Explanation: The *engagé* system is defined as a form of indentured servitude implemented in New France, Louisiana, and the French West Indies during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Explanation: The *engagé* system is categorized as a form of forced labor and slavery, specifically indentured servitude, which involved contractual obligations often leading to exploitative conditions.

Explanation: *Engagés* were brought to New France by the French government to serve as a labor force for various colonial endeavors, including the fur trade, as part of a broader development strategy.

Explanation: The *engagé* system was primarily implemented in New France, the U.S. state of Louisiana, and the French West Indies, not British North American colonies.

Explanation: The *engagé* system is categorized as a form of forced labor and slavery, specifically indentured servitude, due to its contractual obligations and often exploitative conditions.

Explanation: In the 18th-century Canadian fur trade, *engagés* were indentured servants bound by contract, distinct from *coureurs des bois* who were independent merchants trading without licenses.

Explanation: The Lewis and Clark Expedition employed *engagés* to staff their pirogues, which were essential for transportation during their exploration of the western United States.

Explanation: By the 19th century, the term *engagé* in Canada broadened to include all employees of the Hudson's Bay Company, regardless of their nationality, not exclusively French-Canadian men.

Explanation: In the 18th-century Canadian fur trade, the primary role of an *engagé* was to transport goods by canoe and manage all aspects of frontier river and lake travel as an indentured servant.

Explanation: *Engagés* were indentured servants bound by contract, whereas *voyageurs* were free, licensed individuals in the fur trade.

Explanation: The Lewis and Clark Expedition utilized *engagés* to staff their pirogues for transportation during their exploration.

Explanation: By the 19th century, the term *engagé* in Canada broadened to refer to all employees of the Hudson's Bay Company, irrespective of their nationality.

Explanation: After the 1760s, Saint-Domingue's plantation economy weakened, characterized by doubling slave prices and a collapse in coffee profitability, leading many planters into debt.

Explanation: Saint-Domingue planters began importing white indentured servants to mitigate the high cost of acquiring and maintaining enslaved labor, which was approximately 300 Spanish dollars per slave.

Explanation: White indentured servants in Saint-Domingue typically worked for five to seven years, receiving housing, food, and clothing from their masters, not ten years with only housing.

Explanation: By 1789, approximately 6 percent of the white population in Saint-Domingue was employed as *engagés* or indentured servants on plantations, indicating their significant presence in the labor force.

Explanation: Indentured servants in Saint-Domingue included German settlers and Acadian refugees who had been deported by the British during the French and Indian War.

Explanation: Hundreds of Acadian refugees perished while forcibly constructing a jungle military base for the French government in Saint-Domingue, indicating their labor was coerced and deadly.

Explanation: Despite economic challenges, Saint-Domingue produced more sugar than all of the British Caribbean islands combined, highlighting its immense productivity.

Explanation: After the 1760s, Saint-Domingue experienced a weakening plantation economy marked by doubling slave prices, tripling land prices, and a collapse in coffee profitability.

Explanation: A slave in Saint-Domingue cost approximately 300 Spanish dollars, leading planters to import white indentured servants to offset this high expense.

Explanation: White indentured servants in Saint-Domingue typically served for five to seven years, receiving housing, food, and clothing from their masters.

Explanation: By 1789, approximately 6 percent of all white St. Dominicans were employed as *engagés* or indentured servants on plantations.

Explanation: Indentured servants in Saint-Domingue included German settlers and Acadian refugees who had been deported by the British.

Explanation: Hundreds of Acadian refugees perished while forcibly constructing a jungle military base for the French government in Saint-Domingue.

Explanation: Despite economic challenges, Saint-Domingue produced more sugar than all of the British Caribbean islands combined.

Explanation: Louisiana's unique pattern of slavery, influenced by its Creole heritage, involved supplementing enslaved labor with *petits habitants* and immigrant indentured servitude due to a scarcity of enslaved people.

Explanation: On many Louisiana plantations, free people of color and white laborers worked alongside enslaved people, creating a multi-class labor system that differed from rigid racial hierarchies.

Explanation: Creoles in Louisiana often referred to *engagés*, especially Germans, as 'white slaves,' and they were indeed commonly sold under this designation, reflecting their harsh conditions.

Explanation: German *engagés* who successfully completed their indenture contracts and gained freedom were known as 'Redemptioners'.

Explanation: In some cases, the children of *engagés* or *petits habitants* in Louisiana were abandoned and subsequently sold into slavery as 'white slaves,' indicating a lack of guaranteed freedom.

Explanation: Sally Miller's story is significant for illustrating the extreme exploitation faced by some indentured servants and their descendants, as she was sold into slavery despite being born to German *engagé* parents, not because she was a free advocate.

Explanation: Abolitionist Parker Pillsbury issued a warning in 1853 that 'A white skin is no security whatsoever' against being subjected to forms of servitude or slavery, highlighting the vulnerability of some white individuals.

Explanation: Louisiana's pattern of slavery was distinct due to its Creole heritage, which led to supplementing slave labor with *petits habitants* and immigrant indentured servitude.

Explanation: On many Louisiana plantations, free people of color and white laborers worked alongside enslaved people, creating a multi-class labor system.

Explanation: Creoles in Louisiana sometimes referred to *engagés*, particularly Germans, as 'white slaves,' reflecting the harsh conditions of their servitude.

Explanation: German *engagés* who eventually gained their freedom were known as 'Redemptioners'.

Explanation: In some cases, the children of *engagés* or *petits habitants* in Louisiana were abandoned and subsequently sold into slavery as 'white slaves'.

Explanation: Sally Miller's story, documented in *The Lost German Slave Girl*, is significant for illustrating the extreme exploitation faced by some indentured servants and their descendants, as she was sold into slavery despite being born to German *engagé* parents.

Explanation: Abolitionist Parker Pillsbury warned in 1853 that 'A white skin is no security whatsoever' against being subjected to forms of servitude or slavery, highlighting the vulnerability of white children.

Explanation: The construction of the New Orleans Canal in 1831 primarily relied on indentured servitude because enslaved labor was considered too valuable to be subjected to the project's dangerous and deadly conditions.

Explanation: While Irish *engagés* died in horrific numbers during the New Orleans Canal construction, replacements were readily available as continuous boatloads of impoverished Irish *engagés* arrived, desperate for work.

Explanation: Historical estimates for the Irish *engagés* who perished during the construction of the New Orleans Canal range between 8,000 and 20,000, although no official count was kept.

Explanation: Many deceased *engagés* were buried without grave markers in the levee or had their bodies dumped into roadway-fill, reflecting a lack of respectful burial practices.

Explanation: In 1990, the Irish Cultural Society of New Orleans dedicated a Kilkenny marble Celtic cross in New Basin Canal Park to commemorate the Irish workers who perished during the canal's construction.

Explanation: The construction of the New Orleans Canal in 1831 was a major public works project that relied almost exclusively on indentured servitude.

Explanation: *Engagés* were primarily used for the New Orleans Canal construction because enslaved labor was deemed too valuable to be exposed to the project's dangerous and deadly conditions.

Explanation: Historical estimates for Irish *engagés* who died during the New Orleans Canal construction range between 8,000 and 20,000.

Explanation: Many deceased *engagés* were buried without grave markers in the levee or dumped into roadway-fill, reflecting the dehumanizing treatment of these laborers.

Explanation: French economists and abolitionist movements, such as the Société des amis des Noirs, argued that paid labor or indentured servitude was more cost-effective and could achieve the same output as slave labor.

Explanation: King Louis XVI opposed changing the labor system because slave labor was directly responsible for enabling France to surpass Britain in trade, indicating an economic rather than moral justification.

Explanation: The multi-class labor system in Louisiana, which included free people of color and white laborers alongside enslaved individuals, contributed to a shift in perspectives, converting many to the idea of abolishing slavery.

Explanation: Observations on Creole plantations indicated that enslaved workers produced work of inferior quality compared to paid employees, suggesting inefficiency in slave labor.

Explanation: The primary justification for maintaining expensive slave labor, despite its inefficiency, was the social status and power it conferred upon the proprietary planter within society.

Explanation: Mr. Melvil countered the assertion that freed enslaved people would be lazy, arguing that their perceived laziness would cease once they became familiar with civilization and developed new needs, motivating them to work for a wage.

Explanation: French economists and abolitionist movements argued that paid labor or indentured servitude was more cost-effective than slave labor and could achieve comparable output on plantations.

Explanation: King Louis XVI resisted changing the labor system because slave labor was crucial for France's economic dominance over Britain in trade.

Explanation: The multi-class labor system in Louisiana contributed to a shift in perspectives, converting many minds to the idea of abolishing slavery.

Explanation: Observations on Creole plantations indicated that enslaved workers produced work of inferior quality compared to paid employees.

Explanation: The primary justification for maintaining expensive slave labor, despite its inefficiency, was the social status it conferred upon the proprietary planter.

Explanation: Mr. Melvil responded to the Creole planter's concern by stating that *affranchis*, or freedmen, would cultivate the land for a wage, suggesting a viable alternative to enslaved labor.

Explanation: Mr. Melvil argued that freed enslaved people would cease to be lazy once familiarized with civilization and new needs, which would motivate them to work more effectively.