector adapt to increased foreign competition after the 1991 liberalization?
Answer: By focusing on cost reduction, management improvements, and new product design.
Explanation: Following liberalization, the Indian private sector adapted by concentrating on cost reduction, enhancing management practices, and innovating product design to effectively compete.
What historical bureaucratic system in India significantly stifled private enterprise through extensive red tape and corruption?
Answer: The 'Licence Raj'
Explanation: The historical bureaucratic system known as the 'Licence Raj' was characterized by extensive red tape and corruption, significantly stifling private enterprise in India.
India holds the position of the third-largest economy globally based on nominal GDP, but ranks fourth when adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).
Answer: False
Explanation: India ranks fourth globally based on nominal GDP and third when adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).
India's GDP experienced a nearly five-fold increase between the beginning of the 21st century and 2015.
Answer: True
Explanation: The data indicates that India's GDP underwent a substantial five-fold increase from approximately US$480 billion at the start of the 21st century to an estimated US$2.2 trillion by 2015.
In the January-March quarter of 2015, India's GDP growth rate was lower than China's.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the January-March quarter of 2015, India's GDP growth rate of 7.5% surpassed China's growth rate of 7% for the same period.
During the 2015-2016 fiscal year, states like Andhra Pradesh and Bihar showed GDP growth rates lower than the national average.
Answer: False
Explanation: States such as Andhra Pradesh and Bihar demonstrated GDP growth rates significantly higher than the national average during the 2015-2016 fiscal year.
Reliance Industries had the highest revenue among the top Indian companies listed in the Forbes Global 2000 for 2015.
Answer: True
Explanation: Reliance Industries reported the highest revenue, amounting to US$71.7 billion, among the Indian companies featured in the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2015.
How does India's global economic ranking compare when adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) versus nominal GDP?
Answer: It ranks third in PPP and fourth in nominal GDP.
Explanation: India holds the position of the fourth-largest economy globally based on nominal GDP, whereas when adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), its ranking improves to third-largest.
What was the approximate five-fold increase in India's GDP mentioned in the source, comparing the early 21st century to 2015?
Answer: From US$480 billion to US$2.2 trillion
Explanation: India's GDP saw a five-fold increase from approximately US$480 billion at the beginning of the 21st century to an estimated US$2.2 trillion by 2015.
Which states experienced GDP growth rates significantly higher than the national average during the 2015-2016 fiscal year, according to the provided data?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: During the 2015-2016 fiscal year, states such as Andhra Pradesh (10.99%), Bihar (10.27%), and Madhya Pradesh (10.16%) recorded GDP growth rates considerably higher than the national average.
What was India's GDP growth rate in the January-March quarter of 2015, making it the fastest-growing major economy at that time?
Answer: 7.5%
Explanation: In the January-March quarter of 2015, India's GDP grew at a rate of 7.5%, positioning it as the fastest-growing major economy at that time.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a sector experiencing growth during the 2014-2015 fiscal year in India?
Answer: Mining (12.5%)
Explanation: The supporting flashcard details growth rates for Services (10.1%), Manufacturing (7.1%), and Agriculture (0.2%). Mining is not explicitly listed in this flashcard as having experienced growth during this period.
During the 2014-2015 fiscal year, India's agriculture sector experienced significant growth, outpacing the services sector.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the 2014-2015 fiscal year, India's agriculture sector grew by only 0.2%, significantly less than the services sector's growth of 10.1%.
India ranks first globally in farm output and is the largest producer of wheat and rice.
Answer: False
Explanation: India ranks second globally in farm output and is the second-largest producer of wheat and rice, although it leads in other products like milk and tea.
The World Bank identifies overregulation and high agricultural subsidies as major problems hindering India's agricultural sector productivity.
Answer: True
Explanation: Overregulation and substantial agricultural subsidies are identified by the World Bank as significant impediments to productivity within India's agricultural sector.
India ranks first globally in factory output, with major manufacturing clusters concentrated in the northern states.
Answer: False
Explanation: India ranks fifth globally in factory output, and its major manufacturing clusters are primarily located in western and southern states, not exclusively northern ones.
The manufacturing sector, combined with mining, quarrying, electricity, and gas, accounts for less than 10% of India's GDP.
Answer: False
Explanation: The manufacturing sector, along with mining, quarrying, electricity, and gas, accounts for approximately 27.6% of India's GDP.
India has become the world's largest manufacturer of mobile phones.
Answer: False
Explanation: India is the second-largest manufacturer of mobile phones globally, not the largest.
India ranks second globally in farm output. Which of these products is India NOT listed as a leading global producer of?
Answer: Coffee
Explanation: The source lists India as a leading producer of milk, tea, and cashew nuts, among others. Coffee is not explicitly mentioned as a product where India holds a leading global production position.
What is a key challenge identified by the World Bank for India's agricultural sector?
Answer: Overregulation and government intervention in markets.
Explanation: The World Bank identifies overregulation and extensive government intervention in markets as significant challenges hindering productivity and investment within India's agricultural sector.
India ranks fifth globally in factory output. Which of the following is NOT listed as a major manufacturing cluster state?
Answer: Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: The source identifies Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and others as major manufacturing clusters. Uttar Pradesh is not explicitly listed among these key states.
India ranks second globally in the manufacturing of which product?
Answer: Mobile phones
Explanation: India holds the second global rank in the manufacturing of mobile phones. It is also noted as the fourth-largest manufacturer of automobiles worldwide.
The expansion of the manufacturing sector is identified as the primary driver of India's current economic growth.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary driver of India's current economic growth is identified as the expansion of the services sector, not manufacturing.
India ranks fifteenth globally in services output, driven primarily by strong domestic consumer demand.
Answer: False
Explanation: While India ranks fifteenth globally in services output, the demand is driven significantly by foreign consumers seeking service exports and outsourcing opportunities, not solely by domestic demand.
India became a major center for business process outsourcing (BPO) due to significant investments in undersea fiber-optic cables and a large pool of skilled talent.
Answer: True
Explanation: The combination of substantial investment in global undersea fiber-optic connectivity and the availability of a large, skilled talent pool were critical factors in establishing India as a major BPO center.
As of March 2006, India's IT and ITES sectors employed approximately 1.3 million professionals directly.
Answer: True
Explanation: Data from March 2006 indicates that India's IT and ITES sectors directly employed an estimated 1.3 million professionals.
The call center industry provides employment opportunities primarily for uneducated women in rural India.
Answer: False
Explanation: The call center industry primarily offers employment to educated women in urban areas who possess proficiency in English, rather than uneducated women in rural settings.
Which sector is identified as the primary driver of India's current economic growth, despite concerns about job creation?
Answer: Services
Explanation: The services sector is currently identified as the principal engine of India's economic growth, although concerns persist regarding its ability to generate sufficient employment opportunities.
What was a key factor enabling India to become a major center for business process outsourcing (BPO)?
Answer: A large pool of English-speaking graduates and investment in undersea cables.
Explanation: Significant investments in global undersea fiber-optic cables, coupled with a large pool of English-speaking graduates, were pivotal factors enabling India's rise as a major BPO center.
What was the estimated number of professionals employed in India's IT and ITES sectors as of March 2006?
Answer: 1.3 million
Explanation: As of March 2006, the estimated number of professionals directly employed in India's IT and ITES sectors was 1.3 million.
A significant concern regarding India's economic growth is its 'jobless' nature, meaning it does not always translate into widespread employment opportunities.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'jobless' nature of economic growth, where expansion does not consistently lead to broad employment opportunities, is indeed a significant concern for India.
Despite favorable macroeconomic performance, India has struggled to improve human development indicators, with child malnutrition remaining a persistent issue.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement is accurate; while macroeconomic indicators may show improvement, progress in crucial human development indicators, such as reducing child malnutrition, has been less satisfactory.
A 2005 Transparency International study found that petty corruption in India across 11 basic services was valued at approximately US$2.5 billion.
Answer: True
Explanation: A 2005 study by Transparency International estimated the monetary value of petty corruption across 11 basic services in India to be approximately US$2.5 billion.
The Right to Information Act (2005) has been implemented in India as a measure to combat corruption by empowering citizens.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Right to Information Act (2005) empowers citizens by granting them access to government information, serving as a crucial tool in combating corruption.
India's labor force is growing faster than employment opportunities, leading to a widening gap.
Answer: True
Explanation: The annual growth rate of India's labor force exceeds that of employment creation, resulting in an increasing gap between the two.
The majority of India's workforce operates in the organized sector, with self-employment being rare.
Answer: False
Explanation: The vast majority of India's workforce operates in the unorganized sector, where self-employment is common.
Child laborers in India primarily work in urban factories and the service industry.
Answer: False
Explanation: Child laborers in India predominantly work within their own rural family settings, primarily in agricultural activities, rather than urban factories or the service industry.
India's government is tackling child labor mainly through enforcement in hazardous industries, with limited focus on education.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Indian government's approach to eradicating child labor involves both enforcement in hazardous industries and a significant focus on providing education to children.
The primary cause of waterborne diseases in developing nations like India is the dumping of untreated household and industrial waste into water bodies.
Answer: True
Explanation: The direct discharge of untreated household and industrial waste into water sources is indeed a primary cause of waterborne diseases in developing nations such as India.
Indoor air pollution in India is mainly caused by industrial emissions, affecting urban populations significantly.
Answer: False
Explanation: Indoor air pollution in India is predominantly caused by cooking with traditional fuels like fuelwood and coal over open fires, affecting rural and peri-urban populations significantly.
India ranks poorly globally in female labor participation rates, sitting near the bottom among surveyed countries.
Answer: True
Explanation: India's female labor participation rate is indeed low globally, ranking near the bottom among surveyed nations.
Women in India earn significantly less than men for similar positions, with an average wage gap where women earn about 62% of men's wages.
Answer: True
Explanation: Evidence suggests a substantial wage gap, with women in India earning approximately 62% of the wages earned by men for comparable roles.
Women's labor force participation in India has increased significantly between 2004-2005 and 2009-2019, despite economic growth.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to this statement, women's labor force participation in India has declined between 2004-2005 and 2009-2019, despite overall economic growth.
What is the primary reason cited for the disparity between India's labor force growth and employment growth?
Answer: The labor force is growing at a faster annual rate than employment.
Explanation: The primary reason for the disparity is that India's labor force is expanding annually at a faster rate (2.5%) than the creation of new employment opportunities (2.3%).
The vast majority (86%) of India's workforce operates in the unorganized sector. What is the primary characteristic of employment within this sector mentioned?
Answer: Predominantly self-employment and informal work.
Explanation: Employment within India's unorganized sector is predominantly characterized by self-employment and informal work arrangements, often on a contingent basis.
What is the primary cause of waterborne diseases in developing nations like India, as stated in the text?
Answer: Contamination of water sources by untreated waste.
Explanation: The principal cause of waterborne diseases in developing nations like India is the direct discharge of untreated household and industrial waste into water bodies, leading to contamination.
How does indoor air pollution affect people in India, according to the source?
Answer: From cooking with traditional fuels like fuelwood and coal over open fires.
Explanation: Indoor air pollution in India is primarily caused by cooking with traditional fuels such as fuelwood and coal over open fires, leading to high concentrations of harmful particulates within homes.
What trend has been observed regarding women's labor force participation in India between 2004-2005 and 2009-2019?
Answer: It has declined from 37% to 27%.
Explanation: Between 2004-2005 and 2009-2019, women's labor force participation in India exhibited a decline, falling from approximately 37% to 27%.
The World Bank identifies several key priorities for India's economic development, including reforming the public sector and easing labor regulations.
Answer: True
Explanation: Reforming the public sector and easing labor regulations are indeed among the key priorities identified by the World Bank for India's economic development.
Government schemes like 'Rural Go downs' and 'Market Research and Information Network' aim to improve India's agricultural marketing infrastructure.
Answer: True
Explanation: Schemes such as 'Rural Go downs' and the 'Market Research and Information Network' are indeed implemented by the Indian government to enhance agricultural marketing infrastructure.
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) played a key role in the agricultural advancements leading up to the Green Revolution in the 1970s.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) was instrumental in conducting the research that significantly contributed to the agricultural advancements of the Green Revolution in the 1970s.
Professor M. S. Swaminathan is recognized as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' in India and advocates for environmentally sustainable agriculture.
Answer: True
Explanation: Professor M. S. Swaminathan is indeed widely acknowledged as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' in India and is a proponent of environmentally sustainable agricultural practices.
The 'Make In India' campaign aims solely to attract foreign investment with little focus on local entrepreneurs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Make In India' campaign aims to boost domestic industries by encouraging both foreign investment and the establishment and promotion of local enterprises.
In the 2020 Ease of Doing Business Index, India's ranking (63rd) placed it behind China (31st) but ahead of Indonesia (73rd).
Answer: True
Explanation: India's ranking of 63rd in the 2020 Ease of Doing Business Index placed it behind China (31st) and Indonesia (73rd), accurately reflecting its position relative to these nations.
SEWA (Self Employed Women's Association), established in 1972, provides support and advocacy for self-employed and low-wage women workers.
Answer: True
Explanation: SEWA (Self Employed Women's Association), founded in 1972, is dedicated to supporting and advocating for the rights and well-being of self-employed and low-wage women workers in India.
In the 2020 Ease of Doing Business Index, India's ranking (63rd) placed it ahead of which of the following countries?
Answer: Nigeria (131st)
Explanation: India's ranking of 63rd in the 2020 Ease of Doing Business Index placed it ahead of Nigeria (131st), Brazil (124th), and Pakistan (108th), among others.
Which organization, established in 1972, works to support self-employed and low-wage women workers in India?
Answer: Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)
Explanation: The Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), founded in 1972, is dedicated to supporting and advocating for self-employed and low-wage women workers in India.
Professor M. S. Swaminathan is recognized in India primarily for:
Answer: Being the 'Father of the Green Revolution' and advocating sustainable agriculture.
Explanation: Professor M. S. Swaminathan is primarily recognized as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' in India and is also known for his advocacy for environmentally sustainable agriculture.